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Handbook forSolar Photovoltaic (PV)Systems
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1 Soar Poovoaic (“PV”) Ssms – A Ovrvi 41.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Types of Solar PV System 5
1.3 Solar PV Technology 6
• CrystallineSiliconandThinFilmTechnologies 8
• ConversionEfciency 8
• EffectsofTemperature 9
1.4 Technical Information 10
2 Soar PV Ssms o a Bii 12
2.1 Introduction 12
2.2 Installation Angle 12
2.3 AvoidShadingPVModules 13 2.4 AestheticandCreativeApproachesinMountingPVModules 14
2.5 SolarPVOutputProle 14
2.6 Solar PV Yield 15
2.7 CostofaSolarPVSystem 15
3 Appoii a Soar PV Ssm Coracor 16
3.1 Introduction 16
3.2 Getting Started 17
• GetanEperiencedandLicensedContractor 17
• ChoosingBetweenBids 17
• SolarPVSystemWarranty 17
• RegularMaintenance 19
• OtherRelevantMatters 19
4 Soar PV Ssm Isaaio Rirms 20
4.1 ElectricalInstallationLicence 20
4.2 ElectricalSafetyStandardsandRequirements 20
4.3 ApplicationofElectricalInstallationLicence 21
4.4 ConservationandDevelopmentControlRequirements 21
4.5 GuidelinesonConservationandDevelopmentControl 21
4.6 StructuralSafetyandLightningProtection 22
• StructuralSafety 22
• LightningProtection 22 4.7 ConnectiontothePowerGrid 22
4.8 GetConnectedtothePowerGrid 23
4.9 SaleofSolarPVElectricity 23
4.10 DesignandInstallationChecklist 27
5 Opraios a Maiac 28
5.1 OperationsofSolarPVSystems 28
5.2 RecommendedPreventiveMaintenanceWorks 29
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Appics
APPendIx A – exAMPleS O SOlAR PV SySteM On BuIldIngS InSIngAPORe
A.1 ZEROENERGYBUILDING@BCAACADEMY 32
A.2 POHERNSHIH(TEMPLEOFTHANKSGIVING) 34
A.3 313SOMERSETCENTRAL 36
A.4 SENTOSACOVE 38
A.5 MARINABARRAGE 40
A.6 LONZABIOLOGICS 42
A.7 ZEROENERGYHOUSE 44
A.8 TAMPINESGRANDE 46
A.9 HDBAPARTMENTBLOCKSATSERANGOONNORTHPRECINCT 48
A.10 HDBAPARTMENTBLOCKSATWELLINGTONCIRCLEPRECINCT 50
APPendIx B
B.1 ENGAGINGALICENSEDELECTRICALWORKER 52
APPendIx C
C.1 CONTACTINFORMATION 54
APPendIx d – InCentIVeS OR SOlAR PV SySteM
D.1 SOLARCAPABILITYSCHEME(SCS) 55
D.2 MARKETDEVELOPMENTFUND(MDF) 56
D.3 GREENMARKSCHEME 57
D.4 GREENMARKGROSSFLOORAREA(GM-GFA)INCENTIVESCHEME 58
D.5 $100MILLIONGREENMARKINCENTIVESCHEME 59
FORExISTINGBUILDINGS(GMIS-EB)
D.6 ENHANCED$20MILLIONGREENMARKINCENTIVESCHEMEFOR 60
NEWBUILDINGS(GMIS-NB)
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Cognizantof thegrowingpopularityofsolarphotovoltaic(PV)installationsamongstresidential
dwellersaswellasbuildingdevelopers,andthecorrespondingdemandforacomprehensive
setoftechnicalandregulatoryinformation,theEnergyMarketAuthority(EMA)andtheBuilding
ConstructionAuthority(BCA)gottogetherearlierthisyeartoworkonintegratingtheirrespective
solarmanualsintoanall-in-onereferenceguideforthosewhoarekeenoninstallingsolarPV
systems in Singapore.
The outcome of this jointproject,whichalso saw the involvement of industrypartners and
stakeholderssuchasPhoeniSolarPteLtd,GrenzonePteLtd,SolarEnergyResearchInstitute
ofSingapore(SERIS)andSingaporePolytechnic,isthis“HandbookforSolarPhotovoltaic(PV)Systems”. Through this integrated and revised handbook,wehope to beable toprovidea
comprehensiveguidetotherelevantparties,includingowners,developers,engineers,architects,
LicensedElectricalWorkers andelectricianson thekey issues, requirementsandprocesses
pertaining to the installation of solar PV systems.
Aswiththepreviouseditionofthehandbooks,thissinglevolumecoversandprovidesinformation
onlicensing,marketandtechnicalrequirements,andbuildingandstructuralissuesthatarerelated
totheimplementationofsolarPVsystemsinabuildingenvironment.Inaddition,itprovidesnew
informationontheinstallationrequirementsforsolarPVsystems,operationsandrecommended
preventivemaintenanceworks,andvariousincentivestopromotesolarPVsystemsinSingapore.
Wehavealsorefreshedthepresentationofthehandbooktomakeitmoreaccessibleandreader-
friendly,aswellastoincorporateeamplesofcompletedsolarPVinstallationsinSingapore.
Wehopeyouwillndthistobeausefulguide.
davi ta A Kia S
Deputy Chie Executive Director
EnergyPlanningandDevelopmentDivision CentreofSustainableBuilding&ConstructionEnergyMarketAuthority BuildingandConstructionAuthority
oror
2
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3
Ackoms
Wewouldliketothankthefollowingorganisationsfortheirsupportandcontributionsin
thedevelopmentofthishandbook:
1) GrenzonePteLtd
2) PhoeniSolarPteLtd
3) SingaporePolytechnic
4) SolarEnergyResearchInstituteofSingapore(SERIS)
5) SPPowerGrid
6) UrbanRedevelopmentAuthority
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Solar Photovoltaic (“PV”) Systems – An Overview
ir 1. t irc b soar rma a soar PV ssms
1.1 Introduction
Thesundeliversitsenergytousintwomainforms:heatandlight.Therearetwomain
typesofsolarpowersystems,namely,solarthermalsystemsthattrapheattowarmup
water,andsolarPVsystemsthatconvertsunlightdirectlyintoelectricityasshownin
Figure1.
When thePV modulesareeposedto sunlight,they generate direct current(“DC”)
electricity.An inverterthenconvertstheDC intoalternatingcurrent(“AC”)electricity,
sothatitcanfeedintooneofthebuilding’sACdistributionboards(“ACDB”)without
affectingthequalityofpowersupply.
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Capr 1SOlAR PhOtOVOltAIC (“PV”) SySteMS – An OVeRVIew
ir 2. gri-coc soar PV ssm coraio
1.2 Types o Solar PV System
SolarPVsystemscanbeclassiedbasedontheend-useapplicationofthetechnology.
TherearetwomaintypesofsolarPVsystems:grid-connected(orgrid-tied)andoff-grid(orstandalone)solarPVsystems.
Grid-connectedsolarPVsystems
ThemainapplicationofsolarPVinSingaporeisgrid-connected,asSingapore’smain
islandiswellcoveredbythenationalpowergrid.MostsolarPVsystemsareinstalled
onbuildingsormountedonthegroundiflandisnotaconstraint.Forbuildings,theyare
eithermountedontherooforintegratedintothebuilding.Thelatterisalsoknownas
BuildingIntegratedPhotovoltaics(“BIPV”).WithBIPV,thePVmoduleusuallydisplaces
anotherbuildingcomponent,e.g.windowglassorroof/wallcladding,therebyservinga
dual purpose and offsetting some costs.
Thecongurationofagrid-connectedsolarPVsystemisshowninFigure2.
Abuildinghastwoparallelpowersupplies,onefromthesolarPVsystemandtheother
fromthepowergrid.Thecombinedpowersupplyfeedsalltheloadsconnectedtothe
mainACDB.
TheratioofsolarPVsupplytopowergridsupplyvaries,dependingonthesizeofthe
solarPVsystem.WheneverthesolarPVsupplyeceedsthebuilding’sdemand,ecess
electricity will beeported into thegrid.When there isnosunlight togeneratePV
electricityatnight,thepowergridwillsupplyallofthebuilding’sdemand.
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Capr 1SOlAR PhOtOVOltAIC (“PV”) SySteMS – An OVeRVIew
ir 3. O-ri soar PV ssm coraio
Agrid-connectedsystemcanbeaneffectivewaytoreduceyourdependenceonutility
power,increaserenewableenergyproduction,andimprovetheenvironment.
Off-gridsolarPVsystems
Off-gridsolarPVsystemsareapplicableforareaswithoutpowergrid.Currently,such
solarPVsystemsareusuallyinstalledatisolatedsiteswherethepowergridisfaraway,
suchasruralareasoroff-shoreislands.Buttheymayalsobeinstalledwithinthecityin
situationswhereitisinconvenientortoocostlytotapelectricityfromthepowergrid.
Foreample,inSingapore,severalURAparkingsignlightsarepoweredbyoff-gridsolar
PV systems.
Anoff-gridsolarPVsystemneedsdeepcyclerechargeablebatteriessuchaslead-acid,
nickel-cadmium or lithium-ion batteries to store electricity for use under conditions
wherethereislittleornooutputfromthesolarPVsystem,suchasduringthenight,as
showninFigure3below.
