Download - Embrylogy & human body
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Embryology & Human Biology
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REPRODUCTION & EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF AN ORGANISM
Organisms have the ability to reproduce by sexual or asexual means
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I. Embryonic Development:
The basic body plan is established early in development
• Process of DEVELOPING a multicellular EMBRYO is quite complex and takes many steps
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A. _FERTILIZATION : fusion of egg and sperm during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote cell
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B. _CLEAVAGE: repeated mitotic divisions of a zygote that makes a mass of cells• Takes several days• Cells have no function yet
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C. _GASTRULATION: development of a multilayered embryo
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• Cell Differentiation: embryo forms DIFFERENT tissue layers and cells SPECIALIZE to carry out a particular FUNCTION
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• Cause:
a. Different GENES are ACTIVATED and signal cells to have different functions (example: liver, heart, blood cells, muscle cells)
b. The ENVIRONMENT can also influence differentiation
Ex: Metamorphosis Ex: Nutrition and Lifestyle
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Metamorphosis
• _CHANGE in an animal’s APPEARANCE or structure from one stage to another through cell growth and differentiation
• May be influenced by change in HABITAT or behavior
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Nutrition/Lifestyle:• Diabetes (type2): poor diet high in sugar leads to
insulin insensitivity
**body’s insulin tries to push the “gas pedal” but cells can’t react
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II. THE HUMAN BODY• Later in embryonic development,
organs, made up of various tissue types, and organ systems work together to support the needs of the entire organism
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• The body has been organized into 11 body systems that work together to maintain homeostasis and supports the major PROCESSES required for LIFE
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_HOMEOSTASIS : steady internal state or condition
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The body has FEEDBACK mechanisms that respond to changes in the organism's environment and will REVERSE the direction of the UNWANTED change
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The body’s NERVOUS and ENDOCRINE systems along with other systems monitor body conditions inside and out
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Changes in an organism’s homeostasis could be due to:
a. _DISEASE AGENTS such as bacteria 0r viruses
b. Changing PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, or ENVIRONMENTAL conditions such as temperature, atmosphere, light exposure
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III. EXAMPLES OF HOMEOSTASIS
• Cells function in a NARROW range of physical conditionsa. Temperature: body sweats to maintain normal
levelb. Blood pH: breathing controls CO2 levels in blood
c. Blood Sugar: insulin secreted from pancreas removes glucose from the blood
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How is your homeostasis disrupted on a daily basis?
How does your body react to correct the situation?