Emissions of NOx and SOx from Baltic shippingEffects on air quality and marine eutrophication
Tapani Stipa, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Marke Hongisto, Jari Walden (Finnish Meterological Institute)Juha Kalli (University of Turku)Anders Brink (Åbo Akademi University)
Shipping is a global source of emissions• Shipping enjoys long-standing freedoms of the high
seas• Emissions from ships are difficult to measure
• Previous estimates were based on bunker used and estimated ship routes
• Updates every 5-10 years• Emissions hardly regulated (until 2005 at least)
Goals (Emission inventory)AIS information
Revised emission factors
Live emissions
Distribution of annual NOx emission
Verification of emission estimatesfuel consumption estimate
Wind waves and fuel consumption by hour
NOx deposition (mgN/m2) due to shipping
Percentage of monthly NOx deposition due to ship emissions
January 2007July 2006
Emission measurements
measurement station in Aegna
• Mesurement frequency: 10 min discontinuous periods
Measure-ment cabin
6 m
7 m
10,65 m
-Windspeed - Temperature
- Wind direction and –speed - Temperature - Measurement of gas compounds : O3, SO2 and NO/NOx
-Wind speed - Temperature - Measurement of gas compounds : O3, SO2 and NO/NOx
Measured data; example, 9h period 29.7.2007
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
405
:00
5:3
0
6:0
0
6:3
0
7:0
0
7:3
0
8:0
0
8:3
0
9:0
0
9:3
0
10
:00
10
:30
11
:00
11
:30
12
:00
12
:30
13
:00
13
:30
14
:00
O3
NO
NO2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
10
:00
10
:10
10
:20
10
:30
10
:40
10
:50
11
:00
Shipping is a potential contributor to marine eutrophication
Thought experiment:A month’s worth of shipping emissions would increase the nitrogen level in the sea within 10 km of the shipping lane significantly. The increase is comparable to about 5-20% of winter nutrient concentrations.
Scenario with 5.2% growthNOx emissions [kt] of Shipping on Baltic Sea, traffic increase 5.2%
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
2026
2028
2030
annual NOx, 4% renewal, 2%abatement until 2011, Tier 2 and 3(80%), base year 370 [kt]
annual NOx, 4% renewal, 2%abatement until 2011, Tier 2 and 3(50%), base year 370 [kt]
annual NOx, 4% renewal, 2%abatement until 2011, Tier 2 only,base year 370 [kt]
annual NOx, 4% renewal, 10% NOxmore before 2000, Tier 2 and 3 (80%),base year 370 [kt]
annual NOx, 4% renewal, 2%abatement until 2011, base year 370[kt]
Conclusions• In the Baltic region, ship emissions account for up to
50% of the Nox deposition• Baltic shipping creates more SOx emissions than
Nordic countries (FI, SE, NO, DK) together from land-based sources
• Much policy-level activity both in the Baltic and internationally
• Should WMO liaise more closely with IMO to promote the study of shipping emissions and their effects?
Thank you!
[Quiz: where is the above picture taken from?]