1.3 Solar PV Technology
This section gives a brief description ofthe solar PV technology and the common
technical terms used.
AsolarPVsystemispoweredbymanycrystallineorthinlmPVmodules.Individual
PV cells are interconnected to form a PV module. This takes the form of a panel for easy
installation.
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Capr 1SOlAR PhOtOVOltAIC (“PV”) SySteMS – An OVeRVIew
Moo-Crsai Siico PV C Po-Crsai Siico PV C
ir 5. PV coo ami r
PV Cell Types
Poly-crystalline
Mono-crystalline
Amorphous-Si
(a-Si)
Tandem
a-Si/microcrystalline
CIGS
(Copper Indium GalliumSelenide)
CdTe
(Cadmium Telluride)
Dye-sensitised (TiO2)
Commercially
available product,
suitable for Singapore
R&D or pilot stage, or
unsuitable for
Singapore
Special
Compound semiconductor
eg GaAs-based
Crystalline Silicon
(wafer based) Thin Film
PVcellsaremadeoflight-sensitivesemiconductormaterialsthatusephotonstodislodgeelectronstodriveanelectriccurrent.Therearetwobroadcategoriesoftechnologyused
forPVcells,namely,crystallinesilicon,asshowninFigure4whichaccountsforthe
majorityofPVcellproduction;andthinlm,whichisnewerandgrowinginpopularity.
The“familytree”inFigure5givesanoverviewofthesetechnologiesavailabletoday
andFigure6illustratessomeofthesetechnologies.
ir 4. Moo-a Po-Crsai Siico PV C
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Capr 1SOlAR PhOtOVOltAIC (“PV”) SySteMS – An OVeRVIew
CIgS i mMoo-crsaisiico
Po-crsaisiico
ib amorposi m
ir 6. Commo PV mo coois
CrystallineSiliconandThinFilmTechnologies
Crystallinecellsaremadefromultra-puresiliconrawmaterialsuchasthoseusedin
semiconductorchips.Theyusesiliconwafersthataretypically150-200microns(one
fthofamillimetre)thick.
Thin lm is made by depositing layers of semiconductor material barely 0.3 to 2
micrometres thick onto glass or stainless steel substrates. As the semiconductor layers
aresothin,thecostsofrawmaterialaremuchlowerthanthecapitalequipmentand
processing costs.
ConversionEfciency
tcoo Mo ecic
Mono-crystallineSilicon 12.5-15%
Poly-crystallineSilicon 11-14%
CopperIndiumGalliumSelenide(CIGS) 10-13%
CadmiumTelluride(CdTe) 9-12%
AmorphousSilicon(a-Si) 5-7%
tab 1. Covrsio cicis o varios PV mo coois
Apart from aesthetic differences, the most obvious difference amongst PV celltechnologiesisinitsconversionefciency,assummarisedinTable1.
Foreample,athinlmamorphoussiliconPVarraywillneedclosetotwicethespace
ofacrystallinesiliconPVarraybecauseitsmoduleefciencyishalved,forthesame
nominalcapacityunderStandardTestConditions1(STC)rating.
1StandardTestConditionsrefertothefollowingtestingconditions:
•1,000W/m2 of sunlight
•250Ccelltemperature
•Spectrumatairmassof1.5
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Capr 1SOlAR PhOtOVOltAIC (“PV”) SySteMS – An OVeRVIew
ForcrystallinesiliconPVmodules,themoduleefciencyislowercomparedtothesum
ofthecomponentcellefciencyduetothepresenceofgapsbetweenthecellsandthe
borderaroundthecircuiti.e.,wastedspacethatdoesnotgenerateanypowerhence
lowertotalefciency.
EffectsofTemperature
AnotherimportantdifferentiatorinsolarPVperformance,especiallyinhotclimates,is
thetemperaturecoefcientofpower.PVcellperformancedeclinesascelltemperature
rises.
Foreample, inbright sunlight,celltemperaturesinSingaporecanreach over70ºC,
whereasPVmodulesareratedatacelltemperatureof25ºC.Thelossinpoweroutput
at70ºCisthereforemeasuredas(70-25)temperaturecoefcient.
Mostthinlmtechnologieshavealowernegativetemperaturecoefcientcomparedto
crystallinetechnologies.Inotherwords,theytendtoloselessoftheirratedcapacityastemperaturerises.Hence,underSingapore’sclimaticcondition,thinlmtechnologies
willgenerate5-10%moreelectricityperyear.
APVmoduledatasheetshouldspecifythetemperaturecoefcient.SeeTable2and
chartinFigure7.
tcoo tmprar Coci[%/°C]
Crystallinesilicon -0.4to-0.5
CIGS -0.32to-0.36
CdTe -0.25
a-Si -0.21
tab 2. tmprar coci o varios PV c coos
m o d u l e o u t p u t r e l a t i v e t o S T C
ir 7. t cs o a aiv mprarcoci o por o PV mo prormac
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Capr 1SOlAR PhOtOVOltAIC (“PV”) SySteMS – An OVeRVIew
1.4 Technical Inormation
Single-core, double isolated sheathed cables that can withstand the environmental
conditions,andminimisetheriskofearthfaultsandshortcircuitsareusedtointerconnect
thePVstringsandarrays.Thecableconnectionsareprotectedinenclosuresknownas
junctionbothatprovidesthenecessaryconnectorsasshowninFigure10.
ir 8. PV Sri ir 9. PV Arra
ir 10. Jcio Bo
ElectricityproducedbythesolarPVinstallationisintheformofDC.Theoutputofthe
PVinstallationisconnectedthroughtheDCmaincablestotheDCterminalsofthePVinverterwhereelectricityisconvertedfromDCintoAC.
After conversion,theAC currentof thePVinverterisconnected throughPV supply
cabletothebuilding’selectricalinstallation(ACdistributionboard).
Figure 11 shows a typical PV inverter connected to the electrical installation of a
building.NotethattheactualcongurationofthePVinvertermayvaryacrossdifferent
systems.
ThePVmodulesarenetconnectedinseriesintoaPVstringasshowninFigure8.
APVarrayasshowninFigure9isformedbytheparallelaggregationofPVstrings.
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Capr 1SOlAR PhOtOVOltAIC (“PV”) SySteMS – An OVeRVIew
Justlikeanyelectricalinstallationinabuilding,earthingisanimportantsafetyrequirement
for solar PV system. Arrangement must be made for proper connection of the solar PV
system to the consumer’s electrical installation earthing system.
In locations susceptible to lightning strikes, a lightning protection system must be
provided,andalltheeposedmetallicstructuresofthesolarPVsystemmustbebound
to the lightning earthing system.
It is theresponsibility of theconsumersto have theirsolarPV systems maintained
regularly to ensure safe operation of their solar PV systems and electrical installations.
SeeFigure12foradiagramshowingthesolarPVsystemformingpartofaconsumer’s
electrical installation.
ir 11. tpica PV ivrr coc o abii’s crica isaaio
ir 12. Soar PV ssm ormi par o a cosmr’s crica isaaio
dC Si AC Si
PVIvrr
PV dC MaiCab
PV SppCab
AC disribio
Boar
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Solar PV Systems on a Building
2.1 Introduction
TherearemanyeamplesoverseaswherePVmodulesaremountedontheroofand
integratedintobuildingfaçades.TheyworkparticularlywellinEuropeandNorthAmerica,
assouth-facingfaçadesintheseregionsarewelleposedtothesun.
InSingapore,wehavetoconsiderthatthesunpassesalmostdirectlyoverhead.Thisis
becausewearelocatedneartheEquator,andthepathofthesunfollowstheEquator,
withseasonalvariationsofupto23.5oto the north or south. Therefore there are optimal
positionstolocatethePVmodulesthathavetobetakenintoconsideration.Referto
AppendiAforeamplesofsolarPVsystemsonbuildingsinSingapore.
2.2 Installation Angle
To maimise electricity production for use in Singapore, the best location for the
PVmodulestobeinstalledis righton topofabuilding, facing thesky.Thepossible
installationoptionsareshowninFigure13.
ir 13. wr o isa PV mos o a bii i Siapor
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ir 14. PV mo rams rap ir as ar vaporas rom afa-mo PV mo
Vertical façades and steeply sloped roofs tend to suffer a big loss in the ability to generate
electricityinechangeforhigherpublicvisibility.
WiththePVmodulesfacingthesky,itispossibletoimprovetheyieldbyinstallingPV
modulesontrackerstofollow thesunfromeasttowestduring theday (single-ais
trackers),andfromnorthtosouthduringseasonalchanges(dual-aistrackers).
However,trackerscanonlyimprovesystemperformanceunderdirectsunshine,and
theygivenoadvantageindiffusedsunlightconditions,suchasoncloudyorhazydays.
Thedownsideofhavingat-mountedPVmodulesisthattheytendtogetdirtyfrom
rainwateranddust.SeeFigure14.ItisthereforebettertomountthePVmodulesatan
incline(10-15oforframedmodules,oraslittleas3-5
oforunframedmodules),toallow
rainwatertoproperlydrainoff
2.3 Avoid Shading PV Modules
PV modules should be free from shade. Shading of any single cell of a crystalline silicon
PVmodulewilldrasticallyreducetheoutputoftheentirePVmodule.
