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Amin Zayani 2806043 ERM WS 2009/10 14.01.2010C o r p o r a t e E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n
Assessment of the environmental friendliness of Photovoltaic cells:
Energetic aspect
Credits: http://www.eets.co.uk.
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1. Basics of PV technology
2. Fields of use
3. Industry overview
4. Energy payback periods
4.1.!Comparison based on geographic location: Case study
4.2. Use in automotive industry: Case study
4.3. Use in consumer electronics
5. Conclusion
6. References
Table of contents:
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1. Basics of PV technology
Credits:http://www.sunnywinenergy.com
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2. Fields of use
•Residential installation
•Commercial plants
•Off-grid systems
•Consumer goodsCredits:http://www.ardenhamenergy.co.uk http://technology4life.wordpress.com http://www.iteco.ch http://www.homesolarinfo.com
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Historical development of Global cumulative PV power installed per region
Credits:Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics until 2013 EPIA . April 2009
3. Industry overview
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4. Energy payback periods
Credits: Life Cycle Assessment of Photovoltaics: Update of ecoinvent data. Energy research Centre of the Netherlands, Unit Solar Energy
Swiss PV installations: Payback time. 2008.
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!"#
#
$%&'#()# *+,-&.#/0.#1023#4%5,#67#8#39/#:;0+4,<=-667#5>;4%2-.:40;;%+,#/0+,;:#6/,-04,<#%+#*>-6/,#%+#-,;04%6+#46#4?,#@AB*#,;,24-%2%4.#5%C#D6E+#20;2>;04%6+#E%4?#F"GHI#
!"#$ %&'()*+,&-$&.$/+..0*0-1$2&3-1*+0,$!"#"4$ 560*)70$08021*+2+19$'+:0,$Fig. 9 shows the global warming potential (100a) for the photovoltaic power plant mix in different countries. This is calculated with the shares of PV plants shown in Tab. 1 and the irradiation data described in section 3.5. The comparison shows that there might be considerable differences between different countries depending on the irradiation and thus on the actual yield per kWp installed. CO2-equivalent emission per kWh might be as low as 50 grams per kWh to the grid in the average case investigated for Spain. They will be even lower if optimum installations with best performance ratios are taken into account.
Credits: Life Cycle Assessment of Photovoltaics: Update of ecoinvent data. Energy research Centre of the Netherlands, Unit Solar Energy
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4. Energy payback periods
Energy Payback time for PV cells 2009
Credits: Energy payback times of PV modules and systems. Mariska de Wild-Scholten. November 2009.
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Tunisia: TunisYearly global irradiation: 1818 [kWh/m2]
Germany: DresdenYearly global irradiation: 1130 [kWh/m2]
Meteotest; database Meteonorm!(www.meteonorm.com)
4.1.!Comparison based on geographic location: Case study
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IKEA Dresden: Parking area = 38588m2
Carrefour Tunis: Parking area = 38530m2
Credits: http://cam.sit-livecam.de/Ikea. July 2009.
Credits: Bilel Gaaliche. April 2009.Credits: Bilel Gaaliche. April 2009.10
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• First Solar FS Series 2 PV Module (FS - 277)
• Area: 0.72m2
• Rated power output: 58.1Wp
• Warranty: power output warranty of 90% of the nominal output power rating during the first10 years and 80% during 25 years.
• Cumulative energy input (industry standard): 12236 MJ/kWp
• CdTe: By product from Zinc refining. Not classified as hazardous.
Credits: First Solar.
Technology chosen: CdTe
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Site
Dresden
Tunis
Total parking area
PV covered area
Number of panels
installedPeak capacity
Yearly production
38588 m! 25000 m! 34722 2 MWp 1716 MWh
38530 m! 25000 m! 34722 2 MWp 2675MWh
Results:
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Site
Dresden
Tunis
Total Cumulative energy input
Yearly generated electricity
Efficiency in electricity
supply
Avoided primary energy
Energy payback time
685.7MWh 1716 MWh 3.16KWh 5435 MWh 1.26 years
685.7MWh 2675MWh 3.16KWh 8469MWh 0.8 years
Energy payback time:
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0
675,000
1,350,000
2,025,000
2,700,000
DresdenTunis
Yearly produced electricity [KWh]
0
0
1
1
1
Dresden
Tunis
Payback time [years]
Energy payback time:
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4.2. Use in automotive industry
•Bollore/Pininfarina Blue car:
330"/ month.
•Fisker Karma.
Credits: Fisker Automotive.
Credits: Blue Car.
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4.2. Use in automotive industry: Case study
•Manufacturer: Toyota
•Modifier: Solar Electric
Vehicles
•PV module : 215Wp
•The car uses 95-110 Wh/Km
(in full-electric mode)
•Drives 8 to 13 km on one day
solar charge (California
conditions)Credits: http://www.solarelectricalvehicles.com
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Useful life: 160,000 Km160,000 Km
Assumptions:4.28L/100 Km 5.23L/ 100Km
Assumptions:17 to 29 % savings17 to 29 % savings
Total consumption: 6882 L 8411 L
Savings 1185 to 2010 L 1446 to 2453 L
Manufacturer Data:
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Credits: http://www.crunchgear.com http://education.ti.com http://www.china-solar.com/ http://www.coolest-gadgets.com/ http://www.casio.co.uk http://www.made-in-china.com
4.3. Use in consumer electronics
•100% renewable energy
supply.
•Increased independence
from electricity plugs =
autonomy.
•Avoids a lot of toxic
disposable batteries from
going to waste.
•Adds a non-hazardous
component to the devices.
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5. Conclusion
•PV cells energetic payback time ranges between < 1 year
and 5 years depending on the location and the
technology.
•Manufacturers are decreasing material and energy used
for economical reasons.
•PV cells supply green electricity to the grid and off the
grid.
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• ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF PV ELECTRICITY GENERATION - A CRITICAL COMPARISON OF ENERGY SUPPLY OPTIONS, Alsema, De wild Fthenakis. 2006
• Energy payback times of PV modules and systems Mariska de Wild-Scholten. 2009.
• Environmental Assessment and Metrics for Solar: Case Study of SolFocus Solar Concentrator Systems
• Life Cycle Assessment of Photovoltaics: Update of ecoinvent data. Energy research Centre of the Netherlands, Unit Solar Energy
• European Commission, Joint Research Centre Institute for Energy, Renewable Energy Unit http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/index.htm
• Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics until 2013 EPIA . April 2009
• http://www.solarelectricalvehicles.com/articles/prius-white-paper.shtml <last access: 14.01.2010>
• www.Firstsolar.com <last access: 13.01.2010>
6. References
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