Definition and Methodology for Implementing of Net Zero Energy Building in Japan
Hideharu NiwaHideharu NiwaHideharu NiwaHideharu Niwa
NIKKEN SEKKEI Research InstituteNIKKEN SEKKEI Research InstituteNIKKEN SEKKEI Research InstituteNIKKEN SEKKEI Research Institute
IEA/HPP/ANNEX40 Workshop 10-11th November 2014
Copyrights (c) 2013 NSRI All rights reserved. 1
Background on NZEB in Japan
1. NZEB (Net Zero Energy Building) has become recognized
to be important for energy conservation and global warming
prevention.
2. In Japan, after the East Japan Great Disaster, the need of
self-sufficiency of energy has been recognized from the
viewpoint of energy security.
3. Definition and Evaluation method of NZEB is not so clear
that design method of NZEB is not yet established.
#1 Methodology for realization of NZEB in Japan
#2 Case study of NZEB for a model office building in Tokyo
#1 Methodology for realization of Net Zero Energy Buildings in Japan
Copyrights (c) 2013 NSRI All rights reserved. 3
Design Methods of Traditional Japanese Architecture
Traditional Japanese Architecture “京町屋”京町屋”京町屋”京町屋”
Design Methods for Saving Energy and Resource
1. Enjoying the Fluctuation of Indoor Environment
2. Strict Load Control
3. Use of Natural Energy
4. Use of Natural Materials
Copyrights (c) 2013 NSRI All rights reserved. 4
Design Methods of Japanese Modern Architecture
Natural Lighting Natural Ventilation
Examples of Natural Energy Using of Modern Architecture
in 1960’s in 1980’s
A big atrium inside to encourage natural ventilation by chimney effect
Deep shelf to intake natural sunlight
Copyrights (c) 2013 NSRI All rights reserved. 5
Fig. Example of Passive Design for Eco-logical Building
Shading of Sunlight Purging of Inner Heat
Natural Ventilation
Radiation Cooling
Well Water Cooling
For comfortable summer
Completed in 1995
Design Methods for Eco-logical Buildings in Japan
Copyrights (c) 2013 NSRI All rights reserved. 6
Design Methods of Sustainable Buildings in Japan
Solar collector PV
Light shelf
Atrium Meeting room
Lobby
Project room
Entrance
Cooling and Heating
Trench
Wind Power
Louver
Summer, Mid-season: Natural ventilation
Winter: Heat recovery
1. Natural ventilation
2. Day lighting
3. Use of underground heat
4. Photovoltaic power
5. Solar heat collector
6. Wind power
Passive and Active Design Methods are combined
Completed in 2002
Fig. Example of Passive and Active Design for Typical Sustainable Building
Copyrights (c) 2013 NSRI All rights reserved. 7
都心型 郊外型
左上:日建設計東京ビル(2003年竣⼯)右上:東北電⼒本店ビル(2002年竣⼯)下:関電ビルディング(2004年竣⼯)
上:地球環境戦略研究機関IGES(2002年竣⼯)下:トヨタ⾃動⾞本館(2005年竣⼯)
Typical Sustainable Buildings designed by NIKKEN SEKKEI
Urban
Type
Suburb
Type
Copyrights (c) 2013 NSRI All rights reserved. 8
105
60 5752
61
70
59
73
59
68
84
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
東京都平均
AJ
IG
ST
TY
EI
NK
TH
KH
NH
TS
NS設計物件 建物名
CO2排出量(kg-CO2/㎡年)
郊外型
都心型
Average 64
Suburb Type Urban Type
CO2 Emission of Sustainable Buildings Designed by NS
Average of Office Building in Tokyo 105
Sustainable Buildings Designed by NS
reduced almost 40%
Fig. CO2 Emission of Typical Sustainable Buildings designed by NS
Copyrights (c) 2013 NSRI All rights reserved. 9
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
10'000 100'000 1'000'000
CO2排出量原単位(kg-CO2/㎡年)
延床面積(㎡)
事務所
テナント
商業
事務所平均
テナント平均
商業平均
東京都商業平均
158
東京都事務所平均
105
net Zero Energy Buildings
Floor Area(㎡)
CO
2 E
mis
sio
n(kg-C
O2/㎡
a)
Forward to Net Zero Energy Building from Sustainable Building
Office Building
Commercial Building
CO2 Emission of Building in Tokyo(2005)
Typical Sustainable Buildings
Fig. Relationship between Floor Area and CO2 Emission of Building in Tokyo
+ Photovoltaic Power Panel
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
■■■■Workshop on Realization and Popularization of ZEB ((((2009))))
Fig. Primary energy saving for each technology to realize ZEB
A Policy on Realization of Zero Energy Buildings in Japan
Passive Design
Natural Energy Utilization
High Performance Heat Source
High Performance Transfer System
High Performance Lighting
Low Energy OA Equipment
Others
Photovoltaic
Power
Reference
Pri
ma
ry E
ne
rgy C
on
su