Thin lmPV modulesaremore tolerantto partialshadingthan crystallinesiliconPV
modules.Typicalculpritsincludeshadowscastbytalltreesandneighbouringbuildings.
Capr 2SOlAR PV SySteMS On A BuIldIng
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Capr 2SOlAR PV SySteMS On A BuIldIng
2.5 Solar PV Output Profle
SolarPVonlyproduceselectricitywhensunlightisavailable.TheoutputofasolarPV
systemvarieswithitsratedoutput,temperature,weatherconditions,andtimeofthe
day.ThepoweroutputproleofthePVinstallationasshowninFigure17,ataselected
testsiteinSingaporecollectedoveraperiodfrom2002-2004,intermsofitscapacity
factor2,showsahighvariationofsolarPVoutput.
ir 15. BIPV mos iraio a aça
ir 16. BIPV mos ira io aski caop
2.4 Aesthetic and Creative Approaches in Mounting PV Modules
Besides mounting PV modules on the rooftop, customised PV modules can be
integratedintothebuildingfaçadeinacreative,aestheticallypleasingmanner.Theycan
bemountedonanypartoftherooftoporeternalwallsthatiswelleposedtosunlight
e.g.skylights,cladding,windows,andeternalshadingdevices.
Theycanalsobeintegratedintoeternalstructuressuchasfaçadesandcanopies,as
showninFigure15andFigure16,respectively.
[ 2 ] PV Output capacity actor = Ratio o the actual output o the PV installation at time (t) over its output i it had operated at ull rated output.
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2.6 Solar PV Yield
The amount of electricity you are able to generate from a solar PV system depends not
onlyontheavailabilityofsunshinebutalsoonthetechnologyyouchoosetoinstall.For
eample,atypical10-kWrooftopsolarPVsysteminSingaporewouldproduceabout
11,000to12,500kWhannuallyusingcrystallinePVmodules,and12,000to14,500kWhannuallywithamorphoussiliconthinlmPVmodules.
2.7 Cost o a Solar PV System
ThecostofyoursolarPVsystemwilldependonmanyfactors:systemconguration,
equipmentoptions,labourcostandnancingcost.Pricesalsovarydependingonfactors
suchaswhetherornotyourhomeisnew,andwhetherthePVmodulesareintegrated
intotherooformountedontheroof.Thecostalsodependsonthesystemsizeor
rating,andtheamountofelectricityitproduces.
Generally,solarPVsystemsentailhighcapitalcosts.Withsolarpower,youcansaveon
thepurchaseofelectricityfromthegrid.Butevenwiththesesavings,itwilltakealongtimetorecoverthecapitalcostofthesolarPVinstallation.Theoperatingcostsforsolar
PVinstallationsarenegligible,buttheannualmaintenancecostbeyondthewarranty
periodmayamountto0.5%to1%ofthecapitalcostoftheinstallation.
Thereforeonanoverallbasis,solarPV-derivedelectricityisstillmuchmoreepensive
thanthatfromthepowergrid.However,thecostofsolarPVhashistoricallybeenfalling
byabout4%ayear,andifthiscontinues,solarPVmaybecompetitivewithinthenet
10years.ForincentivesonsolarPVsystem,pleaserefertoAppendiD.
ir 17. Vari ai por op pro o PV isaaioa a sc s si i Siapor
Capr 2SOlAR PV SySteMS On A BuIldIng
P V o
u t p u t c a p a c i t y f a c t o
r
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Appointing a Solar PV SystemContractor
3.1 Introduction
YouwillneedtoselectacontractortoinstallyoursolarPVsystem.Ifinterested,you
maycheckwiththefollowingorganisationsforsomesolarPVsystemdesignersand
contractors:
• TheListofSolarPVSystemcompaniesinSingapore,availablefromSustainable
EnergyAssociationofSingapore,bycalling63388578orbyvisiting
http://www.seas.org.sg/about-seas/our-committees/cleanenergy/54
• TheSingaporeSustainableDevelopment Industry Directory 2008/2009, availablefromtheSingaporeBusinessFederation,bycalling68276838orbyvisiting
http://www.sbf.org.sg/public/publications/industrydirectory.jsp
YourcontractorwillappointaLicensedElectricalWorker(“LEW”)whowillberesponsible
forthedesign,installation,testing,commissioning,andmaintenanceofyoursolarPV
system.
Inthecaseofnon-residentialelectricalinstallationsthatrequireanelectricalinstallation
licence,theappointedLEWwhosupervisestheelectricalwork(“DesignLEW”)may
notbetheonewhotakeschargeofyourelectricalinstallation(“InstallationLEW”).The
DesignLEWwillthenhavetoworkwiththeInstallationLEWtoworkoutthetechnical
issues.
PleaserefertoAppendiBfordetailsonhowyoucanengageanLEWandthenecessary
consultation process.
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Capr 3APPOIntIng A SOlAR PV SySteM COntRACtOR
3.2 Getting Started
First, compile a list of potential solar PV system contractors. Net, contact the
contractorstondouttheproductsandservicestheyoffer.Thefollowingpointersmay
giveconsumersagoodsenseofthecontractor’scapabilities:
Getaneperiencedandlicensedcontractor
Eperienceininstallinggrid-connectedsolarPVsystemsisinvaluable,becausesome
elements of the installation process, particularly interconnection with the grid, are
uniquetothesesystems.Acontractorwithyearsofeperiencewillalsodemonstrate
anabilitytoworkwithconsumers,andpricetheirproductsandservicescompetitively.
ItisalsoimportanttogetacontractorwhoisanLEW.
Choosingbetweenbids
IfthereareseveralbidsfortheinstallationofasolarPVsystem(itisgenerallyagood
practicetoobtainmultiplebids), consumersshould take steps toensure that all of
thebidsreceivedaremadeonthesamebasis.ComparingabidforasolarPVsystem
mounted on the ground against another bid for a rooftop system is like comparing apples
to oranges.
Bidsshould clearlystatethemaimumgenerating capacity of thesolarPV system
[measuredinwattspeak(Wp)or kilowattspeak(kWp)].If possible, the bidsshould
specifythesystemcapacityinACwatts,orspecifytheoutputofthesystemat the
inverter.
Bids should also include thetotalcost of gettingthesolarPV systemcomponents,includinghardware,software,supportingstructure,meter,installation,connectiontothe
grid(ifapplicable),permitting,goodsandservicesta,warranty,andfuturemaintenance
cost(ifapplicable).
SolarPVsystemwarranty
AsolarPVsystemisaninvestmentthatshouldlastalongtime,typicallytwotothree
decadesforgrid-connectedapplications.TheindustrystandardforaPVmodulewarranty
is20-25yearsonthepoweroutput.
TherearetwomaincomponentstoaPVmodulewarranty:
• Aworkmanshipwarrantythatofferstorepair,replaceorrefundthepurchase
in case of defects. The period varies from one to as long as ten years,
dependingonthemanufacturer.Twotoveyearsistypical;and
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• Alimitedpoweroutputwarrantythatoffersavarietyofremediesincasethe
PVmodule’soutputunderSTCdropsbelowcertainlevel.Mostmanufacturers
warrantatleast90%oftheminimumratedoutputfor10years,and80%of
theminimumratedoutputfor20-25years.Takenotethattheminimumrated
outputisusuallydenedas95%oftheratedoutputtoallowformanufacturing
andmeasurementtolerances.SeeFigure18fordetails.
Capr 3APPOIntIng A SOlAR PV SySteM COntRACtOR
Takenotethatunderthelimitedpowerwarranty,manufacturersseldomoffertoreplace
thePVmoduleitself.Rather,attheirsolediscretion,theymayofferto:
• RepairthedefectivePVmodules;
• SupplyenoughnewPVmodules to replace the lostpoweroutput inaPV
array.Foreample,ifyour20kWPVarrayonlyproduces16.1kWunderSTC,
siyearsafterinstallation,themanufacturermayopttosupplyyouwith1kW
of PV modules to make up for the shortfall; or
• Refundyouforthelostpoweroutput,afterdeductionaccordingtothenumber
ofyearsinuse.Fora25-yearwarranty,theannualdeductionisnormally4%.
Foreample,ifyoundthatyour20kWPVarrayonlyproduces16.1kWunder
STC,siyearsafterinstallation,themanufacturermayopttoreimburseyour
purchasepriceminus24%(6years4%).
Inallcases,themanufacturerdoesnotcoveryourcostsofdismounting,transporting,
andreinstallingthePVmodules.Thewarrantyalsoecludesproblemsresultingfrom
improper installations; repairs, changes or dismounting by unqualied personnel;
accidental breakage or abuse; lightning strikes and other acts of God.
ir 18. ursai a maacrr’s imi por arra
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Capr 3APPOIntIng A SOlAR PV SySteM COntRACtOR
Signicantly,mostmanufacturersspecifythatthePVmoduleoutputwillbedetermined
bytheashtestersintheirownpremises,ratherthanbyathirdparty.
ThesolarPV system contractorshouldassist in determining whethera PV module
defectiscoveredbywarranty,andshouldhandlethesituationwiththemanufacturer.
Regularmaintenance
Duringthedefectliabilityperiod(usuallyfor12monthsafterinstallation),solarPVsystem
contractors usually use remote monitoring data to prepare monthly performance reports
of the installed solar PV system. They should come on site to rectify any problems
aggedbytheremotemonitoringservice.
