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1

Educational Psychology

Fourth Edition

Educational Psychology

Fourth Edition

by John W. Santrockby John W. Santrock

PowerPoint Presentationto accompany

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C H A P T E R 1

Educational Psychology: A Tool for Effective Teaching

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Learning Goals

1. Describe some basic ideas about the field of educational psychology.

2. Identify the attitudes and skills of an effective teacher.

3. Discuss why research is important to effective teaching and how educational psychologists and teachers can conduct and evaluate research.

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Educational Psychology:A Tool for Effective Teaching

Exploring Educational Psychology

Teaching: Art

and Science Historical

Background

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Educational Psychology…

is a branch of psychology that specializes in

understanding teaching and learning in

educational settings.

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Historical Background of Ed Psych

1850 1875 195019251900

William James

John Dewey

E. L. Thorndike

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William James (1842-1910)

Emphasized the importance of observing teaching and learning in

the classroom for improving education

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John Dewey (1859-1952)

Viewed the child as an active learner

Emphasized the child’s adaptation to the environment

Pushed for competent education for all children

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E. L. Thorndike (1874-1949)

Initiated an emphasis on assessment and measurement of learning

Promoted the idea that educational psychology must have a scientific base and that measurement should be a central focus

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Educational Psychology’sHistorical Background

Leta Hollingworth (1916) - First to use the term gifted to describe students who scored exceptionally high on IQ tests.

George Sanchez (1932) - Researcher who demonstrated that intelligence tests were culturally biased against minority children.

Mamie and Kenneth Clark (1939) - Pioneering researchers who studied African American children’s self-conceptions and identity.

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Behavioral Approach

B.F. Skinner (1938) Psychology as the science of

observable behavior and controlling conditions

1950s programmed learning

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The Cognitive Revolution

1950s Bloom’s Taxonomy of Cognitive Skills

1980s Cognitive Psychology memory, thinking, reasoning – to help student learn

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Teaching as Art & Science

How is teaching both art and science?

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Educational Psychology:A Tool for Effective Teaching

Effective Teaching

Commitment and

Motivation

ProfessionalKnowledge and

Skills

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Reflection & Observation

Reflection: What were the characteristics

of the most effective teachers in your educational experience?

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Effective TeachingProfessional Knowledge and Skills

Effective Teachers: Exhibit subject matter competence Implement appropriate instructional strategies Set high goals for themselves and students and

plan for instruction Create developmentally appropriate instructional

materials and activities Manage classrooms for optimal learning

Cont…

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Effective Teachers: Use effective strategies to promote students’

motivation to learn Communicate well with students and parents Pay more than lip service to individual variations Work effectively with students from culturally

diverse backgrounds Have good assessment skills Integrate technology into the curriculum

Effective TeachingProfessional Knowledge and Skills

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Effective Teachers: Have a good attitude Care about students Invest time and effort Bring a positive attitude and enthusiasm

to the classroom

Effective TeachingCommitment and Motivation

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Characteristics of Best Teachers

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Characteristics of Worst Teachers

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Educational Psychology:A Tool for Effective Teaching

Research in Educational Psychology

Why Research Is Important

Program Evaluation

Research, Action Research, and the

Teacher-as- Researcher

Research Methods

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Research in Educational Psychology

Research Is Important Based on the scientific method, researchers

Conceptualize the problem Collect data Draw conclusions Revise research conclusions

and theory Theory Hypothesis

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The scientific research approach is objective, systematic, and testable.

STEP 1Conceptualize the Problem

STEP 2Collect Information

STEP 3Draw Conclusions

STEP 4Revise Research

Conclusions & Theory

The Scientific Research Approach

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Research Methods

Descriptive Research Observations

Laboratory Naturalistic observation Participant observation

Interviews and questionnaires Standardized tests

Cont…

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Research Methods

Descriptive Research Case studies Ethnographic Studies Focus Groups Personal Journals and Diaries

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Correlational Research

Measures the strength of a relation between two variables

Does NOT establish causal relation

Experimental Research

Random assignment Experimental vs. control

groups Independent vs.

dependent variables

Research Methods

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Possible Explanations of Correlational Data

Observed correlationObserved correlation Possible explanations for this correlationPossible explanations for this correlation

As permissiveteaching increases,children’s

self-controldecreases

As permissiveteaching increases,children’s

self-controldecreases

Permissiveteaching

Permissiveteaching

Children’s lack of self-control

Children’s lack of self-control

Children’s lackof self-control

Children’s lackof self-control

Permissiveteaching

Permissiveteaching

causes

causes

Other factors,such as genetic

tendencies,poverty, or

sociohistoricalcircumstances

Other factors,such as genetic

tendencies,poverty, or

sociohistoricalcircumstances

Permissiveteaching

Permissiveteaching

cause

bothChildren’s lackof self-control

Children’s lackof self-control

and

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Experimental Research

Independent variable: The manipulated, influential experimental factor.

Dependent variable: The factor that is measured in an experiment.

Control group: A comparison group, no manipulation.

Experimental group: The group whose experience is manipulated.

Random assignment: Participants are assigned by chance.

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A study of the effects of time management on students’ grades

Participants randomly assignedto experimental and control groupsParticipants randomly assigned

to experimental and control groups

Students’grades in school

Students’grades in school

ExperimentalGroup

(time managementprogram)

ExperimentalGroup

(time managementprogram)

Control Group(no time management

program)

Control Group(no time management

program)

Experimental Research

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Time Span of Research

Studying groups of people at one time

Researcher doesn’t have to wait until subjects grow older

Provides no information about the stability of data over time

Studying the same individuals over time

Evaluates how children change over time

Time consuming and costly

Cross-sectional Longitudinal

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Program Evaluation: Designed to make decisions about a particular program.

Action Research: Used to solve a particular classroom or school problem.

Teacher-As-Researcher: Teachers conduct their own studies to improve their teaching.

Program Evaluation, Action Research, and Teacher-As-Researcher

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Enter the Debate

Should teachers conduct research using their students as subjects?

YES NO

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Crack the CaseThe Case of the Curriculum Decision

1. What issues would need to be considered in conducting such a study?

2. What type of research would be most appropriate? Why?

3. If she compared the two different curricula and their outcomes, what would the independent variable be?

Cont...

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4. If she compared the two different curricula and their outcomes, what would the dependent variable be?

5. How should Ms. Huang go about conducting her study?

Crack the CaseThe Case of the Curriculum Decision