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1

Handbook forSolar Photovoltaic (PV)Systems



Cos

1 Soar Poovoaic (“PV”) Ssms – A Ovrvi 41.1 Introduction 4

1.2 Types of Solar PV System 5

1.3 Solar PV Technology 6

• CrystallineSiliconandThinFilmTechnologies 8

• ConversionEfciency 8

• EffectsofTemperature 9

1.4 Technical Information 10

2 Soar PV Ssms o a Bii 12

2.1 Introduction 12

2.2 Installation Angle 12

2.3 AvoidShadingPVModules 13 2.4 AestheticandCreativeApproachesinMountingPVModules 14

2.5 SolarPVOutputProle 14

2.6 Solar PV Yield 15

2.7 CostofaSolarPVSystem 15

3 Appoii a Soar PV Ssm Coracor 16

3.1 Introduction 16

3.2 Getting Started 17

• GetanEperiencedandLicensedContractor 17

• ChoosingBetweenBids 17

• SolarPVSystemWarranty 17

• RegularMaintenance 19

• OtherRelevantMatters 19

4 Soar PV Ssm Isaaio Rirms 20

4.1 ElectricalInstallationLicence 20

4.2 ElectricalSafetyStandardsandRequirements 20

4.3 ApplicationofElectricalInstallationLicence 21

4.4 ConservationandDevelopmentControlRequirements 21

4.5 GuidelinesonConservationandDevelopmentControl 21

4.6 StructuralSafetyandLightningProtection 22

• StructuralSafety 22

• LightningProtection 22 4.7 ConnectiontothePowerGrid 22

4.8 GetConnectedtothePowerGrid 23

4.9 SaleofSolarPVElectricity 23

4.10 DesignandInstallationChecklist 27

5 Opraios a Maiac 28

5.1 OperationsofSolarPVSystems 28

5.2 RecommendedPreventiveMaintenanceWorks 29



1

Appics

APPendIx A – exAMPleS O SOlAR PV SySteM On BuIldIngS InSIngAPORe

A.1 ZEROENERGYBUILDING@BCAACADEMY 32

A.2 POHERNSHIH(TEMPLEOFTHANKSGIVING) 34

A.3 313SOMERSETCENTRAL 36

A.4 SENTOSACOVE 38

A.5 MARINABARRAGE 40

A.6 LONZABIOLOGICS 42

A.7 ZEROENERGYHOUSE 44

A.8 TAMPINESGRANDE 46

A.9 HDBAPARTMENTBLOCKSATSERANGOONNORTHPRECINCT 48

A.10 HDBAPARTMENTBLOCKSATWELLINGTONCIRCLEPRECINCT 50

APPendIx B

B.1 ENGAGINGALICENSEDELECTRICALWORKER 52

APPendIx C

C.1 CONTACTINFORMATION 54

APPendIx d – InCentIVeS OR SOlAR PV SySteM

D.1 SOLARCAPABILITYSCHEME(SCS) 55

D.2 MARKETDEVELOPMENTFUND(MDF) 56

D.3 GREENMARKSCHEME 57

D.4 GREENMARKGROSSFLOORAREA(GM-GFA)INCENTIVESCHEME 58

D.5 $100MILLIONGREENMARKINCENTIVESCHEME 59

FORExISTINGBUILDINGS(GMIS-EB)

D.6 ENHANCED$20MILLIONGREENMARKINCENTIVESCHEMEFOR 60

NEWBUILDINGS(GMIS-NB)



2

Cognizantof thegrowingpopularityofsolarphotovoltaic(PV)installationsamongstresidential

dwellersaswellasbuildingdevelopers,andthecorrespondingdemandforacomprehensive

setoftechnicalandregulatoryinformation,theEnergyMarketAuthority(EMA)andtheBuilding

ConstructionAuthority(BCA)gottogetherearlierthisyeartoworkonintegratingtheirrespective

solarmanualsintoanall-in-onereferenceguideforthosewhoarekeenoninstallingsolarPV

systems in Singapore.

The outcome of this jointproject,whichalso saw the involvement of industrypartners and

stakeholderssuchasPhoeniSolarPteLtd,GrenzonePteLtd,SolarEnergyResearchInstitute

ofSingapore(SERIS)andSingaporePolytechnic,isthis“HandbookforSolarPhotovoltaic(PV)Systems”. Through this integrated and revised handbook,wehope to beable toprovidea

comprehensiveguidetotherelevantparties,includingowners,developers,engineers,architects,

LicensedElectricalWorkers andelectricianson thekey issues, requirementsandprocesses

pertaining to the installation of solar PV systems.

Aswiththepreviouseditionofthehandbooks,thissinglevolumecoversandprovidesinformation

onlicensing,marketandtechnicalrequirements,andbuildingandstructuralissuesthatarerelated

totheimplementationofsolarPVsystemsinabuildingenvironment.Inaddition,itprovidesnew

informationontheinstallationrequirementsforsolarPVsystems,operationsandrecommended

preventivemaintenanceworks,andvariousincentivestopromotesolarPVsystemsinSingapore.

Wehavealsorefreshedthepresentationofthehandbooktomakeitmoreaccessibleandreader-

friendly,aswellastoincorporateeamplesofcompletedsolarPVinstallationsinSingapore.

Wehopeyouwillndthistobeausefulguide.

davi ta A Kia S

Deputy Chie Executive Director

EnergyPlanningandDevelopmentDivision CentreofSustainableBuilding&ConstructionEnergyMarketAuthority BuildingandConstructionAuthority

oror

2



3

3

Ackoms

Wewouldliketothankthefollowingorganisationsfortheirsupportandcontributionsin

thedevelopmentofthishandbook:

1) GrenzonePteLtd

2) PhoeniSolarPteLtd

3) SingaporePolytechnic

4) SolarEnergyResearchInstituteofSingapore(SERIS)

5) SPPowerGrid

6) UrbanRedevelopmentAuthority



4

Solar Photovoltaic (“PV”) Systems – An Overview

ir 1. t irc b soar rma a soar PV ssms

1.1 Introduction

Thesundeliversitsenergytousintwomainforms:heatandlight.Therearetwomain

typesofsolarpowersystems,namely,solarthermalsystemsthattrapheattowarmup

water,andsolarPVsystemsthatconvertsunlightdirectlyintoelectricityasshownin

Figure1.

When thePV modulesareeposedto sunlight,they generate direct current(“DC”)

electricity.An inverterthenconvertstheDC intoalternatingcurrent(“AC”)electricity,

sothatitcanfeedintooneofthebuilding’sACdistributionboards(“ACDB”)without

affectingthequalityofpowersupply.



5

Capr 1SOlAR PhOtOVOltAIC (“PV”) SySteMS – An OVeRVIew

ir 2. gri-coc soar PV ssm coraio

1.2 Types o Solar PV System

SolarPVsystemscanbeclassiedbasedontheend-useapplicationofthetechnology.

TherearetwomaintypesofsolarPVsystems:grid-connected(orgrid-tied)andoff-grid(orstandalone)solarPVsystems.

Grid-connectedsolarPVsystems

ThemainapplicationofsolarPVinSingaporeisgrid-connected,asSingapore’smain

islandiswellcoveredbythenationalpowergrid.MostsolarPVsystemsareinstalled

onbuildingsormountedonthegroundiflandisnotaconstraint.Forbuildings,theyare

eithermountedontherooforintegratedintothebuilding.Thelatterisalsoknownas

BuildingIntegratedPhotovoltaics(“BIPV”).WithBIPV,thePVmoduleusuallydisplaces

anotherbuildingcomponent,e.g.windowglassorroof/wallcladding,therebyservinga

dual purpose and offsetting some costs.

Thecongurationofagrid-connectedsolarPVsystemisshowninFigure2.

Abuildinghastwoparallelpowersupplies,onefromthesolarPVsystemandtheother

fromthepowergrid.Thecombinedpowersupplyfeedsalltheloadsconnectedtothe

mainACDB.

TheratioofsolarPVsupplytopowergridsupplyvaries,dependingonthesizeofthe

solarPVsystem.WheneverthesolarPVsupplyeceedsthebuilding’sdemand,ecess

electricity will beeported into thegrid.When there isnosunlight togeneratePV

electricityatnight,thepowergridwillsupplyallofthebuilding’sdemand.



6


ir 3. O-ri soar PV ssm coraio

Agrid-connectedsystemcanbeaneffectivewaytoreduceyourdependenceonutility

power,increaserenewableenergyproduction,andimprovetheenvironment.

Off-gridsolarPVsystems

Off-gridsolarPVsystemsareapplicableforareaswithoutpowergrid.Currently,such

solarPVsystemsareusuallyinstalledatisolatedsiteswherethepowergridisfaraway,

suchasruralareasoroff-shoreislands.Buttheymayalsobeinstalledwithinthecityin

situationswhereitisinconvenientortoocostlytotapelectricityfromthepowergrid.

Foreample,inSingapore,severalURAparkingsignlightsarepoweredbyoff-gridsolar

PV systems.