Otherrelevantmatters
AnothermattertobeawareofisthatPVmodulemanufacturersareconstantlyupgrading
theirproducts,andadaptingnewsizesanddimensionstosuitmarketrequirements.This means that you may no longer be able to buy an identical PV module to replace
adefectiveoneinyourPVarrayafewyearsafterinstallation.NewerPVmodulesare
likelytobemoreefcientorhavedifferentphysicaldimensions,andmaynolongert
eactlyintothegapleftbytheoldPVmodule.
Thisdoesnotmattermuchonalarge,ground-mountedsolarPVpowerplant,because
thenewmodulescanformanewrow.Butonabuilding-mountedsolarPVsystemit
mayspoiltheaesthetics,andmaycauseproblemstotheelectricalconguration.
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Solar PV SystemInstallationRequirements
4.1 Electrical Installation Licence
Anelectrical installation refers to any electrical wiring,tting or apparatus used for
theconveyanceandcontrolofelectricityinanypremises.AsolarPVsysteminstalled
within suchpremises formspartof theconsumer’selectrical installation andshould
complywiththerequirementsstipulatedintheElectricityAct(Cap.89A),theElectricity
(ElectricalInstallations)RegulationsandtheSingaporeStandardCP5CodeofPractice
forElectricalInstallations.
Under the Electricity Act, the Energy Market Authority (“EMA”) licenses all non-
residentialelectricalinstallations,withdemandeceeding45kilovoltampereorkVA.For
residentialelectricalinstallationsandnon-residentialelectricalinstallationswithdemandbelowthethreshold45kVA,noelectricalinstallationlicenceisrequired.
ThelicencerequirestheowneroftheelectricalinstallationtoengageanLEWtotake
chargeof theelectricalinstallationandcomplywiththerelevantsafetystandardsand
requirements.YourappointedLEWshallconsultSPPowerGridLtdontheirtechnical
requirementsandprocedures,ifyouwishtooperateyoursolarPVsysteminparallel
withthepowergrid.Theobjectiveistoensureallelectricalinstallations,includingsolar
PVsystems,aresafetouse.
4.2 Electrical Saety Standards and Requirements
Agrid-connectedsolarPVsystemoperatesinparallelwiththepowergridsupply.Thepowergridsupplyisconsideredthesource,andtheelectricalinstallationwiththesolar
PV system connected is considered as the load.
ThetechnicalrequirementforinstallationofasolarPVsystemisgiveninSection612of
theSingaporeStandardCP5.
ThereareinternationalproductstandardsonPVmodulesandelectricalcomponents.For
eample,PVmodulesshouldcomplywiththerequirementsofIEC61215forcrystalline
silicon terrestrial PV modules or IEC 61646 for thin-lm terrestrial PV modules. In
addition,PVarrayjunctionbo,PVgeneratorjunctionboandswitchgearassemblies
shouldcomplywiththerequirementsofIEC60439-1.
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Capr 4SOlAR PV SySteM InStAllAtIOn RequIReMentS
4.3 Application o Electrical Installation Licence
YourLEWwillbeabletoadviseyouwhetheryouneedtoapplytoEMAforanElectrical
Installation Licence for theuseor operation of theelectrical installation within the
premises of your building.
IfanElectricalInstallationLicenceisneeded,yourLEWwillsubmitthelicenceapplication
toEMAonyourbehalf.IfyoualreadyhaveanElectricalInstallationLicenceissuedby
EMA,youneednotapplyforaseparatelicenceforthesolarPVsystemwithinthesame
premises.
Theelectricallicencefeepayableto EMA is $100 peryear (eclusive of goodsand
servicesta).
4.4 Conservation and Development Control Requirements
Atpresent,thereisnospecicrequirementorcontrolbytheUrbanRedevelopmentAuthority (“URA”) ontheuse of installationssuchasa solarPVsystem. However,
conservationprojects,orprojectswithintheCentralAreaaresubjecttoURA’sUrban
Designevaluationprocess.
Thestandarddevelopmentcontrolguidelinesapplytoprojectsthatmaynotbesubject
toconservationorurbandesign requirements, dependingonwhichstructure(s) the
solarPVsystemisinstalledonto.Foreample,ifasolarPVsystemisinstalledonthe
rooftopofanattic,thentheatticguidelineswillapply.Likewise,ifasolarPVsystemis
installedonraisedstructureslikeapavilion,thenthepavilionguidelineswillapply.
4.5 Guidelines on Conservation and Development Control
Architectsareadvisedtorefertotheconservationanddevelopmentcontrolguidelines
when designing a development with a solarPVsystem installation. The respective
guidelineisavailableatURA’swebsite:
http://www.ura.gov.sg/conservation/Cons%20Guidelines.pdf
http://www.ura.gov.sg/circulars/tet/dchandbook.html
ShouldyouhavefurtherenquiriesonwhetheryourinstallationsconictwiththeUrban
DesignorDevelopmentControlguidelines,youmaysubmityourenquiriestoURAeither
inpersonorthroughaQualiedPerson(“QP”)—aQPiseitheraregisteredarchitect
oranengineer—withtheaccompanyingplansofthestructuresonwhichthesolarPV
systemwillbeinstalled:
Conservedbuildings
Email:[email protected]
Tel:63293355
Non-conservedbuildings
Email:[email protected]
Tel:62234811
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Capr 4SOlAR PV SySteM InStAllAtIOn RequIReMentS
ShouldaformaldevelopmentapplicationtoURAberequired,itmustbemadeviaaQP.
Thedetailscanbecheckedatthetwoweblinksbelow:
http://www.boa.gov.sg/register.html
http://www.peb.gov.sg/peb/process/searchPe
4.6 Structural Saety and Lightning Protection
Structural Safety
Toensuresafety,therearemeasuresandstepsthatneedtobetakenorconsidered
wheninstallingasolarPVsystemontoaneworaneistingbuilding.Fornewbuilding
developments,thedesignofthestructuremusttakeintoconsiderationtheloadingof
thesolarPVsysteminstallation,justlikeanyotherequipmentmountedontoabuilding
structure.
Foreistingbuildings,aprofessionalstructuralengineermayberequiredtocarryoutan
inspectionoftheroofstructure,anddoacalculationonthestructuralloading.Iftheroof
isunabletowithstandtheloadingofthesolarPVsystem,structuralplanswillneedto
besubmittedtotheBuildingandConstructionAuthority(“BCA”)forapprovalbeforea
buildingpermitcanbeissuedforcommencementofinstallationworks.Theapplication
guidelineisavailableatthefollowingBCA’swebsite:
http://www.bca.gov.sg/StructuralPlan/structural_plan_application.html
LightningProtection
Givenacertainlocation,solarPVsystemsareeposedtothethreatoflightningstrikes.AslightningcancausedamagetothePVmodulesandinverters,etracaremustbe
takentoensurethatproperlightningprotectionisprovidedforthesolarPVsystemand
theentire structure. The invertersshould beprotectedby appropriately rated surge
arrestorsontheDCside.ItisgoodpracticetoalsoinstallsurgearrestorsontheACside.
Structures and PV module frames must be properly grounded.
4.7 Connection to the Power Grid
Ifasolar PV system is designed to meet only a fraction of the electricity load, the
systemwillneedtobeinterconnectedwiththepowergridtomeettheremainderofthe
consumer’s needs for electricity.
IfasolarPVsystemneedstobegrid-connected,interconnectioniskeytothesafetyof
bothconsumersandelectricalworkers,andtotheprotectionofequipment.
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Capr 4SOlAR PV SySteM InStAllAtIOn RequIReMentS
4.8 Get Connected to the Power Grid
IfyouintendtoconnectandoperateyoursolarPVsysteminparalleltothepowergrid,
yourappointedLEWwillhavetoconsultSPPowerGrid(“SPPG”)ontheconnection
schemeandtechnicalrequirements.
The following documents set out the detailed consultation process and technical
requirements:
• TheTransmissionCodeandtheMeteringCodearepublishedatEMA’swebsite:
http://www.ema.gov.sg/media/les/codes_of_practice/electricity/transmission_
code.pdf
http: //www.ema.gov.sg/media/f iles/codes_of_practice/electricity/Meter ing_
Code.pdf
• SPPG’s handbook, How to Apply for Electricity Connection, is published at SP
PowerAsset’swebsite:
http://www.sppowerassets.com.sg/PDF/howtoapply.pdf
4.9 Sale o Solar PV Electricity
Theecesselectricitygeneratedfromagrid-connectedsolarPVcanbesoldbacktothe
powergrid.ThearrangementsneededtoenablethissaleofsolarPVelectricityvary,
dependingonwhetheryouareacontestableornon-contestableconsumer.
Consumers are classied, based on their average monthly electricity consumption,into:
• Contestableconsumers:Theseconsumersarethenon-residentialconsumerswho
usemorethan10,000kWhofelectricityamonth.Contestableconsumershavea
choiceofwhotheywishtobuytheirelectricityfrom.Theymaypurchaseelectricity
froma retailer, directly fromthewholesalemarket(providedthey areregistered
with the EnergyMarket Company asmarketparticipants) or indirectly from the
wholesalemarketthroughSPServices.
• Non-contestableconsumers:Theseconsumerscomprisealltheresidentialelectricity
usersandnon-residentialconsumerswhouselessthan10,000kWhofelectricitya
month.TheseconsumersaresuppliedwithelectricitybySPServices.
