District Heating and Cooling: A smart solution for smart cities
: Climaespaço, the Lisbon DHC
Why the renewed Interest for DHC?
2
Heating and cooling Rest
50% 50%
EU Industry EU Tertiary EU Residential
45%
18%
Source : European Commission, DG Energy
Heating and cooling in Europe
▪ Heating and cooling is 50% of EU final energy consumption
▪ Buildings account for more than 60% of heating and cooling demand
▪ Energy policy will necessarily fail if heating and cooling is not efficiently addressed
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37%
What is District Heating and Cooling?
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Production: smart
generation
Distribution:
efficient network
Delivery: energy
transfer station
Why production at district scale?
First reason: any technological upgrade or
change in energy mix will immediately
impact all the district.
It would take decades if thousands of stand
alone installations were spread over the city.
Other reasons: higher efficiency, more energy
sources and technologies, architecture…
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Energy Sources for DHC
Geothermal
Biomass
Industrial excess heat
Solar
Waste to energy
High efficiency
CHP
The Swedish case study:
In Sweden, there are more than 450 DHC networks. In 40 years, the energy mix of Swedish DHC
moved from 90% coal to 97% renewables and recovered heat.
Heat pumps
The role of DHC in ENERGY TRANSITION
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Other benefits of DHC
▪ ↓ CO2 emissions
➢ Renewables, waste heat, higher efficiency
➢ Power generation close to demand (CHP), eliminating transport and distribution losses
▪ ↓ peak demand on the electric grid
▪ ↓ Power installed (simultaneity)
▪ ↓ public health risks
➢ No cooling towers in air conditioning, reduces Legionellarisk
▪ Respects architecture
➢ Ideal for areas with high architecture standards and historical districts
▪ ↓ technical areas needed in building
▪ Protection from changing regulations
➢ Phase out of refrigerants
Evolution of
regulations (HCFC…)
Electricity Peak
demand in summer
CO2
emissions
Rules of architecture
Constraints
How is DHC in the world?
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District Heating in the world
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▪ The first documented geothermal district heating system was built in Chaudes-Aigues
Cantal, France in the 14th century. District heating is one of the oldest uses of geothermal
energy.
▪ The first commercially successful district heating system was launched in Lockport, New
York, in 1877.
▪ In Europe, more than 6.000 district heating systems heat about 12% of all Europeans.
▪ Moscow, St. Petersburg, Warsaw, Berlin, Seoul, New York,
Copenhagen, Stockholm, Helsinki or Paris are among the
biggest district heating systems in the world.
▪ More than 80% of heat provided by DH comes from
recycled heat or renewable sources.
Share of population served by District Heating
Source : Euroheat & Power data (2013)
+50%
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District Cooling in the world
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▪ The first district cooling system was built in Denver, back in 1889. And in the 1930's, large
district cooling systems were created for the Rockefeller Centre, in New York and for
the Capital Buildings, in Washington. Still not at a city scale.
▪ The district cooling concept is now “exploding” throughout the world, especially in
regions with large cooling needs and strong urban expansion (Middle East, Southeast Asia,
China, North America)
▪ Singapore, Qatar, Dubai, Paris, Stockholm or Helsinki are among the biggest district
cooling systems in the world.
▪ District cooling is the optimal solution for high density developments such as
downtown business districts, large commercial areas, airports or university campuses.
▪ District cooling reduces the electricity peak demand and the strain on the electric
grid caused by increasing demands for air conditioning, particularly in summer.
Cooling demand is rapidly increasing
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Income
rise
Climate
change
Urbanization
Co
oli
ng
en
erg
y d
em
an
d
gro
wth
facto
rs
70% of the
population
will live in cities
ASEAN
Latin
America
India
China
Cooling is expected to grow
625% by 2050 in selected regions
of Asia & Latin America.