Anoff-gridsolarPVsystemneedsdeepcyclerechargeablebatteriessuchaslead-acid,

nickel-cadmium or lithium-ion batteries to store electricity for use under conditions

wherethereislittleornooutputfromthesolarPVsystem,suchasduringthenight,as

showninFigure3below.

1.3 Solar PV Technology

This section gives a brief description ofthe solar PV technology and the common

technical terms used.

AsolarPVsystemispoweredbymanycrystallineorthinlmPVmodules.Individual

PV cells are interconnected to form a PV module. This takes the form of a panel for easy

installation.



7


Moo-Crsai Siico PV C Po-Crsai Siico PV C

ir 5. PV coo ami r

PV Cell Types

Poly-crystalline

Mono-crystalline

Amorphous-Si

(a-Si)

Tandem

a-Si/microcrystalline

CIGS

(Copper Indium GalliumSelenide)

CdTe

(Cadmium Telluride)

Dye-sensitised (TiO2)

Commercially

available product,

suitable for Singapore

R&D or pilot stage, or

unsuitable for

Singapore

Special

Compound semiconductor

eg GaAs-based

Crystalline Silicon

(wafer based) Thin Film

PVcellsaremadeoflight-sensitivesemiconductormaterialsthatusephotonstodislodgeelectronstodriveanelectriccurrent.Therearetwobroadcategoriesoftechnologyused

forPVcells,namely,crystallinesilicon,asshowninFigure4whichaccountsforthe

majorityofPVcellproduction;andthinlm,whichisnewerandgrowinginpopularity.

The“familytree”inFigure5givesanoverviewofthesetechnologiesavailabletoday

andFigure6illustratessomeofthesetechnologies.

ir 4. Moo-a Po-Crsai Siico PV C



8


CIgS i mMoo-crsaisiico

Po-crsaisiico

ib amorposi m

ir 6. Commo PV mo coois

CrystallineSiliconandThinFilmTechnologies

Crystallinecellsaremadefromultra-puresiliconrawmaterialsuchasthoseusedin

semiconductorchips.Theyusesiliconwafersthataretypically150-200microns(one

fthofamillimetre)thick.

Thin lm is made by depositing layers of semiconductor material barely 0.3 to 2

micrometres thick onto glass or stainless steel substrates. As the semiconductor layers

aresothin,thecostsofrawmaterialaremuchlowerthanthecapitalequipmentand

processing costs.

ConversionEfciency

tcoo Mo ecic

Mono-crystallineSilicon 12.5-15%

Poly-crystallineSilicon 11-14%

CopperIndiumGalliumSelenide(CIGS) 10-13%

CadmiumTelluride(CdTe) 9-12%

AmorphousSilicon(a-Si) 5-7%

tab 1. Covrsio cicis o varios PV mo coois

Apart from aesthetic differences, the most obvious difference amongst PV celltechnologiesisinitsconversionefciency,assummarisedinTable1.

Foreample,athinlmamorphoussiliconPVarraywillneedclosetotwicethespace

ofacrystallinesiliconPVarraybecauseitsmoduleefciencyishalved,forthesame

nominalcapacityunderStandardTestConditions1(STC)rating.

1StandardTestConditionsrefertothefollowingtestingconditions:

•1,000W/m2 of sunlight

•250Ccelltemperature

•Spectrumatairmassof1.5



9


ForcrystallinesiliconPVmodules,themoduleefciencyislowercomparedtothesum

ofthecomponentcellefciencyduetothepresenceofgapsbetweenthecellsandthe

borderaroundthecircuiti.e.,wastedspacethatdoesnotgenerateanypowerhence

lowertotalefciency.

EffectsofTemperature

AnotherimportantdifferentiatorinsolarPVperformance,especiallyinhotclimates,is

thetemperaturecoefcientofpower.PVcellperformancedeclinesascelltemperature

rises.

Foreample, inbright sunlight,celltemperaturesinSingaporecanreach over70ºC,

whereasPVmodulesareratedatacelltemperatureof25ºC.Thelossinpoweroutput

at70ºCisthereforemeasuredas(70-25)temperaturecoefcient.

Mostthinlmtechnologieshavealowernegativetemperaturecoefcientcomparedto

crystallinetechnologies.Inotherwords,theytendtoloselessoftheirratedcapacityastemperaturerises.Hence,underSingapore’sclimaticcondition,thinlmtechnologies

willgenerate5-10%moreelectricityperyear.

APVmoduledatasheetshouldspecifythetemperaturecoefcient.SeeTable2and

chartinFigure7.

tcoo tmprar Coci[%/°C]

Crystallinesilicon -0.4to-0.5

CIGS -0.32to-0.36

CdTe -0.25

a-Si -0.21

tab 2. tmprar coci o varios PV c coos

m o d u l e o u t p u t r e l a t i v e t o S T C

ir 7. t cs o a aiv mprarcoci o por o PV mo prormac



10


1.4 Technical Inormation

Single-core, double isolated sheathed cables that can withstand the environmental

conditions,andminimisetheriskofearthfaultsandshortcircuitsareusedtointerconnect

thePVstringsandarrays.Thecableconnectionsareprotectedinenclosuresknownas

junctionbothatprovidesthenecessaryconnectorsasshowninFigure10.

ir 8. PV Sri ir 9. PV Arra

ir 10. Jcio Bo

ElectricityproducedbythesolarPVinstallationisintheformofDC.Theoutputofthe

PVinstallationisconnectedthroughtheDCmaincablestotheDCterminalsofthePVinverterwhereelectricityisconvertedfromDCintoAC.

After conversion,theAC currentof thePVinverterisconnected throughPV supply

cabletothebuilding’selectricalinstallation(ACdistributionboard).

Figure 11 shows a typical PV inverter connected to the electrical installation of a

building.NotethattheactualcongurationofthePVinvertermayvaryacrossdifferent

systems.

ThePVmodulesarenetconnectedinseriesintoaPVstringasshowninFigure8.

APVarrayasshowninFigure9isformedbytheparallelaggregationofPVstrings.



11


Justlikeanyelectricalinstallationinabuilding,earthingisanimportantsafetyrequirement

for solar PV system. Arrangement must be made for proper connection of the solar PV

system to the consumer’s electrical installation earthing system.

In locations susceptible to lightning strikes, a lightning protection system must be

provided,andalltheeposedmetallicstructuresofthesolarPVsystemmustbebound

to the lightning earthing system.

It is theresponsibility of theconsumersto have theirsolarPV systems maintained

regularly to ensure safe operation of their solar PV systems and electrical installations.

SeeFigure12foradiagramshowingthesolarPVsystemformingpartofaconsumer’s

electrical installation.

ir 11. tpica PV ivrr coc o abii’s crica isaaio

ir 12. Soar PV ssm ormi par o a cosmr’s crica isaaio

dC Si AC Si

PVIvrr

PV dC MaiCab

PV SppCab

AC disribio

Boar



12

Solar PV Systems on a Building

2.1 Introduction

TherearemanyeamplesoverseaswherePVmodulesaremountedontheroofand

integratedintobuildingfaçades.TheyworkparticularlywellinEuropeandNorthAmerica,

assouth-facingfaçadesintheseregionsarewelleposedtothesun.

InSingapore,wehavetoconsiderthatthesunpassesalmostdirectlyoverhead.Thisis

becausewearelocatedneartheEquator,andthepathofthesunfollowstheEquator,

withseasonalvariationsofupto23.5oto the north or south. Therefore there are optimal

positionstolocatethePVmodulesthathavetobetakenintoconsideration.Referto

AppendiAforeamplesofsolarPVsystemsonbuildingsinSingapore.

2.2 Installation Angle

To maimise electricity production for use in Singapore, the best location for the

PVmodulestobeinstalledis righton topofabuilding, facing thesky.Thepossible

installationoptionsareshowninFigure13.

ir 13. wr o isa PV mos o a bii i Siapor



13

ir 14. PV mo rams rap ir as ar vaporas rom afa-mo PV mo

Vertical façades and steeply sloped roofs tend to suffer a big loss in the ability to generate

electricityinechangeforhigherpublicvisibility.

WiththePVmodulesfacingthesky,itispossibletoimprovetheyieldbyinstallingPV

modulesontrackerstofollow thesunfromeasttowestduring theday (single-ais

trackers),andfromnorthtosouthduringseasonalchanges(dual-aistrackers).

However,trackerscanonlyimprovesystemperformanceunderdirectsunshine,and

theygivenoadvantageindiffusedsunlightconditions,suchasoncloudyorhazydays.

Thedownsideofhavingat-mountedPVmodulesisthattheytendtogetdirtyfrom

rainwateranddust.SeeFigure14.ItisthereforebettertomountthePVmodulesatan

incline(10-15oforframedmodules,oraslittleas3-5

oforunframedmodules),toallow

rainwatertoproperlydrainoff

2.3 Avoid Shading PV Modules

PV modules should be free from shade. Shading of any single cell of a crystalline silicon

PVmodulewilldrasticallyreducetheoutputoftheentirePVmodule.

Thin lmPV modulesaremore tolerantto partialshadingthan crystallinesiliconPV

modules.Typicalculpritsincludeshadowscastbytalltreesandneighbouringbuildings.