ContestableConsumers
If you are a contestable consumer generating electricity from a solar PV system and
wishtosellandgetpaidfortheelectricityyouinjectintothepowergrid,youwillbe
required toregisterwith the EnergyMarket Company (“EMC”) toparticipate inthe
wholesaleelectricitymarket,whichiscalledtheNationalElectricityMarketofSingapore
orNEMS.
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Capr 4InStAllIng A SOlAR PV SySteM
ir 19. ocar or ecrici liccs
TheowchartinFigure19describesthecircumstancesunderwhichtheGeneration
LicenceorWholesaler(Generation)Licenceisrequired.
GenerationLicenceor
Wholesaler(Generation)
Licencenotrequired
ApplytoEMAfor
GenerationLicence
ApplytoEMAfor
Wholesaler(Generation)Licence
ProposedGenerationUnit
(e.g.Cogen,PVsystem,etc.)
GenerationCapacity<1MW
GenerationCapacity≥10MW?
1MW ≥GenerationCapacity<10MW?Connectedto
powergrid?
Yes
Yes Yes
No
NoNo
TheapplicationprocedurestoregisterasaMarketParticipantwiththeEMCandfor
generation facility registration are set out in the Market Manual: Market Administration– Registration and Authorisation,whichisavailableattheEMCwebsite:
http://www.emcsg.com/MarketRules/MarketManuals
AsaMarketParticipant,youwillneedtocomplywiththeMarketRules,whichisavailable
atEMC’swebsite:
http://www.emcsg.com/MarketRules
Bysellingelectricityinthewholesaleelectricitymarket,youwillbepaidtheprevailing
electricityspotpricefortheelectricitythatyouinjectintothepowergrid.Theelectricity
spot price varies every half-hour, depending on thedemand-supply situation in the
wholesaleelectricitymarket.
Themarketwillalsoofferservicesandsystemresourcestoyou,butyouwillbesubjected
to market charges in respect to the gross generation output from your registered PV
system,fortheprovisionofthemarketservicesandsystemresources.
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Capr 4InStAllIng A SOlAR PV SySteM
TheEMCcontactis:
MarketAdministrationTeam
EnergyMarketCompany
238AThomsonRoad,#11-01NovenaSquareTowerA,S307684 Telephone:67793000
E-mail:[email protected]
Non-ContestableConsumers
Ifyouareanon-contestableconsumergeneratingelectricityoflessthan1MWand
wishtosellandgetpaidfortheelectricityyouinjectintothepowergrid,youneednot
applyforaGenerationorWholesaler(Generation)LicencenorregisterwiththeEMC
asamarketparticipant.YouwillhavetoapplytoSPServices(“SPS”)byfollowingthe
applicationproceduresetoutinAppendiB.
Non-contestableconsumersarecompensatedby SPSforelectricityeportedtothepowergridbywayofa credit adjustment totheconsumer’smonthlyelectricitybill,
basedontheprevailinglow-tensionelectricitytarifflessthegridcharge.
Thecreditadjustmentwilleffectivelycompensatethenon-contestableconsumerfor
theamountofelectricityeportedintothepowergridduringthatmonth.
Thisschemetocompensatenon-contestableconsumerswithgenerationcapacityof
lessthan1MWfortheelectricitytheyeportintothepowergridisnotapplicableto
those consumers whose electricity consumption is metered under the master-sub
metering scheme.
Master-sub metering schemes refer to metering arrangements where there is a
master-metermeasuringtheoverallelectricityconsumedbythebuilding(i.e.boththe
individualunitsandthecommonservices),withsub-metersmeasuringtheusageofthe
individualunits.Suchmeteringschemesaretypicallyusedinprivatecondominiums
and commercial buildings.
Underamaster-submeteringarrangement,theelectricitythatanindividualunitattempts
toeportintothegridmayinfactbeusedupbythecommonservicesorbyother
individualunits.Asitisnotpossibletotracktheactualowoftheelectricityeported
bytheindividualunits,thecreditadjustmentschemecannotbeappliedtothoseunder
themaster-submeteringscheme.
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4.10 Design and Installation Checklist
Youareadvisedtorefertothefollowingchecklistonceyouhavedecidedtoinstallsolar
PV system in your premises.
no. dsi a Isaaio Cckis Cck Bo
1 Set your budget and select a location.
2 Determinetheenergyrequirementandestimatethesize
of the system.
3 Performasitesurveyforspaceneeded,andaccessformaintenance.
4 Engagealicensedelectricalworker(“LEW”)ifyourproposed
solarPVsystem:
i) istobeconnectedtotheelectricalinstallationwithin thepremisesofthebuilding;and/or
ii) tobeconnectedandoperatedinparalleltothepowergrid.
TheappointedLEWwillberesponsibleforthedesignand
implementation of the connection of your solar PV system to
theelectricalinstallationand/orpowergrid.
5 Select a PV module type and mounting method.
6 SelectinvertertomatchPVarray:
i) Numberofinvertersneeded;
ii) Selectinvertertype;and
iii) Locationofinverters(accessibleforinspectionandmaintenance).
7 Finalisethemountingsystem.
8 Ensurethereareingandmountingpointsavailable.
9 Ensurethestructureformountingissafe:
i) AdditionalloadingbysolarPVsystemisconsidered;
ii) Windloadingisconsidered;and
iii) Waterproongisnotcompromisedduringinstallation.
10 Ensuresolaraccess:
i) Ensurelocationtobemountedwillgetmaimumeposureto sunlight; and
ii) Choosealocationthatisnotshaded.
Capr 4SOlAR PV SySteM InStAllAtIOn RequIReMentS
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no. dsi a Isaaio Cckis Cck Bo
11 EnsureallPVmodulesconnectedtothesameinverter
face the same direction.
12 EnsurePVmodulesaremountedatanincline(10to15degrees
forframedmodules,oraslowas3-5degreesforunframed
modules)forself-cleaning.
13 EnsuresufcientventilationspacebehindthePVarrayfor
cooling purposes.
14 Ensure:
i) Cablingusedmeetsufcientcurrent-carryingcapacity
andaresuitablyratedforusageintheenvironment;
ii) DCcablesaresingle-coreanddouble-insulated;and
iii) Cableinsulationonoutdoorcablesmustwithstandhigh
temperatureandUVeposureforanestimatedperiod
of more than 20 years.
NotethatPVCandxLPEcablesareinadequateontheDCside
andmustnotbeeposedtotheweatherelements.
15 DetermineifaLightningProtectionSystemisneeded.
16 EnsurethePVmoduleframeisearthed.
17 FinalisetheInverterandACwiringsystem.
18 Duringinstallation: i) PVsystemshouldbeinstalledbyqualied/eperiencedinstallers;
ii) Safetyrulesmustbeobserved;
iii) InstallermustwearPPE;and
iv)Onlypropercertiedsafetyequipmentcanbeusede.g.scaffolding,
stepladders,etc.
19 Cablesmustbeproperlyconnected,secured,androuted.
20 Ensurecontinuityandinsulationtestsaredone.
21 Completionoftestingandsystemcommissioning.
22 Propersystem,documentation/manualhandovertoclients.
Capr 4SOlAR PV SySteM InStAllAtIOn RequIReMentS
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Operations and Maintenance
ir 20. eamps o prormac moiori ispas (Cors o Poi Soar)
5.1 Operations o Solar PV Systems
The most practical indicator of the performance of the solar PV systems can be obtained
from the remote monitoring and data logging software supplied by most inverter
manufacturers.
Thedataloggingsoftwarewillrecorddaily,monthly,andannualoutputforcomparisonof
theactualsystemperformanceagainsttheepectedsystemperformance.SeeFigure
20 for typical performance monitoring displays.
SolarPVsystemsrequireminimalmaintenance,astheydonotusuallyhavemoving
parts. However, routine maintenance isrequiredto ensure thesolar PVsystemwill
continue to perform properly.
It is a good practice for contractors of solar PV systems to provide an operation &
maintenance(“O&M”)manualfortheclient.Themanualshouldincludebasicsystem
data,testandcommissioningdata,O&Mdata,andwarrantyinformation.
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Capr 5OPeRAtIOnS And MAIntenAnCe
5.2 Recommended Preventive Maintenance Works
Itisrecommendedthatpreventiveinspectionandmaintenanceworksarecarriedout
everysitotwelvemonths.ThePVmodulesrequireroutinevisualinspectionforsigns
ofdamage,dirt build-uporshadeencroachment.SolarPVsystemturesmustbe
checked for corrosion. This is to ensure that the solar PV system is safely secured.
Whiletheinverter’sfunctionalitycanberemotelyveried,onlyon-siteinspectioncan
verifythestateoflightningsurgearrestors,cableconnections,andcircuitbreakers.
Thefollowing tableshows some recommendationsonthepreventivemaintenance
worksonthecomponentsandequipment,andthecorrespondingremedialactionsto
becarriedoutbyqualiedpersonnel.
S/n Compos/eipm dscripio Rm/Acio 1 PVmodules Checkfordust/debris Wipeclean.Donot
onsurfaceof useanysolvents PVmodule otherthanwater
Checkforphysical Recommend
damage to any PV replacement
module if found damaged
Checkforloosecable Retighten
terminationsbetween connection
PVmodules,PV
arrays,etc.