World final energy use for cooling in the IEA’s 2°C
scenario, 2010–2050
District Cooling✓ The most effective solution to decarbonize dense areas
✓ A solution to provide cooling while respecting energy and environmental issues
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1st Generation
1880 – 1930
- Steam (~200°C)
- Steam pipes in concrete ducts
- Powered by coal plants
- Appeared in US and Europe
2nd Generation
1930 – 1980
- Pressurized water (> 100°C)
- Water pipes in concrete ducts
- Fuel savings through CHP
- Widespread in USSR
3rd Generation
1980 – 2020
- Pressurized water (< 100°C)
- Use of local fuels (biomass, waste
heat, solar) in response to oil crisis
- The Scandinavian model
4th Generation
2020 – 2050
- Low-temperature (40-60°C), low losses
- Intelligent control and metering
- Linked to district cooling systems
- Integrated in smart energy systems:
renewable electricity, renewable heat,
recycled heat
Steam
storage
Coal,
wasteCoal,
Waste
CHP coal,
CHP oil
Heat
Storage
Heat
Storage
Gas, waste,
oil, coal
Biomass,
CHP Biomass
CHP waste,
incineration
Industry
surplus
Heat
Storage
CHP waste,
CHP coal,
CHP gas,
CHP oil,
Industry
surplus
Solar
thermal
PV, wave,
wind
surplus
Long-term
storage
Solar
thermal
Centralized
heat pump
Cold
storage
District
cooling plant
DIS
TR
ICT
HE
AT
ING
NE
TW
OR
K
DIS
TR
ICT
CO
OLIN
G N
ET
WO
RK
The future: 4th Generation DHC
DIS
TR
ICT
HE
AT
ING
NE
TW
OR
K
DIS
TR
ICT
HE
AT
ING
NE
TW
OR
K
DIS
TR
ICT
HE
AT
ING
NE
TW
OR
K
Permanent evolution: from coal (1st generation) to
renewables and recycled heat (3rd & 4th generation)
ENGIE: a world leader in DHC
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ENGIE DHC systems in the world
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1 DCS in Philippines
2 DHC in
the USA
1 DHC in
New Zealand
2 DHC in China
71 DCS in
Middle East
1 DCS in
Malaysia
250 DHC systems operated in the world
With Tabreed, ENGIE became the world leader in District CoolingTotal capacity: ~4.200 MW
180 DHC in
Europe
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Lisbon
Barcelona
Zaragoza
Paris
London
Monaco
Poland
5 DHS
Slovakia
17 DHS
Italy
12 DHS
Belgium
3 DHS
France
+140 DHS
14 DCS
Netherlands
12 DHC
UK
11 DHS
3 DCS
In EUROPE ENGIE DHC Activities
250 networks operated
1.700 M€ Turnover
2000 employees
Target by 2018 > 50% RES in our networks
Ke
y f
igu
res
ENGIE DHC systems in the world
Case Study:
Climaespaço, the Lisbon DHC
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Lisbon DHC: Parque das Nações
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PARQUE DAS NAÇÕESThe heart of modern Lisbon
▪ A unique location, with 5 km of
riverfront.
▪ 3,3 km2
▪ A new city built from scratch:
✓ 2.500.000 m2 of construction
✓ 20.000 people living
✓ 20.000 people working
✓ Some of the most important
attractions of the city
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BRIEF HISTORY
Almost 20 years supplying heating and cooling
▪ 1992: Lisbon was chosen to host EXPO’98, the last world
exposition of the XX Century.
▪ 1994: The EXPO’98 urban planning has been approved,
including the first Portuguese DHC.
▪ 1995: Climaespaço won the international tender to design, build,
finance and operate the DHC under a concession agreement.
▪ 1996: Construction of the DHC started.
▪ 1998: EXPO’98. Beginning of operation of the DHC.
Lisbon DHC: brief history
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Technical overview
▪ A high efficiency trigeneration
plant
▪ A network with 85 km of pipes
(4 x 21 km)
▪ 130 energy transfer stations
(ETS)
▪ About 6.000 energy meters
CLIMAESPAÇOCommercial overview
▪ Almost 3.500 customers (30 large, 300 medium, +3.000 small)
▪ 1,5 million m2 of construction floor connected so far
Network
Trigeneration
Plant
ETS
Lisbon DHC: general presentation
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TRIGENERATION PLANT
▪ Cooling capacity: 35 MW
▪ Heating capacity: 29 MW
▪ Electrical capacity: 5 MW
▪ Chilled water tank: 15.000 m3
Overall Efficiency: 85%
Electrical Efficiency: 30%
Thermal Efficiency: 55%
Heat
recovery
Peak demand
Security of Supply
Tariff management
Storage
Lisbon DHC: trigeneration plant
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Lisbon DHC: trigeneration plant
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NETWORK
▪ 85 km of pre-insulated pipes (4 x 21 km).
▪ Mainly steel pipes, but over the recent years HDPE pipes are being used for cooling.
▪ Main pipes installed in technical galleries.
Lisbon DHC: network
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Lisbon DHC: energy transfer station
Connected buildings need a small and clean room instead of extensive air
conditioning plants
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THE DHC IS GROWING AGAIN, AFTER THE ECONOMIC CRISIS
Lisbon DHC: development
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Vasco da Gama Shopping Mall
Lisbon Oceanarium
Vodafone Haedquarters
Lisbon Casino
Hospital CUF Descobertas
Orient Railway Station
SOME OF THE CUSTOMERS
Lisbon DHC: customers
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Microsoft Headquarters
Teleperformance Call Centers Myriad Cristal CenterHotel Myriad by SANA
Science Museum
SOME OF THE CUSTOMERS
Lisbon DHC: customers
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FIL – Lisbon Exhibition Centre
Contact Center EDP
Meo Arena Art’s Business Center & VIP Executive Art’s Hotel
Hotel Tivoli OrienteEspelho do Tejo Condominium
SOME OF THE CUSTOMERS
Lisbon DHC: customers
DHC context in Portugal
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DHC IN PORTUGAL
No culture of district energy
▪ The Lisbon DHC – located in Parque das Nações district – is so far the only existing
system.
▪ A few other opportunities have been screened over the recent years, with no success so far
(e.g. RUTE Project, for downtown Porto).
▪ Portugal has a high potential for district cooling. Energy demand for HVAC is rapidly
growing.
▪ A relatively mild climate is the main reason why district
heating was never adopted in Portugal.
▪ There is no legal framework or any type of incentive for DHC.
The transposition of EED forgot the promotion of DHC.
▪ Energy policy is mainly oriented for renewables rather than
energy efficiency.