Capr 2SOlAR PV SySteMS On A BuIldIng



14


2.5 Solar PV Output Profle

SolarPVonlyproduceselectricitywhensunlightisavailable.TheoutputofasolarPV

systemvarieswithitsratedoutput,temperature,weatherconditions,andtimeofthe

day.ThepoweroutputproleofthePVinstallationasshowninFigure17,ataselected

testsiteinSingaporecollectedoveraperiodfrom2002-2004,intermsofitscapacity

factor2,showsahighvariationofsolarPVoutput.

ir 15. BIPV mos iraio a aça

ir 16. BIPV mos ira io aski caop

2.4 Aesthetic and Creative Approaches in Mounting PV Modules

Besides mounting PV modules on the rooftop, customised PV modules can be

integratedintothebuildingfaçadeinacreative,aestheticallypleasingmanner.Theycan

bemountedonanypartoftherooftoporeternalwallsthatiswelleposedtosunlight

e.g.skylights,cladding,windows,andeternalshadingdevices.

Theycanalsobeintegratedintoeternalstructuressuchasfaçadesandcanopies,as

showninFigure15andFigure16,respectively.

[ 2 ] PV Output capacity actor = Ratio o the actual output o the PV installation at time (t) over its output i it had operated at ull rated output.



15

2.6 Solar PV Yield

The amount of electricity you are able to generate from a solar PV system depends not

onlyontheavailabilityofsunshinebutalsoonthetechnologyyouchoosetoinstall.For

eample,atypical10-kWrooftopsolarPVsysteminSingaporewouldproduceabout

11,000to12,500kWhannuallyusingcrystallinePVmodules,and12,000to14,500kWhannuallywithamorphoussiliconthinlmPVmodules.

2.7 Cost o a Solar PV System

ThecostofyoursolarPVsystemwilldependonmanyfactors:systemconguration,

equipmentoptions,labourcostandnancingcost.Pricesalsovarydependingonfactors

suchaswhetherornotyourhomeisnew,andwhetherthePVmodulesareintegrated

intotherooformountedontheroof.Thecostalsodependsonthesystemsizeor

rating,andtheamountofelectricityitproduces.

Generally,solarPVsystemsentailhighcapitalcosts.Withsolarpower,youcansaveon

thepurchaseofelectricityfromthegrid.Butevenwiththesesavings,itwilltakealongtimetorecoverthecapitalcostofthesolarPVinstallation.Theoperatingcostsforsolar

PVinstallationsarenegligible,buttheannualmaintenancecostbeyondthewarranty

periodmayamountto0.5%to1%ofthecapitalcostoftheinstallation.

Thereforeonanoverallbasis,solarPV-derivedelectricityisstillmuchmoreepensive

thanthatfromthepowergrid.However,thecostofsolarPVhashistoricallybeenfalling

byabout4%ayear,andifthiscontinues,solarPVmaybecompetitivewithinthenet

10years.ForincentivesonsolarPVsystem,pleaserefertoAppendiD.

ir 17. Vari ai por op pro o PV isaaioa a sc s si i Siapor


P V o

u t p u t c a p a c i t y f a c t o

r



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Appointing a Solar PV SystemContractor

3.1 Introduction

YouwillneedtoselectacontractortoinstallyoursolarPVsystem.Ifinterested,you

maycheckwiththefollowingorganisationsforsomesolarPVsystemdesignersand

contractors:

• TheListofSolarPVSystemcompaniesinSingapore,availablefromSustainable

EnergyAssociationofSingapore,bycalling63388578orbyvisiting

http://www.seas.org.sg/about-seas/our-committees/cleanenergy/54

• TheSingaporeSustainableDevelopment Industry Directory 2008/2009, availablefromtheSingaporeBusinessFederation,bycalling68276838orbyvisiting

http://www.sbf.org.sg/public/publications/industrydirectory.jsp

YourcontractorwillappointaLicensedElectricalWorker(“LEW”)whowillberesponsible

forthedesign,installation,testing,commissioning,andmaintenanceofyoursolarPV

system.

Inthecaseofnon-residentialelectricalinstallationsthatrequireanelectricalinstallation

licence,theappointedLEWwhosupervisestheelectricalwork(“DesignLEW”)may

notbetheonewhotakeschargeofyourelectricalinstallation(“InstallationLEW”).The

DesignLEWwillthenhavetoworkwiththeInstallationLEWtoworkoutthetechnical

issues.

PleaserefertoAppendiBfordetailsonhowyoucanengageanLEWandthenecessary

consultation process.



17

Capr 3APPOIntIng A SOlAR PV SySteM COntRACtOR

3.2 Getting Started

First, compile a list of potential solar PV system contractors. Net, contact the

contractorstondouttheproductsandservicestheyoffer.Thefollowingpointersmay

giveconsumersagoodsenseofthecontractor’scapabilities:

Getaneperiencedandlicensedcontractor

Eperienceininstallinggrid-connectedsolarPVsystemsisinvaluable,becausesome

elements of the installation process, particularly interconnection with the grid, are

uniquetothesesystems.Acontractorwithyearsofeperiencewillalsodemonstrate

anabilitytoworkwithconsumers,andpricetheirproductsandservicescompetitively.

ItisalsoimportanttogetacontractorwhoisanLEW.

Choosingbetweenbids

IfthereareseveralbidsfortheinstallationofasolarPVsystem(itisgenerallyagood

practicetoobtainmultiplebids), consumersshould take steps toensure that all of

thebidsreceivedaremadeonthesamebasis.ComparingabidforasolarPVsystem

mounted on the ground against another bid for a rooftop system is like comparing apples

to oranges.

Bidsshould clearlystatethemaimumgenerating capacity of thesolarPV system

[measuredinwattspeak(Wp)or kilowattspeak(kWp)].If possible, the bidsshould

specifythesystemcapacityinACwatts,orspecifytheoutputofthesystemat the

inverter.

Bids should also include thetotalcost of gettingthesolarPV systemcomponents,includinghardware,software,supportingstructure,meter,installation,connectiontothe

grid(ifapplicable),permitting,goodsandservicesta,warranty,andfuturemaintenance

cost(ifapplicable).

SolarPVsystemwarranty

AsolarPVsystemisaninvestmentthatshouldlastalongtime,typicallytwotothree

decadesforgrid-connectedapplications.TheindustrystandardforaPVmodulewarranty

is20-25yearsonthepoweroutput.

TherearetwomaincomponentstoaPVmodulewarranty:

• Aworkmanshipwarrantythatofferstorepair,replaceorrefundthepurchase

in case of defects. The period varies from one to as long as ten years,

dependingonthemanufacturer.Twotoveyearsistypical;and



18

• Alimitedpoweroutputwarrantythatoffersavarietyofremediesincasethe

PVmodule’soutputunderSTCdropsbelowcertainlevel.Mostmanufacturers

warrantatleast90%oftheminimumratedoutputfor10years,and80%of

theminimumratedoutputfor20-25years.Takenotethattheminimumrated

outputisusuallydenedas95%oftheratedoutputtoallowformanufacturing

andmeasurementtolerances.SeeFigure18fordetails.


Takenotethatunderthelimitedpowerwarranty,manufacturersseldomoffertoreplace

thePVmoduleitself.Rather,attheirsolediscretion,theymayofferto:

• RepairthedefectivePVmodules;

• SupplyenoughnewPVmodules to replace the lostpoweroutput inaPV

array.Foreample,ifyour20kWPVarrayonlyproduces16.1kWunderSTC,

siyearsafterinstallation,themanufacturermayopttosupplyyouwith1kW

of PV modules to make up for the shortfall; or

• Refundyouforthelostpoweroutput,afterdeductionaccordingtothenumber

ofyearsinuse.Fora25-yearwarranty,theannualdeductionisnormally4%.

Foreample,ifyoundthatyour20kWPVarrayonlyproduces16.1kWunder

STC,siyearsafterinstallation,themanufacturermayopttoreimburseyour

purchasepriceminus24%(6years4%).

Inallcases,themanufacturerdoesnotcoveryourcostsofdismounting,transporting,

andreinstallingthePVmodules.Thewarrantyalsoecludesproblemsresultingfrom

improper installations; repairs, changes or dismounting by unqualied personnel;

accidental breakage or abuse; lightning strikes and other acts of God.

ir 18. ursai a maacrr’s imi por arra



19


Signicantly,mostmanufacturersspecifythatthePVmoduleoutputwillbedetermined

bytheashtestersintheirownpremises,ratherthanbyathirdparty.

ThesolarPV system contractorshouldassist in determining whethera PV module

defectiscoveredbywarranty,andshouldhandlethesituationwiththemanufacturer.

Regularmaintenance

Duringthedefectliabilityperiod(usuallyfor12monthsafterinstallation),solarPVsystem

contractors usually use remote monitoring data to prepare monthly performance reports

of the installed solar PV system. They should come on site to rectify any problems

aggedbytheremotemonitoringservice.

