Invited Plenary Speech, CAMAN 2012, Wuhan, China
Recent Trends of Higher Education and Challenges for
Management
Dian-Fu Chang, Professor Tamkang University, New Taipei City
22 New Challenges in the 21st Century
Contents
11 Trends of Higher Education
33Models of Higher Education Management
55 Examples of Related Studies
44 Knowledge Production
1. Trends of Higher Education
Contemporary higher education has been influenced by two mega-trends—globalization and massification
In the twenty-first century, globalization has had a substantial impact on all of higher education, and simultaneously, massification has influenced the globalized academic environment.
According to UNESCO data, 165 million students participated in formal tertiary education worldwide in 2009; this is an increase of 65 million students since 2000 and a growth of 65% (UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2011).
Globally, the increase in the number of foreign students can be contrasted to the rise in tertiary enrolment.
Most countries currently view international academic mobility and educational exchange as critical components for sharing knowledge, building intellectual capital, and remaining competitive in a globalizing world.
In the United States alone, higher education is the fifth largest service export sector, with in-bound international students contributing US$17.7 billion to the economy each year (Bhandari & Chow 2009).
2. New Challenges in the 21st Century
Source: Jung Cheol Shin & Grant Harman(2009). New challenges for higher education: global and Asia-Pacific perspectives. Asia Pacific Educ. Rev. 10:1-13.
Globalization
Internationalization
Egalitarianism: Equality
• Access to higher education• Standardization of
curriculum/degree• Teaching-focused
Elitism: Excellence
• Quality of higher education• Knowledge production• Research-focused
• Massification
• Privatization
• Governance & Accountability
• Mobility of faculty and students
• Rankings, world-class university
2. 1 Challenges: Massification
Source: World Bank edstats data query, OECD Stat Extracts.
Tertiary enrollment
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
73.0
50.0
56.0
42.0
57.0
91.0
26.0
66.0
59.0
82.0
ratio(%)
Enrollment at Private Institution
Source: OECD Stat Extracts.
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
2.2
10.7 16.6
9.0
79.9 80.1
32.7 30.8
0.0
25.5
ratio(%)
2.2 Challenges: Privatization
Governmental Expenditure for Tertiary Education(%)
Source: OECD Stat Extracts.
Australia Czech France Germany Japan Korea Mexico Poland UK USA0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
56.1
85.7 85.6 91.4
41.7
16.7
87.9
80.6
62.7
46.9 47.8
80.7 82.8 84.1
33.7
24.3
69.0 74.0
66.9
34.7
year 1998 year 2005
ratio(%)
2.2 Challenges: Privatization
Proportion of International students (%)
2.3 Challenges: Internationalization
WCU by Language
Source: The Times ranking homepage.
Ranking 200 Univ. Ranking 300 Univ. Ranking 500 Univ.0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
English speaking Non-English speaking
ratio(%)
2.4 Challenges: WCU & Global Ranking
Teaching and Research
Systems
French Model German Model American Model
Ed-uca-tion
Re-sea-rch
dual system
Education & Research
integrated system
Education
Research
graduate &undergraduate
3. Models of Higher Education Management
State, University Managers and Professors
State
Univ. Manager
Professor
Continental Europe
British America
(Clark, 1983)
3.1 Locus of Higher Education Management
Management and University Relationships
State
QA Funding
HEIs
3.2 HE Systems: Quality Assurance & Funding Policy
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
Year
HE B
udget
Total HE BudgetFormula-baseEvaluation-based
Notes: a) Unit: Million Korean Won.
b) Total budget is based on the Education Budget (from 1989 to 2004)
c) Formula-based budget is the total of conventional budget and the evaluation-based budget is the total of 11 funding projects that are designed to allocate budget based on institutional evaluation.
d) Sources: Annual Education Budget (Korean Ministry of Education, 1989-2005)
3.3 Change of Budget
Mechanism
4. Knowledge Production WorldwideTotal Publication
Source: US National Science Board, 2010
Source: US National Science Board, 2010
4.1 Knowledge Production: Share of
Publication by Country (%)
Source: US National Science Board, 2010
4.2 Knowledge Production:
Growth Rate of Publication (from 1995)
5. Examples of StudyIn the United Kingdom and the United
States, research and teaching quality ratings have influenced government funding for individual higher education institutions (Patrick & Stanley, 1998).
Meanwhile, the Ministry of Education in Taiwan has since 2005 promoted the “Teaching Excellence Project”, aimed at improving university teaching quality driven by a funding reward system.
5.1 Teaching Quality Assessment
We used SEM (structural equation model) analysis to test university teaching quality assessment model.
The five indicators, including resources, curriculum, teachers, counseling, and satisfaction with teaching, have a significant positive correlation with teaching quality
.85
teacher
.27Q1 e1
.52 .55Q2 e2.74
.51Q4 e4.71
.40Q5 e5
.63
.33Q7 e7
.58
.47Q15 e15
.68
1.00curriculum
.36
Q3
e3
.60
.55
Q10
e10
.74
.41
Q11
e11
.64
.39
Q13
e13
.47
Q14
e14
.69
.31
Q16
e16
.56
.49
Q19
e19
.70
.37
Q20
e20
.61
.62source
.44
Q23
e23
.66
.61
Q24
e24
.78
.55
Q25
e25
.74
.52
Q26
e26
.72
.91
councel
.29
Q6
e6
.36
Q8
e8
.51
Q9
e9
.47
Q17
e17
.69
.52
Q18
e18
.40
Q21
e21
.31
Q22
e22
.87satisfaction
.47
Q27
e27
.50
Q28
e28
.60
Q29
e29
.68
Q30
e30
Standardized estimates
.63
.25
quality_s.92
.79
.93
e101e102
e103
e104e105
1.00
.96
.78 .71.82 .69 .72.63.55 .71 .60 .54
Findings:1. Teaching quality questioned
after expansion in quantity of higher education;
2. The teaching quality at universities did not meet student expectations.
3. It needs assess university teaching quality regularly using the teaching quality assessment model.
5.2 Time Management for College Students
Fuzzy means, Defuzzification, and Distance of fuzzy interval numbers
ji CC ||
)1ln()1ln(
j
j
i
i
A
A
A
A
d(χ1, χ2)= +
Triangular fuzzy numbers
5.3 Fuzzy measure study abroad and…
• We applied the fuzzy measurement to collect the college students’ perceptions of their
campus life and their intention to stay at domestic campus or study abroad. • This study used the self-designed fuzzy questionnaire to collect the data from 289 college students in Taiwan.
An example of the self-designed fuzzy questionnaire:
The results revealed that fuzzy statistics can be applied to tackle ambiguity questions in different fields.
The fuzzy correlation provides more detail information to interpret what students have done and what they intent to do.
Study abroad by gender difference
Idea of fuzzy correlation
Testing of Fuzzy correlation
5.4 Fuzzy evaluating management performance and marketing strategies
Fuzzy evaluating management performance
TQM in Higher Education
The challenges: ◦Customer driven◦Data-intensive◦Result-oriented
ThanksDian-Fu Chang