mp
tio
n M
J/m
2/a
Copyrights (c) 2013 NSRI All rights reserved. 11
Others
P rim ary E n ergy F low
HVAC Lighting Appliances
Renewable Energy
heat
S ite
B u ild in g
electricity
fuel
heat
electricity
Definition of Net Zero Energy Buildings discussed in Japan
A Generated Energy
B Imported Energy
C Exported Energy
D Consumed Energy
Renewable Energy
Net Zero Energy
Building is defined
as A=D or B=C
Note:Renewable
energy is
on-site generation
from on-site renewable
Fig. Primary Energy Flow of Net Zero Energy Building
Site
Building
Copyrights (c) 2013 NSRI All rights reserved. 12
Approach to Net Zero Energy Buildings
0
200
400
600
800
0 200 400 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
E n ergy C on su m p tion [M J/a・㎡]
Generated Energy [MJ/a・㎡]
600
net Zero Energy net 200 net 400
Reference BuildingLow Energy Building
nearly
Net Zero Energy Building
Passive and Active Approach
for Energy Saving Renewable
Energy
Generation
Net Zero Energy
Energy Consumption
Ge
ne
rate
d E
ne
rgy
Fig. Approach to Net Zero Energy Building
X
y
Copyrights (c) 2013 NSRI All rights reserved. 13
Supply side
A×B=1.0×1.0=1.0 Reference Building
A×B=0.7×0.7=0.49 50%Energy Saving Building
A×B=0.5×0.5=0.25 75%Energy Saving Building
××××
BA
Demand side
Low Energy
Buildings
Low Energy
Infrastructure
Energy Saving by the method of Demand and Supply Side
Energy Consumption of Buildings is Calculated as below
Fig. Energy Saving by the method of Demand Side and Supply Side
Copyrights (c) 2013 NSRI All rights reserved. 14
20 40 60 80 1000
0
20
40
60
80
100
Supply Side Energy Ratio(%)
De
ma
nd
Sid
e E
ne
rgy R
atio (
%)
70503010 90
10
30
50
70
90
100%
50%
25%
Low Energy
Infrastructure
Low Energy
Buildings Reference Building
Low Energy Building
net Zero Energy Building
Energy Saving by the method of Demand and Supply Side
Fig. Relationship between Supply Side Energy and Demand Side Energy
x
y
Energy
Consumption
Copyrights (c) 2013 NSRI All rights reserved. 15
Load
Reduction
Optimization
of Indoor
Environment
Use of
Natural
Energy
Optimization
of Outside
Environment
Use of
Unutilized
Energy
High
Efficiency
System
Energy
Management
Use of
Renewable
Energy
#1 Passive Design Methods
for Low Energy Building
#3 Energy
Management
Method
Design Methods of Net Zero Energy Buildings
#2 Active Design Methods
for Low Energy Infra
Fig. Design Methods of Net Zero Energy Building
Copyrights (c) 2013 NSRI All rights reserved. 16
PV(太陽電池)
光庭
風庭
熱交換器
1.1.1.1.Optimization of Outside Environment1.1 Location of Building
Ventilation, Location of Building1.2 Outside Environment Planning
Green and water, Surface Material
2.2.2.2.Optimization Indoor EnvironmentOptimization Indoor EnvironmentOptimization Indoor EnvironmentOptimization Indoor Environment2.1 Thermal Environment
Temperature, Humidity, Radiation2.2 Lighting Environment
Optimization of illumination2.3 Air Quality
Outside Air Volume
4.4.4.4.Use of Natural EnergyUse of Natural EnergyUse of Natural EnergyUse of Natural Energy4.1 Natural Lighting
Top light, Light shelf, Light Duct4.2 Natural Ventilation4.3 Earth heat Using
Earth Tube, Geo-HP4.4 Solar Heat Using
Passive and Active
5.5.5.5.Use of Unutilized EnergyUse of Unutilized EnergyUse of Unutilized EnergyUse of Unutilized Energy5.1 Temperature Difference
Ground Water
6.6.6.6.High Efficiency SystemHigh Efficiency SystemHigh Efficiency SystemHigh Efficiency System6.1 Lighting
LED、Natural LightingTask & Ambient Lighting
6.2 HVACHigh Efficiency Equipment
6.3 Heat SourceHigh Efficiency System
6.4 ElectricityHigh Efficiency Trans
6.5 OthersHW Supply system
6.6 ControlBlind Control Task & Ambient Control
3.3.3.3.Load ReductionLoad ReductionLoad ReductionLoad Reduction3.1 Shading of Sunlight
Tree, Building Shape3.2 Insulation of Envelope
Window Surface, Pair GlassDouble Skin、Roof Greening
3.3 Reduction of Inner heatWaiting Power, Clouding
7.7.7.7.Resource and MaterialResource and MaterialResource and MaterialResource and Material7.1 Resource7.2 Materials7.3 Waste
8.8.8.8.Use of Renewable EnergyUse of Renewable EnergyUse of Renewable EnergyUse of Renewable Energy8.1 PV8.2 Wind Power8.3 Biomass