Otherrelevantmatters

AnothermattertobeawareofisthatPVmodulemanufacturersareconstantlyupgrading

theirproducts,andadaptingnewsizesanddimensionstosuitmarketrequirements.This means that you may no longer be able to buy an identical PV module to replace

adefectiveoneinyourPVarrayafewyearsafterinstallation.NewerPVmodulesare

likelytobemoreefcientorhavedifferentphysicaldimensions,andmaynolongert

eactlyintothegapleftbytheoldPVmodule.

Thisdoesnotmattermuchonalarge,ground-mountedsolarPVpowerplant,because

thenewmodulescanformanewrow.Butonabuilding-mountedsolarPVsystemit

mayspoiltheaesthetics,andmaycauseproblemstotheelectricalconguration.



20

Solar PV SystemInstallationRequirements

4.1 Electrical Installation Licence

Anelectrical installation refers to any electrical wiring,tting or apparatus used for

theconveyanceandcontrolofelectricityinanypremises.AsolarPVsysteminstalled

within suchpremises formspartof theconsumer’selectrical installation andshould

complywiththerequirementsstipulatedintheElectricityAct(Cap.89A),theElectricity

(ElectricalInstallations)RegulationsandtheSingaporeStandardCP5CodeofPractice

forElectricalInstallations.

Under the Electricity Act, the Energy Market Authority (“EMA”) licenses all non-

residentialelectricalinstallations,withdemandeceeding45kilovoltampereorkVA.For

residentialelectricalinstallationsandnon-residentialelectricalinstallationswithdemandbelowthethreshold45kVA,noelectricalinstallationlicenceisrequired.

ThelicencerequirestheowneroftheelectricalinstallationtoengageanLEWtotake

chargeof theelectricalinstallationandcomplywiththerelevantsafetystandardsand

requirements.YourappointedLEWshallconsultSPPowerGridLtdontheirtechnical

requirementsandprocedures,ifyouwishtooperateyoursolarPVsysteminparallel

withthepowergrid.Theobjectiveistoensureallelectricalinstallations,includingsolar

PVsystems,aresafetouse.

4.2 Electrical Saety Standards and Requirements

Agrid-connectedsolarPVsystemoperatesinparallelwiththepowergridsupply.Thepowergridsupplyisconsideredthesource,andtheelectricalinstallationwiththesolar

PV system connected is considered as the load.

ThetechnicalrequirementforinstallationofasolarPVsystemisgiveninSection612of

theSingaporeStandardCP5.

ThereareinternationalproductstandardsonPVmodulesandelectricalcomponents.For

eample,PVmodulesshouldcomplywiththerequirementsofIEC61215forcrystalline

silicon terrestrial PV modules or IEC 61646 for thin-lm terrestrial PV modules. In

addition,PVarrayjunctionbo,PVgeneratorjunctionboandswitchgearassemblies

shouldcomplywiththerequirementsofIEC60439-1.



21

Capr 4SOlAR PV SySteM InStAllAtIOn RequIReMentS

4.3 Application o Electrical Installation Licence

YourLEWwillbeabletoadviseyouwhetheryouneedtoapplytoEMAforanElectrical

Installation Licence for theuseor operation of theelectrical installation within the

premises of your building.

IfanElectricalInstallationLicenceisneeded,yourLEWwillsubmitthelicenceapplication

toEMAonyourbehalf.IfyoualreadyhaveanElectricalInstallationLicenceissuedby

EMA,youneednotapplyforaseparatelicenceforthesolarPVsystemwithinthesame

premises.

Theelectricallicencefeepayableto EMA is $100 peryear (eclusive of goodsand

servicesta).

4.4 Conservation and Development Control Requirements

Atpresent,thereisnospecicrequirementorcontrolbytheUrbanRedevelopmentAuthority (“URA”) ontheuse of installationssuchasa solarPVsystem. However,

conservationprojects,orprojectswithintheCentralAreaaresubjecttoURA’sUrban

Designevaluationprocess.

Thestandarddevelopmentcontrolguidelinesapplytoprojectsthatmaynotbesubject

toconservationorurbandesign requirements, dependingonwhichstructure(s) the

solarPVsystemisinstalledonto.Foreample,ifasolarPVsystemisinstalledonthe

rooftopofanattic,thentheatticguidelineswillapply.Likewise,ifasolarPVsystemis

installedonraisedstructureslikeapavilion,thenthepavilionguidelineswillapply.

4.5 Guidelines on Conservation and Development Control

Architectsareadvisedtorefertotheconservationanddevelopmentcontrolguidelines

when designing a development with a solarPVsystem installation. The respective

guidelineisavailableatURA’swebsite:

http://www.ura.gov.sg/conservation/Cons%20Guidelines.pdf

http://www.ura.gov.sg/circulars/tet/dchandbook.html

ShouldyouhavefurtherenquiriesonwhetheryourinstallationsconictwiththeUrban

DesignorDevelopmentControlguidelines,youmaysubmityourenquiriestoURAeither

inpersonorthroughaQualiedPerson(“QP”)—aQPiseitheraregisteredarchitect

oranengineer—withtheaccompanyingplansofthestructuresonwhichthesolarPV

systemwillbeinstalled:

Conservedbuildings

Email:[email protected]

Tel:63293355

Non-conservedbuildings


Tel:62234811



22


ShouldaformaldevelopmentapplicationtoURAberequired,itmustbemadeviaaQP.

Thedetailscanbecheckedatthetwoweblinksbelow:

http://www.boa.gov.sg/register.html

http://www.peb.gov.sg/peb/process/searchPe

4.6 Structural Saety and Lightning Protection

Structural Safety

Toensuresafety,therearemeasuresandstepsthatneedtobetakenorconsidered

wheninstallingasolarPVsystemontoaneworaneistingbuilding.Fornewbuilding

developments,thedesignofthestructuremusttakeintoconsiderationtheloadingof

thesolarPVsysteminstallation,justlikeanyotherequipmentmountedontoabuilding

structure.

Foreistingbuildings,aprofessionalstructuralengineermayberequiredtocarryoutan

inspectionoftheroofstructure,anddoacalculationonthestructuralloading.Iftheroof

isunabletowithstandtheloadingofthesolarPVsystem,structuralplanswillneedto

besubmittedtotheBuildingandConstructionAuthority(“BCA”)forapprovalbeforea

buildingpermitcanbeissuedforcommencementofinstallationworks.Theapplication

guidelineisavailableatthefollowingBCA’swebsite:

http://www.bca.gov.sg/StructuralPlan/structural_plan_application.html

LightningProtection

Givenacertainlocation,solarPVsystemsareeposedtothethreatoflightningstrikes.AslightningcancausedamagetothePVmodulesandinverters,etracaremustbe

takentoensurethatproperlightningprotectionisprovidedforthesolarPVsystemand

theentire structure. The invertersshould beprotectedby appropriately rated surge

arrestorsontheDCside.ItisgoodpracticetoalsoinstallsurgearrestorsontheACside.

Structures and PV module frames must be properly grounded.

4.7 Connection to the Power Grid

Ifasolar PV system is designed to meet only a fraction of the electricity load, the

systemwillneedtobeinterconnectedwiththepowergridtomeettheremainderofthe

consumer’s needs for electricity.

IfasolarPVsystemneedstobegrid-connected,interconnectioniskeytothesafetyof

bothconsumersandelectricalworkers,andtotheprotectionofequipment.



23


4.8 Get Connected to the Power Grid

IfyouintendtoconnectandoperateyoursolarPVsysteminparalleltothepowergrid,

yourappointedLEWwillhavetoconsultSPPowerGrid(“SPPG”)ontheconnection

schemeandtechnicalrequirements.

The following documents set out the detailed consultation process and technical

requirements:

• TheTransmissionCodeandtheMeteringCodearepublishedatEMA’swebsite:

http://www.ema.gov.sg/media/les/codes_of_practice/electricity/transmission_

code.pdf

http: //www.ema.gov.sg/media/f iles/codes_of_practice/electricity/Meter ing_

Code.pdf

• SPPG’s handbook, How to Apply for Electricity Connection, is published at SP

PowerAsset’swebsite:

http://www.sppowerassets.com.sg/PDF/howtoapply.pdf

4.9 Sale o Solar PV Electricity

Theecesselectricitygeneratedfromagrid-connectedsolarPVcanbesoldbacktothe

powergrid.ThearrangementsneededtoenablethissaleofsolarPVelectricityvary,

dependingonwhetheryouareacontestableornon-contestableconsumer.

Consumers are classied, based on their average monthly electricity consumption,into:

• Contestableconsumers:Theseconsumersarethenon-residentialconsumerswho

usemorethan10,000kWhofelectricityamonth.Contestableconsumershavea

choiceofwhotheywishtobuytheirelectricityfrom.Theymaypurchaseelectricity

froma retailer, directly fromthewholesalemarket(providedthey areregistered

with the EnergyMarket Company asmarketparticipants) or indirectly from the

wholesalemarketthroughSPServices.

• Non-contestableconsumers:Theseconsumerscomprisealltheresidentialelectricity

usersandnon-residentialconsumerswhouselessthan10,000kWhofelectricitya

month.TheseconsumersaresuppliedwithelectricitybySPServices.