Checkforcable Replacecableifconditions necessary
2 PVinverter Checkfunctionality, Recommend
e.g. automatic replacement if
disconnection upon functionality fails
lossofgridpower
supply
Checkventilation Cleardustanddirt
condition inventilationsystem
Checkforloose Tightenconnectioncable terminations
Checkforabnormal Recommend
operating temperature replacement
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Capr 5OPeRAtIOnS And MAIntenAnCe
3 Cabling Checkforcable Replacecableif
conditionsi.e.wear necessary
and tear
Checkcableterminals Tightenconnections forburntmarks,hot orrecommend
spots or loose replacement
connections
4 Junctionboes Checkcableterminals Tightenor
e.g.wearandtear recommend
or loose connections replacement
Checkforwarning Replacewarning
notices notice if necessary
Checkforphysical Recommenddamage replacement
5 Meansofisolation Checkfunctionality Recommend
replacement
6 EarthingofsolarPVsystem Checkearthingcable Recommend
conditions replacement
Checkthephysical Retighten
earthing connection connection
Checkcontinuityofthe Troubleshootor
cable to electrical earth recommend
replacement
7 Bondingoftheeposed Checkbondingcable Recommend
metallic structure of solar conditions replacement
PV system to lightning earth
Checkphysicalbonding Tightenconnection
connection
Checkcontinuityof Troubleshootor
the bonding to lightning recommend
earth replacement
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AAppendices
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AAppendix A.1 ZeRO eneRgy BuIldIng @ BCA ACAdeMy
Buildingname : ZeroEnergyBuilding@BCAAcademy
Owner : BuildingandConstructionAuthority(BCA)
Location : 200BraddellRoad,Singapore579700
Buildingtype : AcademicInstitution
Completion : 2009
Workinggroups
• Projectarchitects : DPArchitectsPteLtd
• Principalinvestigators : NationalUniversityofSingapore/SERIS
• Structuralengineers : BecaCarterHollings&Ferner(S.E.Asia)PteLtd
• M&Eengineers : BecaCarterHollings&Ferner(S.E.Asia)PteLtd
• Quantitysurveyor : DavisLangdon&SeahSingaporePteLtd
• Contractors : ACPConstructionPteLtd
• PVdesign : GrenzonePteLtd
• PVmanufacturer : Various(7manufacturers)
TypeofPVintegration : onMetalRoof,Canopy,Louver,Railing,Façade
TypeofPVcelltechnology : Various(mc-Si,pc-Si,a-Si,HIT,CIGS)
PVarea(m2) : 1,540
PVsystempeakpower(kWp) : 190
Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/yr) : 207,000
PVYield(kWh/kWp/year) : 1,090
Photographs and information
courtesyof : BCA/GrenzonePteLtd
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ir A.1.1. Bii rior
ir A.1.3. PV arra vi (PV Mai Roo)
ir A.1.2. PV arra vi (PV Ssa)
ir A.1.4. PV arra vi (PV Saircasaca)
Appi A.1ZeRO eneRgy BuIldIng @ BCA ACAdeMy
The Solar Photovoltaic System installed at BCA Academy’s Zero-Energy
Building(ZEB)consistsof12systemswithsisystemsconnectedtogridand
sistandalonesystems.Featuringdifferent typesof SolarPV technologyand
mountingtechniques,theZEB@BCAAcademy’sSolarPVsystemisdesigned
to achieve zero-energy and for advance academic research on various PV
performances.
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Buildingname : POHERNSHIH(TempleofThanksgiving)
Owner : POHERNSHIH
Location : 9ChweeChianRoad,Singapore117488
Buildingtype : Religious
Completion : 2006(PhaseI)
Workinggroups
• Projectarchitects : LeeCooConsultantAssociates
• Structuralengineers : KTPConsultantsPteLtd
• M&Eengineers : SquireMechPteLtd
• Quantitysurveyor : WTPartnershipInternationalLimited
• Contractors : WeeHurConstructionPteLtd
• PVdesign : GrenzonePteLtd• PVmanufacturer : Uni-Solar,Sharp,Mitsubishi
TypeofPVintegration : StandingMountingStructure
TypeofPVcelltechnology : AmorphousMonocrystalline Polycrystalline
silicon silicon silicon
PVarea(m2) : 36.1 39.2 84.7
PVsystempeakpower(kWp) : 2.232 5.250 11.340
Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/yr) : 2,566 6,036 13,038
PVYield(kWh/kWp/year) : 1,150 1,150 1,150
Photographs and information
courtesyof : GrenzonePteLtd
AAppendix A.2 POh eRn ShIh (teMPle O thAnKSgIVIng)
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ThePVarraysaremountedontherooftopwithstandingmountingstructure,
allowing sufcient ventilation to improve PV performance. About 25% of
electricalpowerdemandinthebuildingaresuppliedbythesolarPVsystem.
ir A.2.1. Bii rior ir A.2.2. Bii irior
ir A.2.3. PV arra vi ir A.2.4. PV arra vi
Appi A.2POh eRn ShIh (teMPle O thAnKSgIVIng)
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AAppendix A.3 313 SOMeRSet CentRAl
Buildingname : 313SOMERSETCENTRAL
Owner : LendLeaseRetailInvestment1PteLtd
Location : 313OrchardRoad,Singapore238895
Buildingtype : ShoppingMall
Completion : 2009
Workinggroups
• Projectarchitects : AedasPteLtd
• Structuralengineers : MeinhardtInfrastructurePteLtd
• M&Eengineers : BesconConsultingEngineersPteLtd
• Quantitysurveyor : WTPartnershipPteLtd
• Contractors : BovisLendLeasePteLtd
• PVdesign : GrenzonePteLtd
• PVmanufacturer : Various(4manufacturers)
TypeofPVintegration : onTrellisandMetalRoof
TypeofPVcelltechnology : Monocrystalline,Polycrystalline,Micromorph
PVarea(m2) : 587
PVsystempeakpower(kWp) : 76
Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/year) : 87,381
PVYield(kWh/kWp/year) : 1,150
Photographs and information
courtesyof : BovisLendLease
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313SomersetCentraliscentrallylocatedintheheartofSingapore’sfamous
OrchardRoad.ThesolarphotovoltaicsystemconsistsoffourPVarrays,with
amainPVarrayof60kWpmountedonthetrellis,andthreesmallerarraysfeaturingmonocrystalline,polycrystallineandmicromorphsolarmodulesthat
areaccessiblebyvisitors.
ir A.3.1. Bii rior
ir A.3.2. Bii rior
Architect’s Impression o Somerset Central viewed rom Orchard Road
Appi A.3313 SOMeRSet CentRAl
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AAppendix A.4 SentOSA COVe
Buildingname : Private
Owner : Private
Location : SentosaCove,Singapore
Buildingtype : Two-storeybungalowwithbasementCompletion : July2008
Workinggroups
• Projectarchitects : GuzArchitects
• M&Econsultant : HerizalFitriPteLtd
• PVdesign : PhoeniSolarPteLtd
• Maincontractors : SunhoConstructionPteLtd
• Roongcontractor SheetMetalInternational
• PVmanufacturer : Uni-Solar
TypeofPVintegration : GluedontoapprovedFazonalmetalroof
TypeofPVcelltechnology : Fleibleamorphoussilicon
PVarea(m2) : 92
PVsystempeakpower(kWp) : 5.712
EstimatedenergyoutputkWh/yr) : 7,100
PVYield(kWh/kWp/yr) : 1,250
Photographsandinformation : PhoeniSolarPteLtd,
courtesyof GuzArchitects,andSheetMetalInternational
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Thisstrikinghousestandsoutforitsopenlayout,cappedwithtwincurvedroofs.Therear
roofhasaturflawntokeepitcool,whilethefrontroofgenerateselectricitywitheible
solarlaminates,bondedunobtrusivelyontop.ThiscongurationmeetsSentosaResortManagement’sstrictguidelinesforroofaesthetics,whichdonotgenerallypermitbare
metalroofsonbungalowdevelopments.
Thankstothelaminates’lightweight(lessthan4kg/m 2),theroofcanmakedowitha
lighterandlowersubstructurecostthanifithadtocarryconventionalclaytiles.
ir A.4.1.ti crv roos,r rass a PV
ir A.4.2.lii, fibamias oo
crv roo
ir A.4.3.tsi ui-Soar
amias riisaaio
Appi A.4SentOSA COVe
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AAppendix A.5 MARInA BARRAge
Buildingname : MarinaBarrage
Owner : PUB,Singapore’snationalwateragency
Location : Singapore
Buildingtype : FloodControlCompletion : 2008
Workinggroups
• Projectarchitects : ArchitectsTeam3PteLtd
• Structuralengineers : KohBrothersBuilding&CivilEngineering
Contractor(Pte)Ltd
• PVdesign : RenewpowersTechnologiesPteLtd
• Buildingservices : CegelecPteLtd
• Contractors : KohBrothersBuilding&CivilEngineering
Contractor(Pte)Ltd
• PVmanufacturer : SolarWorldAsiaPacicPteLtd
TypeofPVintegration : RoofTop
TypeofPVcelltechnology : Monocrystallinesilicon
PVarea(m2) : 1200
PVsystempeakpower(kWp) : 70
Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/yr) : 76,650
PVYield(kWh/kWp/yr) : 1,095
Photographs and information
courtesyof : PUB,Singapore’snationalwateragency
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ir A.5.2. Maria Barra Soar Park
Marina Barrage spans the mouth of the Marina Channel, creating Singapore’s 15th
reservoir,anditsrstinthecity.
