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EcologyEnvironment
SocialPolitical
Regulation Elena AnguloBen Gilna
[email protected], Estación Biológica de Doñana, Apdo 1056, 41080 Sevilla, Spain
[email protected], Geography, University of Hull, HU6 7RX UK, and Australian National University
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control of diseases
control of pest species
GM viruses for wildlife
management
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SPAIN: save rabbitscontrol of rabbit diseases
AUSTRALIA: control of rabbit pest
GM viruses for rabbit
management
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Origin - basic prey in Spanish ecosystems
Origin and expansion of
rabbits
Spread outside its natural range by human
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SPAIN: wild rabbit declines due to diseases
AUSTRALIA: become a pest species
RHD
1950 1990
Mixo
Rulingia craurophylla
Yellow footed rock wallaby
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SPAIN GM myxoma virus
vaccineGM VirusMyxo + RHD vaccine
RHD
Myxo
AUSTRALIAGM Myxoma
virus-vectored inmunocontraception
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Disadvantages: self-dispersion - Naturally- Artificially: legally or illegally
Advantages :
-replace individual inoculation
- replace killings
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1953Spain, Germany,Italy, UK,
1950Legal
introduction
1926-33Research
1952Franceillegal
Introduction
1896DiscoveredMontevideo
1920-30'sResearch
Origin and spread of myxoma virus
Hares
Rabbits
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Origin and spread of RHD
1997New Zealandillegal introduction
1995Australia
Escape from experimental island
1992UK
1988Rest ofEurope
1984DiscoveredChinaDomestic
rabbit
Italy1987
Dispersion by:- insect (wind)- birds- human- cars
??
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Disadvantages: self-dispersion between countries
Need for international regulation
Human related!
Rabbit conservation
Rabbit control
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The Spanish rabbit vaccine is waiting for authorisation by European authorities:
As a veterinary medicine product
As a GMO intented for field release
EMEA - European Medicines Agency
2001 Directive 18 EC
How both are linked?
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EMEA- European Medicines Agency requirements:
1. Quality, safety, efficacy
2. Risk assessment
3. Final step
all EU countries consider risks and benefits
Complies with
GMO Intended for field release
2001 Directive 18 EC
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2001 Gene Technology Act
It was authorised only for confined use (research)
Research has been stopped - it does not work
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PolicyR&DRelease and use(responding to problems)
Policy can be a messy processfact and science not necessarily privilegednot always rational
in
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GMVs
GM food Disease
Conservation
Colonialism and
development
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Conservation
Anti-GM
Wildlife protection
Prevention of cruelty
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Anti-rabbit viruses
Protective rabbit viruses
Anti-rabbit viruses
Anti-possumworms
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nationalism
Motivations what rationality?
cultural heritagebiohype
economicconservationhuman health
International arrangements
CBD, Cartagena Protocol, IPPC, WTO
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More discussion...
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Who is acting the state or others?
classic hackingsabotage/protestpolicy may not be respected
Biological factorsexpectedsuspected
other states
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Cross-border conflicts of their release
International agreement on the goal but not on the methods
Lack of international effective regulations
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OECD
OMS-WTO
OIE
CBD Convention Biological Diversity
Control & prevention of disease transmission
Cartagena Protocol of BiosafetyEach country decides but inform CBDAustralia, USA, are not Signatory Parts
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- the ecological problem - The GM tool- The environmental problem
Australia
New Zealand