ContestableConsumers

If you are a contestable consumer generating electricity from a solar PV system and

wishtosellandgetpaidfortheelectricityyouinjectintothepowergrid,youwillbe

required toregisterwith the EnergyMarket Company (“EMC”) toparticipate inthe

wholesaleelectricitymarket,whichiscalledtheNationalElectricityMarketofSingapore

orNEMS.



24

Capr 4InStAllIng A SOlAR PV SySteM

ir 19. ocar or ecrici liccs

TheowchartinFigure19describesthecircumstancesunderwhichtheGeneration

LicenceorWholesaler(Generation)Licenceisrequired.

GenerationLicenceor

Wholesaler(Generation)

Licencenotrequired

ApplytoEMAfor

GenerationLicence

ApplytoEMAfor

Wholesaler(Generation)Licence

ProposedGenerationUnit

(e.g.Cogen,PVsystem,etc.)

GenerationCapacity<1MW

GenerationCapacity≥10MW?

1MW ≥GenerationCapacity<10MW?Connectedto

powergrid?

Yes

Yes Yes

No

NoNo

TheapplicationprocedurestoregisterasaMarketParticipantwiththeEMCandfor

generation facility registration are set out in the Market Manual: Market Administration– Registration and Authorisation,whichisavailableattheEMCwebsite:

http://www.emcsg.com/MarketRules/MarketManuals

AsaMarketParticipant,youwillneedtocomplywiththeMarketRules,whichisavailable

atEMC’swebsite:

http://www.emcsg.com/MarketRules

Bysellingelectricityinthewholesaleelectricitymarket,youwillbepaidtheprevailing

electricityspotpricefortheelectricitythatyouinjectintothepowergrid.Theelectricity

spot price varies every half-hour, depending on thedemand-supply situation in the

wholesaleelectricitymarket.

Themarketwillalsoofferservicesandsystemresourcestoyou,butyouwillbesubjected

to market charges in respect to the gross generation output from your registered PV

system,fortheprovisionofthemarketservicesandsystemresources.



25

Capr 4InStAllIng A SOlAR PV SySteM

TheEMCcontactis:

MarketAdministrationTeam

EnergyMarketCompany

238AThomsonRoad,#11-01NovenaSquareTowerA,S307684 Telephone:67793000

E-mail:[email protected]

Non-ContestableConsumers

Ifyouareanon-contestableconsumergeneratingelectricityoflessthan1MWand

wishtosellandgetpaidfortheelectricityyouinjectintothepowergrid,youneednot

applyforaGenerationorWholesaler(Generation)LicencenorregisterwiththeEMC

asamarketparticipant.YouwillhavetoapplytoSPServices(“SPS”)byfollowingthe

applicationproceduresetoutinAppendiB.

Non-contestableconsumersarecompensatedby SPSforelectricityeportedtothepowergridbywayofa credit adjustment totheconsumer’smonthlyelectricitybill,

basedontheprevailinglow-tensionelectricitytarifflessthegridcharge.

Thecreditadjustmentwilleffectivelycompensatethenon-contestableconsumerfor

theamountofelectricityeportedintothepowergridduringthatmonth.

Thisschemetocompensatenon-contestableconsumerswithgenerationcapacityof

lessthan1MWfortheelectricitytheyeportintothepowergridisnotapplicableto

those consumers whose electricity consumption is metered under the master-sub

metering scheme.

Master-sub metering schemes refer to metering arrangements where there is a

master-metermeasuringtheoverallelectricityconsumedbythebuilding(i.e.boththe

individualunitsandthecommonservices),withsub-metersmeasuringtheusageofthe

individualunits.Suchmeteringschemesaretypicallyusedinprivatecondominiums

and commercial buildings.

Underamaster-submeteringarrangement,theelectricitythatanindividualunitattempts

toeportintothegridmayinfactbeusedupbythecommonservicesorbyother

individualunits.Asitisnotpossibletotracktheactualowoftheelectricityeported

bytheindividualunits,thecreditadjustmentschemecannotbeappliedtothoseunder

themaster-submeteringscheme.



26

4.10 Design and Installation Checklist

Youareadvisedtorefertothefollowingchecklistonceyouhavedecidedtoinstallsolar

PV system in your premises.

no. dsi a Isaaio Cckis Cck Bo

1 Set your budget and select a location.

2 Determinetheenergyrequirementandestimatethesize

of the system.

3 Performasitesurveyforspaceneeded,andaccessformaintenance.

4 Engagealicensedelectricalworker(“LEW”)ifyourproposed

solarPVsystem:

i) istobeconnectedtotheelectricalinstallationwithin thepremisesofthebuilding;and/or

ii) tobeconnectedandoperatedinparalleltothepowergrid.

TheappointedLEWwillberesponsibleforthedesignand

implementation of the connection of your solar PV system to

theelectricalinstallationand/orpowergrid.

5 Select a PV module type and mounting method.

6 SelectinvertertomatchPVarray:

i) Numberofinvertersneeded;

ii) Selectinvertertype;and

iii) Locationofinverters(accessibleforinspectionandmaintenance).

7 Finalisethemountingsystem.

8 Ensurethereareingandmountingpointsavailable.

9 Ensurethestructureformountingissafe:

i) AdditionalloadingbysolarPVsystemisconsidered;

ii) Windloadingisconsidered;and

iii) Waterproongisnotcompromisedduringinstallation.

10 Ensuresolaraccess:

i) Ensurelocationtobemountedwillgetmaimumeposureto sunlight; and

ii) Choosealocationthatisnotshaded.




27

no. dsi a Isaaio Cckis Cck Bo

11 EnsureallPVmodulesconnectedtothesameinverter

face the same direction.

12 EnsurePVmodulesaremountedatanincline(10to15degrees

forframedmodules,oraslowas3-5degreesforunframed

modules)forself-cleaning.

13 EnsuresufcientventilationspacebehindthePVarrayfor

cooling purposes.

14 Ensure:

i) Cablingusedmeetsufcientcurrent-carryingcapacity

andaresuitablyratedforusageintheenvironment;

ii) DCcablesaresingle-coreanddouble-insulated;and

iii) Cableinsulationonoutdoorcablesmustwithstandhigh

temperatureandUVeposureforanestimatedperiod

of more than 20 years.

NotethatPVCandxLPEcablesareinadequateontheDCside

andmustnotbeeposedtotheweatherelements.

15 DetermineifaLightningProtectionSystemisneeded.

16 EnsurethePVmoduleframeisearthed.

17 FinalisetheInverterandACwiringsystem.

18 Duringinstallation: i) PVsystemshouldbeinstalledbyqualied/eperiencedinstallers;

ii) Safetyrulesmustbeobserved;

iii) InstallermustwearPPE;and

iv)Onlypropercertiedsafetyequipmentcanbeusede.g.scaffolding,

stepladders,etc.

19 Cablesmustbeproperlyconnected,secured,androuted.

20 Ensurecontinuityandinsulationtestsaredone.

21 Completionoftestingandsystemcommissioning.

22 Propersystem,documentation/manualhandovertoclients.




28

Operations and Maintenance

ir 20. eamps o prormac moiori ispas (Cors o Poi Soar)

5.1 Operations o Solar PV Systems

The most practical indicator of the performance of the solar PV systems can be obtained

from the remote monitoring and data logging software supplied by most inverter

manufacturers.

Thedataloggingsoftwarewillrecorddaily,monthly,andannualoutputforcomparisonof

theactualsystemperformanceagainsttheepectedsystemperformance.SeeFigure

20 for typical performance monitoring displays.

SolarPVsystemsrequireminimalmaintenance,astheydonotusuallyhavemoving

parts. However, routine maintenance isrequiredto ensure thesolar PVsystemwill

continue to perform properly.

It is a good practice for contractors of solar PV systems to provide an operation &

maintenance(“O&M”)manualfortheclient.Themanualshouldincludebasicsystem

data,testandcommissioningdata,O&Mdata,andwarrantyinformation.



29

Capr 5OPeRAtIOnS And MAIntenAnCe

5.2 Recommended Preventive Maintenance Works

Itisrecommendedthatpreventiveinspectionandmaintenanceworksarecarriedout

everysitotwelvemonths.ThePVmodulesrequireroutinevisualinspectionforsigns

ofdamage,dirt build-uporshadeencroachment.SolarPVsystemturesmustbe

checked for corrosion. This is to ensure that the solar PV system is safely secured.

Whiletheinverter’sfunctionalitycanberemotelyveried,onlyon-siteinspectioncan

verifythestateoflightningsurgearrestors,cableconnections,andcircuitbreakers.

Thefollowing tableshows some recommendationsonthepreventivemaintenance

worksonthecomponentsandequipment,andthecorrespondingremedialactionsto

becarriedoutbyqualiedpersonnel.

S/n Compos/eipm dscripio Rm/Acio 1 PVmodules Checkfordust/debris Wipeclean.Donot

onsurfaceof useanysolvents PVmodule otherthanwater

Checkforphysical Recommend

damage to any PV replacement

module if found damaged

Checkforloosecable Retighten

terminationsbetween connection

PVmodules,PV

arrays,etc.