ThebarragecreatesafreshwaterlaketoboostSingapore’swatersupply,actsasatidal
barriertopreventoodinginlow-lyingcityareas,andkeepsthewaterlevelconsistent,
offeringavenueforwater-basedactivitiesintheheartofthecity.
Butmorethananengineeringshowpiece,the barrageeempliesthenationalwater
agency’scommitmenttowardsenvironmentalandwatersustainability.
OneofSingapore’slargestcommissionedsolarPVsystematasinglesitetodate,Marina
Barrage’ssolarparkhousesoneofthelargestcollectionofsolarpanels–405panelsin
all–currentlyinoperationinSingapore.Its70kWpDCgrid-tiedsolarPVsystemisthe
rsttobeemployedonsuchalargescalelocally,anditcomeswithaestheticallyarranged
solarpanels(panelsarearrangedinninearraysof15bythreepanels)onthebarrage’s
green roof.
The solar panels generate
50%ofutilitygradeelectricity
for lighting and general
power in the visitor centre,
controlroomandofces.The
environmentally-friendly grid-
tied solar PV system does
not require batteries, hence
eliminating the costs forbattery replacement.
ir A.5.1. Aria vi oMaria Barra
Appi A.5MARInA BARRAge
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AAppendix A.6 lOnZA BIOlOgICS
Buildingname : LBxS2
Owner : LonzaBiologicsTuasPteLtd
Location : Tuas,Singapore
Buildingtype : Biotechfactoryandlaboratory
Completion : May2009
Workinggroups
• Projectarchitects : RSPArchitectsPlanners&EngineersPteLtd
• M&Eengineers : JacobsEngineeringSingaporePteLtd
• PVdesign : PhoeniSolarPteLtd
• Contractors : BovisLendLeasePharmaceuticalPteLtd
• PVmanufacturer : REC(framedmodules)andSolar-Fabrik(frameless
laminates)
TypeofPVintegration : RoofmountedonBluescopeLysaghtKlipLokmetalroof
TypeofPVcelltechnology : Polycrystallinesilicon
PVarea(m2) : 1,330
PVsystempeakpower(kWp) : 181
Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/yr) : 217,000
PVYield(kWh/kWp/yr) : 1,200
Photographsandinformation : PhoeniSolarPteLtd
courtesyof andLonzaBiologicsTuasPteLtd
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The curved laboratory roof of the Lonza Biologic’s LBxS2 factory offers prominent
visibilitytomaimisepublicawarenessfora181kWpsolarPVsystemonanindustrial
building.ThebulkofthePVarrayconsistsof744piecesofREC210modules,while
theatteruppersectionoftheroofiscoveredwith104SF130/2framelesslaminates
fromSolar-Fabrik.Withoutframestotrapwateratshallowinstallationangles,these
laminateswillavoiddirtaccumulation.
RoofclampswerespeciallyengineeredtoattachthePVmodulerailstotheKlipLokroofseamswithoutanypenetrations.LonzaBiologicswasarecipientofoneoftheinaugural
SolarPioneergrantsunderEDB’sSolarCapabilityScheme.
ir A.6.3. Isai ReC mos
ir A.6.1. Bii rior (Rri b RSP Arcics Pars &eirs P l)
ir A.6.2. Mos isa o 6o-16o sop
Appi A.6lOnZA BIOlOgICS
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Buildingname : ZeroEnergyHouse
Owner : Private
Location : District15,Singapore
Buildingtype : Residential,21
/ 2-storeysemi-detachedhouseCompletion(renovation) : April2008
Workinggroups
• Projectarchitects : Art&ArchitectureCollaborative
• Structuralengineers : Portwood&Associates
• PVdesign : PhoeniSolarPteLtd
• Contractors : MCLConstruction&EngineeringPteLtd
• PVmanufacturer : MitsubishiHeavyIndustriesandPhoeniSolar
TypeofPVintegration : Roofmountedonmetalroof
TypeofPVcelltechnology : amorphoussiliconandmicromorphsiliconthinlms
PVarea(m2) : 120
PVsystempeakpower(kWp) : 8.58
Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/year) : 12,000
PVYield(kWh/kWp/yr) : 1,400
Photographs and information
courtesyof : PhoeniSolarPteLtd
AAppendix A.7 ZeRO eneRgy hOuSe
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ir A.7.2. ws roo fak i micromorp PV mos
ir A.7.1. Bii roo i o ps o PV mo
This1960ssemi-detachedhousewasconvertedintoSingapore’srstmodernzero-energy
homebyreducingsolarheatgain,improvingnaturalventilationandaddingarooftopsolar
PVsystem,whichgeneratesmoreelectricitythanthe6-personhouseholdconsumes.
The PV modules are mounted on rails that are clamped to the seams of the aluminium
Kalziproofwithoutanyroofpenetrations.Asanimportantaddedbenet,thePVmodules
shadetheroof,keepingtheatticroomsmuchcoolerthantheywouldbeunderarooffully
eposedtothesun.
Appi A.7ZeRO eneRgy hOuSe
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Buildingname : TampinesGrande
Owner : CityDevelopmentsLtd
Location : Tampines,Singapore
Buildingtype : OfcebuildingCompletion : May2009
Workinggroups
• Projectarchitects : Architects61PteLtd
• M&Eengineers : ConteemEngineersPteLtd
• PVdesign : PhoeniSolarPteLtd
• Contractors : DragagesSingaporePteLtd/BYMESingapore
• PVmanufacturer : Suntech(rooftop)andSchottSolar(BIPV)
TypeofPVintegration : RoofmountedandBuildingIntegratedfaçade
TypeofPVcelltechnology : MonocrystallinesiliconandamorphoussiliconthinlmBIPV
PVarea(m2) : 934
PVsystempeakpower(kWp) : 107
Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/yr) : 120,000
PVYield(kWh/kWp/yr) : 1,200
Photographsandinformation : PhoeniSolarPteLtd
courtesyof andCityDevelopmentsLtd
AAppendix A.8 tAMPIneS gRAnde
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ir A.8.1. 6kwp BIPV aça o tor 2
ir A.8.2. Paria comp PV arra ir A.8.3. Aria vi o bo ors
101kWpofmonocrystallinePVmodulesformthemainrooftopPVarrayonTowers1and
2,whilethewestfaçadeofTower2has6kWpofBIPVcomprising40large,custom-built
amorphoussiliconthinlmmodules.
At the time of completion, this was Singapore’s largest PV system, and the rst
commercialapplicationofathinlmBIPVfaçade.
The building also boasts a solar air-conditioning system powered by solar thermal
collectors.
TampinesGrandewas a recipient ofone ofthe inaugural SolarPioneergrantsunder
EDB’sSolarCapabilityScheme.
Appi A.8tAMPIneS gRAnde
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AAppendix A.9 hdB APARtMent BlOCKSAt SeRAngOOn nORth PReCInCt
BuildingName : HDBApartmentBlocksatSerangoonNorthPrecinct
Owner : AngMoKio-YioChuKangTownCouncil
Location : SerangoonNorthAvenue3Block548to554 and550A(Multi-storeyCarpark)
Buildingtype : Residential
Completion : 2008
Workinggroups
• Contractors : KingWanConstructionPteLtd&
AsiaticEngineeringPteLtd
• PVmanufacturer : SunsetEnergietechnikGmbH
TypeofPVintegration : Rooftop
TypeofPVcelltechnology : Mono-crystallinesilicon
PrecinctPVarea(m2) : 667.61
PrecinctPVsystempeakpower(kWp): 75.75
Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/yr) : 80,300
PVYield(kWh/kWp/yr) : 1,060
PV Photographs and information
courtesyof : HDB
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ir A.9.1. tpica rooop PV arra ao a Sraoo nor Prcic
The Serangoon North Precinct consists of
ve blocks of 16 storey and two blocks of
nine storey residential apartments and a multistoreycarpark(MSCP).Sity-ninepiecesof
solar PV panels are mounted at the rooftop
of each residential block and 22 pieces of the
panelatthestaircaseroofoftheMSCP.
Appi A.9hdB APARtMent BlOCKSAt SeRAngOOn nORth PReCInCt
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BuildingName : HDBApartmentBlocksatWellingtonCirclePrecinct
Owner : SembawangTownCouncil
Location : WellingtonCircle508A-C,509A-B,510A-B&508(MSCP)
Buildingtype : Residential
Completion : 2008
Workinggroups
• Contractors : KingWanConstructionPteLtd&
AsiaticEngineeringPteLtd
• PVmanufacturer : SunsetEnergietechnikGmbH
TypeofPVintegration : Rooftop
TypeofPVcelltechnology : Mono-crystallinesilicon
PrecinctPVarea(m2) : 667.61
PrecinctPVsystempeakpower(kWp): 75.75
Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/yr) : 80,300
PVYield(kWh/kWp/yr) : 1,060
Photographs and information
courtesyof : HDB
AAppendix A.10 hdB APARtMent BlOCKSAt wellIngtOn CIRCle PReCInCt
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ir A.10.1. tpica rooop PV arra ao a wio Circ Prcic
The Wellington Circle Precinct consists
of seven blocks of 12 storey residential
apartmentsanda MSCP. Sity-ninepiecesof solar PV panels are mounted at the rooftop
of each residential block and 22 pieces of the
panelatthestaircaseroofoftheMSCP.
