ecology environment social political regulation - bion.no · pdf fileecology environment...
TRANSCRIPT
EcologyEnvironment
SocialPolitical
Regulation Elena AnguloBen Gilna
[email protected], Estación Biológica de Doñana, Apdo 1056, 41080 Sevilla, Spain
[email protected], Geography, University of Hull, HU6 7RX UK, and Australian National University
control of diseases
control of pest species
GM viruses for wildlife
management
SPAIN: save rabbitscontrol of rabbit diseases
AUSTRALIA: control of rabbit pest
GM viruses for rabbit
management
Origin - basic prey in Spanish ecosystems
Origin and expansion of
rabbits
Spread outside its natural range by human
SPAIN: wild rabbit declines due to diseases
AUSTRALIA: become a pest species
RHD
1950 1990
Mixo
Rulingia craurophylla
Yellow footed rock wallaby
SPAIN GM myxoma virus
vaccineGM VirusMyxo + RHD vaccine
RHD
Myxo
AUSTRALIAGM Myxoma
virus-vectored inmunocontraception
Disadvantages: self-dispersion - Naturally- Artificially: legally or illegally
Advantages :
-replace individual inoculation
- replace killings
1953Spain, Germany,Italy, UK,
1950Legal
introduction
1926-33Research
1952Franceillegal
Introduction
1896DiscoveredMontevideo
1920-30'sResearch
Origin and spread of myxoma virus
Hares
Rabbits
Origin and spread of RHD
1997New Zealandillegal introduction
1995Australia
Escape from experimental island
1992UK
1988Rest ofEurope
1984DiscoveredChinaDomestic
rabbit
Italy1987
Dispersion by:- insect (wind)- birds- human- cars
??
Disadvantages: self-dispersion between countries
Need for international regulation
Human related!
Rabbit conservation
Rabbit control
The Spanish rabbit vaccine is waiting for authorisation by European authorities:
As a veterinary medicine product
As a GMO intented for field release
EMEA - European Medicines Agency
2001 Directive 18 EC
How both are linked?
EMEA- European Medicines Agency requirements:
1. Quality, safety, efficacy
2. Risk assessment
3. Final step
all EU countries consider risks and benefits
Complies with
GMO Intended for field release
2001 Directive 18 EC
2001 Gene Technology Act
It was authorised only for confined use (research)
Research has been stopped - it does not work
PolicyR&DRelease and use(responding to problems)
Policy can be a messy processfact and science not necessarily privilegednot always rational
in
GMVs
GM food Disease
Conservation
Colonialism and
development
Conservation
Anti-GM
Wildlife protection
Prevention of cruelty
Anti-rabbit viruses
Protective rabbit viruses
Anti-rabbit viruses
Anti-possumworms
nationalism
Motivations what rationality?
cultural heritagebiohype
economicconservationhuman health
International arrangements
CBD, Cartagena Protocol, IPPC, WTO
More discussion...
Who is acting the state or others?
classic hackingsabotage/protestpolicy may not be respected
Biological factorsexpectedsuspected
other states
Cross-border conflicts of their release
International agreement on the goal but not on the methods
Lack of international effective regulations
OECD
OMS-WTO
OIE
CBD Convention Biological Diversity
Control & prevention of disease transmission
Cartagena Protocol of BiosafetyEach country decides but inform CBDAustralia, USA, are not Signatory Parts
- the ecological problem - The GM tool- The environmental problem
Australia
New Zealand