Checkforcable Replacecableifconditions necessary

2 PVinverter Checkfunctionality, Recommend

e.g. automatic replacement if

disconnection upon functionality fails

lossofgridpower

supply

Checkventilation Cleardustanddirt

condition inventilationsystem

Checkforloose Tightenconnectioncable terminations

Checkforabnormal Recommend

operating temperature replacement



30

Capr 5OPeRAtIOnS And MAIntenAnCe

3 Cabling Checkforcable Replacecableif

conditionsi.e.wear necessary

and tear

Checkcableterminals Tightenconnections forburntmarks,hot orrecommend

spots or loose replacement

connections

4 Junctionboes Checkcableterminals Tightenor

e.g.wearandtear recommend

or loose connections replacement

Checkforwarning Replacewarning

notices notice if necessary

Checkforphysical Recommenddamage replacement

5 Meansofisolation Checkfunctionality Recommend

replacement

6 EarthingofsolarPVsystem Checkearthingcable Recommend

conditions replacement

Checkthephysical Retighten

earthing connection connection

Checkcontinuityofthe Troubleshootor

cable to electrical earth recommend

replacement

7 Bondingoftheeposed Checkbondingcable Recommend

metallic structure of solar conditions replacement

PV system to lightning earth

Checkphysicalbonding Tightenconnection

connection

Checkcontinuityof Troubleshootor

the bonding to lightning recommend

earth replacement



31

AAppendices

31



32

AAppendix A.1 ZeRO eneRgy BuIldIng @ BCA ACAdeMy

Buildingname : ZeroEnergyBuilding@BCAAcademy

Owner : BuildingandConstructionAuthority(BCA)

Location : 200BraddellRoad,Singapore579700

Buildingtype : AcademicInstitution

Completion : 2009

Workinggroups

• Projectarchitects : DPArchitectsPteLtd

• Principalinvestigators : NationalUniversityofSingapore/SERIS

• Structuralengineers : BecaCarterHollings&Ferner(S.E.Asia)PteLtd

• M&Eengineers : BecaCarterHollings&Ferner(S.E.Asia)PteLtd

• Quantitysurveyor : DavisLangdon&SeahSingaporePteLtd

• Contractors : ACPConstructionPteLtd

• PVdesign : GrenzonePteLtd

• PVmanufacturer : Various(7manufacturers)

TypeofPVintegration : onMetalRoof,Canopy,Louver,Railing,Façade

TypeofPVcelltechnology : Various(mc-Si,pc-Si,a-Si,HIT,CIGS)

PVarea(m2) : 1,540

PVsystempeakpower(kWp) : 190

Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/yr) : 207,000

PVYield(kWh/kWp/year) : 1,090

Photographs and information

courtesyof : BCA/GrenzonePteLtd



33

ir A.1.1. Bii rior

ir A.1.3. PV arra vi (PV Mai Roo)

ir A.1.2. PV arra vi (PV Ssa)

ir A.1.4. PV arra vi (PV Saircasaca)

Appi A.1ZeRO eneRgy BuIldIng @ BCA ACAdeMy

The Solar Photovoltaic System installed at BCA Academy’s Zero-Energy

Building(ZEB)consistsof12systemswithsisystemsconnectedtogridand

sistandalonesystems.Featuringdifferent typesof SolarPV technologyand

mountingtechniques,theZEB@BCAAcademy’sSolarPVsystemisdesigned

to achieve zero-energy and for advance academic research on various PV

performances.



34

Buildingname : POHERNSHIH(TempleofThanksgiving)

Owner : POHERNSHIH

Location : 9ChweeChianRoad,Singapore117488

Buildingtype : Religious

Completion : 2006(PhaseI)

Workinggroups

• Projectarchitects : LeeCooConsultantAssociates

• Structuralengineers : KTPConsultantsPteLtd

• M&Eengineers : SquireMechPteLtd

• Quantitysurveyor : WTPartnershipInternationalLimited

• Contractors : WeeHurConstructionPteLtd

• PVdesign : GrenzonePteLtd• PVmanufacturer : Uni-Solar,Sharp,Mitsubishi

TypeofPVintegration : StandingMountingStructure

TypeofPVcelltechnology : AmorphousMonocrystalline Polycrystalline

silicon silicon silicon

PVarea(m2) : 36.1 39.2 84.7

PVsystempeakpower(kWp) : 2.232 5.250 11.340

Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/yr) : 2,566 6,036 13,038

PVYield(kWh/kWp/year) : 1,150 1,150 1,150


courtesyof : GrenzonePteLtd

AAppendix A.2 POh eRn ShIh (teMPle O thAnKSgIVIng)



35

ThePVarraysaremountedontherooftopwithstandingmountingstructure,

allowing sufcient ventilation to improve PV performance. About 25% of

electricalpowerdemandinthebuildingaresuppliedbythesolarPVsystem.

ir A.2.1. Bii rior ir A.2.2. Bii irior

ir A.2.3. PV arra vi ir A.2.4. PV arra vi

Appi A.2POh eRn ShIh (teMPle O thAnKSgIVIng)



36

AAppendix A.3 313 SOMeRSet CentRAl

Buildingname : 313SOMERSETCENTRAL

Owner : LendLeaseRetailInvestment1PteLtd

Location : 313OrchardRoad,Singapore238895

Buildingtype : ShoppingMall

Completion : 2009

Workinggroups

• Projectarchitects : AedasPteLtd

• Structuralengineers : MeinhardtInfrastructurePteLtd

• M&Eengineers : BesconConsultingEngineersPteLtd

• Quantitysurveyor : WTPartnershipPteLtd

• Contractors : BovisLendLeasePteLtd

• PVdesign : GrenzonePteLtd

• PVmanufacturer : Various(4manufacturers)

TypeofPVintegration : onTrellisandMetalRoof

TypeofPVcelltechnology : Monocrystalline,Polycrystalline,Micromorph

PVarea(m2) : 587


Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/year) : 87,381

PVYield(kWh/kWp/year) : 1,150


courtesyof : BovisLendLease



37

313SomersetCentraliscentrallylocatedintheheartofSingapore’sfamous

OrchardRoad.ThesolarphotovoltaicsystemconsistsoffourPVarrays,with

amainPVarrayof60kWpmountedonthetrellis,andthreesmallerarraysfeaturingmonocrystalline,polycrystallineandmicromorphsolarmodulesthat

areaccessiblebyvisitors.

ir A.3.1. Bii rior

ir A.3.2. Bii rior

Architect’s Impression o Somerset Central viewed rom Orchard Road

Appi A.3313 SOMeRSet CentRAl



38

AAppendix A.4 SentOSA COVe

Buildingname : Private

Owner : Private

Location : SentosaCove,Singapore

Buildingtype : Two-storeybungalowwithbasementCompletion : July2008

Workinggroups

• Projectarchitects : GuzArchitects

• M&Econsultant : HerizalFitriPteLtd

• PVdesign : PhoeniSolarPteLtd

• Maincontractors : SunhoConstructionPteLtd

• Roongcontractor SheetMetalInternational

• PVmanufacturer : Uni-Solar

TypeofPVintegration : GluedontoapprovedFazonalmetalroof

TypeofPVcelltechnology : Fleibleamorphoussilicon

PVarea(m2) : 92

PVsystempeakpower(kWp) : 5.712

EstimatedenergyoutputkWh/yr) : 7,100

PVYield(kWh/kWp/yr) : 1,250

Photographsandinformation : PhoeniSolarPteLtd,

courtesyof GuzArchitects,andSheetMetalInternational



39

Thisstrikinghousestandsoutforitsopenlayout,cappedwithtwincurvedroofs.Therear

roofhasaturflawntokeepitcool,whilethefrontroofgenerateselectricitywitheible

solarlaminates,bondedunobtrusivelyontop.ThiscongurationmeetsSentosaResortManagement’sstrictguidelinesforroofaesthetics,whichdonotgenerallypermitbare

metalroofsonbungalowdevelopments.

Thankstothelaminates’lightweight(lessthan4kg/m 2),theroofcanmakedowitha

lighterandlowersubstructurecostthanifithadtocarryconventionalclaytiles.

ir A.4.1.ti crv roos,r rass a PV

ir A.4.2.lii, fibamias oo

crv roo

ir A.4.3.tsi ui-Soar

amias riisaaio

Appi A.4SentOSA COVe



40

AAppendix A.5 MARInA BARRAge

Buildingname : MarinaBarrage

Owner : PUB,Singapore’snationalwateragency

Location : Singapore

Buildingtype : FloodControlCompletion : 2008

Workinggroups

• Projectarchitects : ArchitectsTeam3PteLtd

• Structuralengineers : KohBrothersBuilding&CivilEngineering

Contractor(Pte)Ltd

• PVdesign : RenewpowersTechnologiesPteLtd

• Buildingservices : CegelecPteLtd

• Contractors : KohBrothersBuilding&CivilEngineering

Contractor(Pte)Ltd

• PVmanufacturer : SolarWorldAsiaPacicPteLtd

TypeofPVintegration : RoofTop

TypeofPVcelltechnology : Monocrystallinesilicon

PVarea(m2) : 1200





courtesyof : PUB,Singapore’snationalwateragency



41

ir A.5.2. Maria Barra Soar Park

Marina Barrage spans the mouth of the Marina Channel, creating Singapore’s 15th

reservoir,anditsrstinthecity.