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B Appendix B. engAgIng A lICenSedeleCtRICAl wORKeR
1. Engaging a Licensed Electrical Worker (LEW)
1.1 TherearethreeclassesofLEWs:LicensedElectrician,LicensedElectricalTechnician,and
LicensedElectricalEngineer.ThevariousclassesofLEWsareauthorisedtodesign,install,
repair,maintain,operate,inspectandtestelectricalinstallationsaccordingtotheconditions
statedbelow:
Cass o lew Approv loa Voa lv
Electrician Noteceeding45kVA 1000V&below
ElectricalTechnician Noteceeding150kVA
(Design);noteceeding500kVA
(Operation) 1000V&below
ElectricalEngineer Nolimit Subjecttolicenseconditions
1.2 The Singapore Standard for electrical safety applicable to solar PV Systems is set out in
theCodeofPracticeforElectricalInstallations(SingaporeStandardCP5:2008),whichis
publishedbySPRINGSingapore.TheLEWwhomyouappointtocarryoutorsupervisethe
electricalworksassociatedwithyourPVsystemwillberesponsibleforthecompliance
withtherelevantsafetystandardsandrequirements.
1.3 YoucansearchforLEWsandtheircontactparticularsatthefollowingEMAwebsite:
http://elise.ema.gov.sg
1.4 ForenquiriesonLEWs,youcancontactEMA’sElectricityInspectorateBranchat:
Tel:68358060
Email:[email protected]
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2 Guide or consumers – Installation o Solar PV Systems
Appi B.1engAgIng A lICenSed eleCtRICAl wORKeR
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C C.1 COntACt InORMAtIOnAppendix
or iris o ooi mars praii o Soar PV ssms, pas coac:
(1) Buildingsissues Bii A Cosrcio Aori (BCA)
Email:[email protected]
Tel:1800-3425222(1800-DIALBCA)
(2) DevelopmentPlanningControl urba Rvopm Aori (uRA)
–ConservedBuildings BuildingConservation
Email:[email protected]
Tel:63293355
(3) DevelopmentPlanningControl urba Rvopm Aori (uRA)
–Non-conservedBuildings Non-conservedbuildings
Email:[email protected]
Tel:62234811
(4) ElectricityGenerationLicences er Mark Aori (eMA)
EconomicRegulation&LicensingDepartment Email:[email protected]
Tel:68358000
(5) LicensedElectricalWorkers er Mark Aori (eMA)
(“LEWs”) ElectricityInspectorateBranch
Email:[email protected]
Tel:68358060
(6) Electricitymarketrules, er Mark Compa (eMC)
marketregistrationprocess, MarketAdministrationTeam
andmarketcharges Email:[email protected]
Tel:67793000
(7) Connectiontothepowergrid SP Srvics l (SPS)
Email:[email protected]
Tel:68238283/68238284
(8) Connectiontothepowergrid SP Porgri l (SPPg)
Email:[email protected]
Tel:68238572
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D Appendix d.1 SOlAR CAPABIlIty SCheMe (SCS)
The Economic Development Board (EDB) unveiled the Solar Capability
Scheme to spur demand and build up expertise or this young but growing
eld. The scheme – the latest by Clean Energy Programme Oce (CEPO) –
seeks to strengthen critical capabilities o companies engaged in activities
such as engineering, architecture and system integration through increased implementation o solar energy technologies by lead users in Singapore.
Agency : EDB
Quantum : $20Million(Overall);$1Millionperprojectorupto40%of
total capital cost of solar technology.
TargetGroup : Engineering;
Architecture;
System Integration
(Withimplementationofsolarenergytechnologies)
ForReading : http://www.edb.gov.sg/edb/sg/en_uk/inde/news/articles/
cepo_launches_solar.html
http://www.edb.gov.sg/edb/sg/en_uk/inde/news/articles/
Award_Ceremony_for_Solar_Testbeds.html
ForDetails : http://www.edb.gov.sg/etc/medialib/downloads/industries.
Par.98811.File.tmp/Solar%20Capability%20Scheme%20Factsheet.pdf
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D Appendix d.2 MARKet deVelOPMent und (Md)
The MDF seeks to incentivise the use o clean and renewable energy
resources among non-residential consumers and developers by osetting
the market charges and related costs associated with selling clean and
renewable energy into the power grid. This will help to promote energy
eciency as well as help in the market integration o innovative clean and
renewable energy resources.
Agency : EnergyMarketAuthority(EMA)
Quantum : $5million;$50,000overaspanof5yearsor90%ofincurred
marketchargesforapprovedprojects,whicheverislower.
TargetGroup : Non-residentialconsumersanddeveloperswhochoosetosell
ecesselectricitygeneratedfromcleanandrenewableenergy
technologiestothepowergrid.
ForDetails : http://www.ema.gov.sg/inde.php?option=com_content&view=artic
le&id=125&Itemid=141
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Agency : BuildingandConstructionAuthority(BCA)
TargetGroup : Developers
Designers
Builders
ForReading : http://www.greenmark.sg
http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/green_mark_buildings.html
ForDetails : http://www.bca.gov.sg/greenmark/others/gmtc.pdf
D Appendix d.3 gReen MARK SCheMe
The Green Mark Scheme was launched to promote environmental awareness
in the construction and real estate sectors. It is a benchmarking scheme
that aims to achieve a sustainable built environment by incorporating best
practices in environmental design and construction, and the adoption o
green building technologies.
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D Appendix d.4 gReen MARK gROSS lOOR AReA
(gM-gA) InCentIVe SCheMe
To encourage the private sector to develop buildings that attain higher tier
Green Mark ratings (i.e. Green Mark Platinum or Green Mark Gold PLUS ),
BCA and the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) have introduced a set
o Gross Floor Area (GFA) incentives on 29 Apr 2009. For developments
attaining Green Mark Platinum or Gold PLUS , URA will grant additional foor
area over and above the Master Plan Gross Plot Ratio (GPR) control.
Agency : BCAandURA
TargetGroup : Allnewprivatedevelopments,redevelopmentsand
reconstructiondevelopmentssubmittedonorafterthe
effectivedate.
ForDetails : http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/gmgfa.html
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D Appendix d.5 $100 MIllIOn gReen MARK InCentIVe
SCheMe OR exIStIng BuIldIngS(gMIS-eB)
The GMIS-EB aims to encourage private building owners o existing
buildings to undertake improvements and/or retrots to achieve substantial
improvement in energy eciency. It provides a cash incentive that co-
unds up to 35% (capped at $1.5 million) o the upgrading/retrotting costs
or energy eciency improvement in their existing buildings.
Agency : BCA
TargetGroup : Buildingowners/developersofprivateeistingnon-
residentialdevelopmentsthatiscentrallyair-conditioned,
withgrossoorareaof2,000sqmabovee.g.energy
intensivebuildingssuchasshoppingmalls,hotels,ofce
buildings,hospitals,andothercentrallyair-conditioned
buildings.
ForDetails : http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/gmiseb.html
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Agency : BCA
TargetGroup : Developers,buildingowners,projectarchitectsandM&E
engineerswhomakeeffortstoachieveatleastaBCAGreen
MarkGoldratingorhigherinthedesignandconstructionof
newbuildings.
ForDetails : http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/GMIS.html
The GMIS-NB is to help accelerate the adoption o environmentally-
riendly green building technologies and building design practices. The
enhanced scheme oers cash incentives.
D Appendix d.6 enhAnCed $20 MIllIOn gReen
MARK InCentIVe SCheMe ORnew BuIldIngS (gMIS-nB)
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discaimr
The informationin this handbookis subject to change or revision, to adapt to the continual development andevolvementoftheelectricityandbuildingandconstructionindustriesandisnotasubstituteforanylaw,regulation,
codeofpractice,standardofperformance,MarketRulesorBuildingControlActwhichmayapplytothesaidindustries
inSingapore.ItdoesnotinanywaybindtheEnergyMarketAuthority(“EMA”)andtheBuildingandConstruction
Authority(“BCA”)tograntanyapprovalorofcialpermissionforanymatters,includingbutnotlimitedtothegrantofanyeemptionnortothetermsofanyeemption.BothEMAandBCAreservetherighttochangeitspolicies
and/ortoamendanyinformationinthishandbookwithoutpriornotice.Personswhomaybeindoubtabouthowthe
informationinthishandbookmayaffectthemortheircommercialactivitiesareadvisedtoseekindependentlegal
adviceoranyotherprofessionaladviceastheymaydeemappropriate.BothAuthoritiesassumenoresponsibilityorliabilityforanyconsequences(nancialorotherwise)suffereddirectlyorindirectlybypersonswhohaveenteredinto
commercialactivitiesuponrelianceonanyinformationinthisdocument.
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EnergyMarketAuthority
991GAleandraRoad,#01-29
Singapore119975
Tel:(65)68358000Fa:(65)68358020
BuildingandConstructionAuthority
5MawellRoad
#16-00TowerBlockMNDComple
Singapore069110MainLine:1800-3425222(1800-DIALBCA)
ISBN:978-981-08-4462-2