ThebarragecreatesafreshwaterlaketoboostSingapore’swatersupply,actsasatidal

barriertopreventoodinginlow-lyingcityareas,andkeepsthewaterlevelconsistent,

offeringavenueforwater-basedactivitiesintheheartofthecity.

Butmorethananengineeringshowpiece,the barrageeempliesthenationalwater

agency’scommitmenttowardsenvironmentalandwatersustainability.

OneofSingapore’slargestcommissionedsolarPVsystematasinglesitetodate,Marina

Barrage’ssolarparkhousesoneofthelargestcollectionofsolarpanels–405panelsin

all–currentlyinoperationinSingapore.Its70kWpDCgrid-tiedsolarPVsystemisthe

rsttobeemployedonsuchalargescalelocally,anditcomeswithaestheticallyarranged

solarpanels(panelsarearrangedinninearraysof15bythreepanels)onthebarrage’s

green roof.

The solar panels generate

50%ofutilitygradeelectricity

for lighting and general

power in the visitor centre,

controlroomandofces.The

environmentally-friendly grid-

tied solar PV system does

not require batteries, hence

eliminating the costs forbattery replacement.

ir A.5.1. Aria vi oMaria Barra

Appi A.5MARInA BARRAge



42

AAppendix A.6 lOnZA BIOlOgICS

Buildingname : LBxS2

Owner : LonzaBiologicsTuasPteLtd

Location : Tuas,Singapore

Buildingtype : Biotechfactoryandlaboratory

Completion : May2009

Workinggroups

• Projectarchitects : RSPArchitectsPlanners&EngineersPteLtd

• M&Eengineers : JacobsEngineeringSingaporePteLtd


• Contractors : BovisLendLeasePharmaceuticalPteLtd

• PVmanufacturer : REC(framedmodules)andSolar-Fabrik(frameless

laminates)

TypeofPVintegration : RoofmountedonBluescopeLysaghtKlipLokmetalroof

TypeofPVcelltechnology : Polycrystallinesilicon

PVarea(m2) : 1,330




Photographsandinformation : PhoeniSolarPteLtd

courtesyof andLonzaBiologicsTuasPteLtd



43

The curved laboratory roof of the Lonza Biologic’s LBxS2 factory offers prominent

visibilitytomaimisepublicawarenessfora181kWpsolarPVsystemonanindustrial

building.ThebulkofthePVarrayconsistsof744piecesofREC210modules,while

theatteruppersectionoftheroofiscoveredwith104SF130/2framelesslaminates

fromSolar-Fabrik.Withoutframestotrapwateratshallowinstallationangles,these

laminateswillavoiddirtaccumulation.

RoofclampswerespeciallyengineeredtoattachthePVmodulerailstotheKlipLokroofseamswithoutanypenetrations.LonzaBiologicswasarecipientofoneoftheinaugural

SolarPioneergrantsunderEDB’sSolarCapabilityScheme.

ir A.6.3. Isai ReC mos

ir A.6.1. Bii rior (Rri b RSP Arcics Pars &eirs P l)

ir A.6.2. Mos isa o 6o-16o sop

Appi A.6lOnZA BIOlOgICS



44

Buildingname : ZeroEnergyHouse

Owner : Private

Location : District15,Singapore

Buildingtype : Residential,21

/ 2-storeysemi-detachedhouseCompletion(renovation) : April2008

Workinggroups

• Projectarchitects : Art&ArchitectureCollaborative

• Structuralengineers : Portwood&Associates


• Contractors : MCLConstruction&EngineeringPteLtd

• PVmanufacturer : MitsubishiHeavyIndustriesandPhoeniSolar

TypeofPVintegration : Roofmountedonmetalroof

TypeofPVcelltechnology : amorphoussiliconandmicromorphsiliconthinlms

PVarea(m2) : 120

PVsystempeakpower(kWp) : 8.58

Estimatedenergyoutput(kWh/year) : 12,000



courtesyof : PhoeniSolarPteLtd

AAppendix A.7 ZeRO eneRgy hOuSe



45

ir A.7.2. ws roo fak i micromorp PV mos

ir A.7.1. Bii roo i o ps o PV mo

This1960ssemi-detachedhousewasconvertedintoSingapore’srstmodernzero-energy

homebyreducingsolarheatgain,improvingnaturalventilationandaddingarooftopsolar

PVsystem,whichgeneratesmoreelectricitythanthe6-personhouseholdconsumes.

The PV modules are mounted on rails that are clamped to the seams of the aluminium

Kalziproofwithoutanyroofpenetrations.Asanimportantaddedbenet,thePVmodules

shadetheroof,keepingtheatticroomsmuchcoolerthantheywouldbeunderarooffully

eposedtothesun.

Appi A.7ZeRO eneRgy hOuSe



46

Buildingname : TampinesGrande

Owner : CityDevelopmentsLtd

Location : Tampines,Singapore

Buildingtype : OfcebuildingCompletion : May2009

Workinggroups

• Projectarchitects : Architects61PteLtd

• M&Eengineers : ConteemEngineersPteLtd


• Contractors : DragagesSingaporePteLtd/BYMESingapore

• PVmanufacturer : Suntech(rooftop)andSchottSolar(BIPV)

TypeofPVintegration : RoofmountedandBuildingIntegratedfaçade

TypeofPVcelltechnology : MonocrystallinesiliconandamorphoussiliconthinlmBIPV

PVarea(m2) : 934




Photographsandinformation : PhoeniSolarPteLtd

courtesyof andCityDevelopmentsLtd

AAppendix A.8 tAMPIneS gRAnde



47

ir A.8.1. 6kwp BIPV aça o tor 2

ir A.8.2. Paria comp PV arra ir A.8.3. Aria vi o bo ors

101kWpofmonocrystallinePVmodulesformthemainrooftopPVarrayonTowers1and

2,whilethewestfaçadeofTower2has6kWpofBIPVcomprising40large,custom-built

amorphoussiliconthinlmmodules.

At the time of completion, this was Singapore’s largest PV system, and the rst

commercialapplicationofathinlmBIPVfaçade.

The building also boasts a solar air-conditioning system powered by solar thermal

collectors.

TampinesGrandewas a recipient ofone ofthe inaugural SolarPioneergrantsunder

EDB’sSolarCapabilityScheme.

Appi A.8tAMPIneS gRAnde



48

AAppendix A.9 hdB APARtMent BlOCKSAt SeRAngOOn nORth PReCInCt

BuildingName : HDBApartmentBlocksatSerangoonNorthPrecinct

Owner : AngMoKio-YioChuKangTownCouncil

Location : SerangoonNorthAvenue3Block548to554 and550A(Multi-storeyCarpark)

Buildingtype : Residential

Completion : 2008

Workinggroups

• Contractors : KingWanConstructionPteLtd&

AsiaticEngineeringPteLtd

• PVmanufacturer : SunsetEnergietechnikGmbH

TypeofPVintegration : Rooftop

TypeofPVcelltechnology : Mono-crystallinesilicon

PrecinctPVarea(m2) : 667.61

PrecinctPVsystempeakpower(kWp): 75.75



PV Photographs and information

courtesyof : HDB



49

ir A.9.1. tpica rooop PV arra ao a Sraoo nor Prcic

The Serangoon North Precinct consists of

ve blocks of 16 storey and two blocks of

nine storey residential apartments and a multistoreycarpark(MSCP).Sity-ninepiecesof

solar PV panels are mounted at the rooftop

of each residential block and 22 pieces of the

panelatthestaircaseroofoftheMSCP.

Appi A.9hdB APARtMent BlOCKSAt SeRAngOOn nORth PReCInCt



50

BuildingName : HDBApartmentBlocksatWellingtonCirclePrecinct

Owner : SembawangTownCouncil

Location : WellingtonCircle508A-C,509A-B,510A-B&508(MSCP)

Buildingtype : Residential

Completion : 2008

Workinggroups

• Contractors : KingWanConstructionPteLtd&

AsiaticEngineeringPteLtd

• PVmanufacturer : SunsetEnergietechnikGmbH

TypeofPVintegration : Rooftop

TypeofPVcelltechnology : Mono-crystallinesilicon

PrecinctPVarea(m2) : 667.61

PrecinctPVsystempeakpower(kWp): 75.75




courtesyof : HDB

AAppendix A.10 hdB APARtMent BlOCKSAt wellIngtOn CIRCle PReCInCt



51

ir A.10.1. tpica rooop PV arra ao a wio Circ Prcic

The Wellington Circle Precinct consists

of seven blocks of 12 storey residential

apartmentsanda MSCP. Sity-ninepiecesof solar PV panels are mounted at the rooftop

of each residential block and 22 pieces of the

panelatthestaircaseroofoftheMSCP.



52

B Appendix B. engAgIng A lICenSedeleCtRICAl wORKeR

1. Engaging a Licensed Electrical Worker (LEW)

1.1 TherearethreeclassesofLEWs:LicensedElectrician,LicensedElectricalTechnician,and

LicensedElectricalEngineer.ThevariousclassesofLEWsareauthorisedtodesign,install,

repair,maintain,operate,inspectandtestelectricalinstallationsaccordingtotheconditions

statedbelow:

Cass o lew Approv loa Voa lv

Electrician Noteceeding45kVA 1000V&below

ElectricalTechnician Noteceeding150kVA

(Design);noteceeding500kVA

(Operation) 1000V&below

ElectricalEngineer Nolimit Subjecttolicenseconditions

1.2 The Singapore Standard for electrical safety applicable to solar PV Systems is set out in

theCodeofPracticeforElectricalInstallations(SingaporeStandardCP5:2008),whichis

publishedbySPRINGSingapore.TheLEWwhomyouappointtocarryoutorsupervisethe

electricalworksassociatedwithyourPVsystemwillberesponsibleforthecompliance

withtherelevantsafetystandardsandrequirements.

1.3 YoucansearchforLEWsandtheircontactparticularsatthefollowingEMAwebsite:

http://elise.ema.gov.sg

1.4 ForenquiriesonLEWs,youcancontactEMA’sElectricityInspectorateBranchat:

Tel:68358060




53

2 Guide or consumers – Installation o Solar PV Systems

Appi B.1engAgIng A lICenSed eleCtRICAl wORKeR



54

C C.1 COntACt InORMAtIOnAppendix

or iris o ooi mars praii o Soar PV ssms, pas coac:

(1) Buildingsissues Bii A Cosrcio Aori (BCA)


Tel:1800-3425222(1800-DIALBCA)

(2) DevelopmentPlanningControl urba Rvopm Aori (uRA)

–ConservedBuildings BuildingConservation


Tel:63293355

(3) DevelopmentPlanningControl urba Rvopm Aori (uRA)

–Non-conservedBuildings Non-conservedbuildings


Tel:62234811

(4) ElectricityGenerationLicences er Mark Aori (eMA)

EconomicRegulation&LicensingDepartment Email:[email protected]

Tel:68358000

(5) LicensedElectricalWorkers er Mark Aori (eMA)

(“LEWs”) ElectricityInspectorateBranch


Tel:68358060

(6) Electricitymarketrules, er Mark Compa (eMC)

marketregistrationprocess, MarketAdministrationTeam

andmarketcharges Email:[email protected]

Tel:67793000

(7) Connectiontothepowergrid SP Srvics l (SPS)


Tel:68238283/68238284

(8) Connectiontothepowergrid SP Porgri l (SPPg)


Tel:68238572



55

D Appendix d.1 SOlAR CAPABIlIty SCheMe (SCS)

The Economic Development Board (EDB) unveiled the Solar Capability

Scheme to spur demand and build up expertise or this young but growing

eld. The scheme – the latest by Clean Energy Programme Oce (CEPO) –

seeks to strengthen critical capabilities o companies engaged in activities

such as engineering, architecture and system integration through increased implementation o solar energy technologies by lead users in Singapore.

Agency : EDB

Quantum : $20Million(Overall);$1Millionperprojectorupto40%of

total capital cost of solar technology.

TargetGroup : Engineering;

Architecture;

System Integration

(Withimplementationofsolarenergytechnologies)

ForReading : http://www.edb.gov.sg/edb/sg/en_uk/inde/news/articles/

cepo_launches_solar.html

http://www.edb.gov.sg/edb/sg/en_uk/inde/news/articles/

Award_Ceremony_for_Solar_Testbeds.html

ForDetails : http://www.edb.gov.sg/etc/medialib/downloads/industries.

Par.98811.File.tmp/Solar%20Capability%20Scheme%20Factsheet.pdf



56

D Appendix d.2 MARKet deVelOPMent und (Md)

The MDF seeks to incentivise the use o clean and renewable energy

resources among non-residential consumers and developers by osetting

the market charges and related costs associated with selling clean and

renewable energy into the power grid. This will help to promote energy

eciency as well as help in the market integration o innovative clean and

renewable energy resources.

Agency : EnergyMarketAuthority(EMA)

Quantum : $5million;$50,000overaspanof5yearsor90%ofincurred

marketchargesforapprovedprojects,whicheverislower.

TargetGroup : Non-residentialconsumersanddeveloperswhochoosetosell

ecesselectricitygeneratedfromcleanandrenewableenergy

technologiestothepowergrid.

ForDetails : http://www.ema.gov.sg/inde.php?option=com_content&view=artic

le&id=125&Itemid=141



57

Agency : BuildingandConstructionAuthority(BCA)

TargetGroup : Developers

Designers

Builders

ForReading : http://www.greenmark.sg

http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/green_mark_buildings.html

ForDetails : http://www.bca.gov.sg/greenmark/others/gmtc.pdf

D Appendix d.3 gReen MARK SCheMe

The Green Mark Scheme was launched to promote environmental awareness

in the construction and real estate sectors. It is a benchmarking scheme

that aims to achieve a sustainable built environment by incorporating best

practices in environmental design and construction, and the adoption o

green building technologies.



58

D Appendix d.4 gReen MARK gROSS lOOR AReA

(gM-gA) InCentIVe SCheMe

To encourage the private sector to develop buildings that attain higher tier

Green Mark ratings (i.e. Green Mark Platinum or Green Mark Gold PLUS ),

BCA and the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) have introduced a set

o Gross Floor Area (GFA) incentives on 29 Apr 2009. For developments

attaining Green Mark Platinum or Gold PLUS , URA will grant additional foor

area over and above the Master Plan Gross Plot Ratio (GPR) control.

Agency : BCAandURA

TargetGroup : Allnewprivatedevelopments,redevelopmentsand

reconstructiondevelopmentssubmittedonorafterthe

effectivedate.

ForDetails : http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/gmgfa.html



59

D Appendix d.5 $100 MIllIOn gReen MARK InCentIVe

SCheMe OR exIStIng BuIldIngS(gMIS-eB)

The GMIS-EB aims to encourage private building owners o existing

buildings to undertake improvements and/or retrots to achieve substantial

improvement in energy eciency. It provides a cash incentive that co-

unds up to 35% (capped at $1.5 million) o the upgrading/retrotting costs

or energy eciency improvement in their existing buildings.

Agency : BCA

TargetGroup : Buildingowners/developersofprivateeistingnon-

residentialdevelopmentsthatiscentrallyair-conditioned,

withgrossoorareaof2,000sqmabovee.g.energy

intensivebuildingssuchasshoppingmalls,hotels,ofce

buildings,hospitals,andothercentrallyair-conditioned

buildings.

ForDetails : http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/gmiseb.html



60

Agency : BCA

TargetGroup : Developers,buildingowners,projectarchitectsandM&E

engineerswhomakeeffortstoachieveatleastaBCAGreen

MarkGoldratingorhigherinthedesignandconstructionof

newbuildings.

ForDetails : http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/GMIS.html

The GMIS-NB is to help accelerate the adoption o environmentally-

riendly green building technologies and building design practices. The

enhanced scheme oers cash incentives.

D Appendix d.6 enhAnCed $20 MIllIOn gReen

MARK InCentIVe SCheMe ORnew BuIldIngS (gMIS-nB)



61

discaimr

The informationin this handbookis subject to change or revision, to adapt to the continual development andevolvementoftheelectricityandbuildingandconstructionindustriesandisnotasubstituteforanylaw,regulation,

codeofpractice,standardofperformance,MarketRulesorBuildingControlActwhichmayapplytothesaidindustries

inSingapore.ItdoesnotinanywaybindtheEnergyMarketAuthority(“EMA”)andtheBuildingandConstruction

Authority(“BCA”)tograntanyapprovalorofcialpermissionforanymatters,includingbutnotlimitedtothegrantofanyeemptionnortothetermsofanyeemption.BothEMAandBCAreservetherighttochangeitspolicies

and/ortoamendanyinformationinthishandbookwithoutpriornotice.Personswhomaybeindoubtabouthowthe

informationinthishandbookmayaffectthemortheircommercialactivitiesareadvisedtoseekindependentlegal

adviceoranyotherprofessionaladviceastheymaydeemappropriate.BothAuthoritiesassumenoresponsibilityorliabilityforanyconsequences(nancialorotherwise)suffereddirectlyorindirectlybypersonswhohaveenteredinto

commercialactivitiesuponrelianceonanyinformationinthisdocument.



62

EnergyMarketAuthority

991GAleandraRoad,#01-29

Singapore119975

Tel:(65)68358000Fa:(65)68358020

BuildingandConstructionAuthority

5MawellRoad

#16-00TowerBlockMNDComple

Singapore069110MainLine:1800-3425222(1800-DIALBCA)

ISBN:978-981-08-4462-2

ema solar handbook_apr 2011

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