9.9.9.9.Energy ManagementEnergy ManagementEnergy ManagementEnergy Management9.1 BEMS9.2 LCEM9.3 Visualization
An Image of Net Zero Energy Building
Fig Image of net Zero Energy Building
#2 Case Study of NZEB for a Model Building in Tokyo
Copyrights (c) 2013 NSRI All rights reserved. 18
P1F P1F P1F
3F 3F 3F
2F 2F 2F
1F 1F 1F
R eferen ce B u ild in gR eferen ce B u ild in gR eferen ce B u ild in gR eferen ce B u ild in g E n ergy C on servation B u ild in gE n ergy C on servation B u ild in gE n ergy C on servation B u ild in gE n ergy C on servation B u ild in g n early Z ero E n ergy B u ild in gn early Z ero E n ergy B u ild in gn early Z ero E n ergy B u ild in gn early Z ero E n ergy B u ild in g
P V P a n n elP V P a n n elP V P a n n elP V P a n n el
L igh t S h elfL igh t S h elfL igh t S h elfL igh t S h elfL igh tL igh tL igh tL igh t
W ellW ellW ellW ell
H eat P u m pH eat P u m pH eat P u m pH eat P u m p
T o pT o pT o pT o p
L igh tL igh tL igh tL igh t
H eat T u b eH eat T u b eH eat T u b eH eat T u b e
P V P an n elP V P an n elP V P an n elP V P an n el
24,000 24,000 12,000 12,0007,200
43,200
43,200
43,200
6,000
6,000
6,000
6,000
6,000
6,000
L igh tL igh tL igh tL igh t
W ellW ellW ellW ell
O fficeO fficeO fficeO fficeO fficeO fficeO fficeO ffice
O fficeO fficeO fficeO fficeO fficeO fficeO fficeO ffice
O fficeO fficeO fficeO fficeO fficeO fficeO fficeO ffice O fficeO fficeO fficeO ffice O fficeO fficeO fficeO ffice
A Reference Building B Low Energy Building C net Zero Energy Building
Building Models for Case Study
Fig. Building Models for Case Study 3F Office Floor Area 4800㎡㎡㎡㎡ in Tokyo
Copyrights (c) 2013 NSRI All rights reserved. 19
Reference Building Energy Conservation Building nearly Zero Energy Building
Concrete 150 mm thick
Air layer
Foamed styrene 25 mm thick
Plaster board 12 mm thick
Sheet metal 1.2 mm + air layer
Concrete 150 mm
Foamed styrene 50 mm + air layer
Plaster board 9+12 mm
Sheet metal 1.2 mm + air layer
Concrete 150 mm
Foamed styrene 50 mm + air layer
Plaster board 9+12 mm
heat insulating K=0.9 W/m2•K heat insulating K=0.5 W/m2•K heat insulating K=0.5 W/m2•K
Window ratio at 47% Window ratio at 42% Window ratio at 82%
(window height 1.8 m) (window height 1.6 m) (window height 3.0 m)
Single pane glass 6 mm K=4.8 W/m2•K
Shade factor: 0.66 when rolling
blind closed and 1.0 when open
Single pane glass 6 mm K=4.8 W/m2•K
Shade factor: 0.66 when rolling
blind closed and 1.0 when open
AF+Low-e glass K=1.8 W/m2•K
Shade factor: 0.12 when rolling
blind closed and 0.3 when open
Eaves None 1.25m 1.25m+Light Shelf
Louvers None None None
Lighting 14.1W/m2 750lx(HF) 5.8W/m2 500lx(HF) 1.6W/m2 350lx(LED+TAL)
Equip. heat
20W/m2
(Load factor 50% in daytime,
12.5% in night waiting)
15W/m2
(Load factor 50% in daytime,
12.5% in night waiting)
10W/m2
(Load factor 50% in daytime,
12.5% in night waiting)
Personnel density
None None Effective
Window
Case
Natural Ventilation
10 m2/person, sensible heat 65W/person, latent heat 55 W/person
Outer
skin
Indoor
heat
release
Location
Usage
Scale
Air-conditioner operation time
Tokyo
Office
3 stories above ground; 4,800 m2 in total floor area; 3,200 m
2 in air-conditioned floor space
Intermediate seasons (others) at 24°C/50%
8:00 to 20:00 hours (Sunday, Saturday and legal holidays at halt)
Outer walls
Indoor temperature and
humidity
Summer (Jun to Sep) at 26°C/50%; Winter (Dec to Feb) at 22°C/40%
Calculation Conditions of each Building
Reference Building Low Energy Building net Zero Energy Building
Copyrights (c) 2013 NSRI All rights reserved. 20
Cooling 3.0
Heating 3.5
Constant evaporation temp.
Not existing
1.0
System Total heat exchanger
heat exchanger efficiency 60%
Energy Conservation Building nearly Zero Energy BuildingCase
5.0
Reference Building
Outdoor air-
conditioner
Input rate characteristic
against load factor during
partial loading operation (in
cooling)
Rated operations
Outdoor equip.’s
performance
coefficient
Fan control
Outdoor air-
conditioner
Outdoor
air
treatment
Refrigerant control
Fan consumption power ratio
Same as left Same as left
7.0
7.55.5
Variable evaporation temp. Constant evaporation temp.
80%
Fan at halt when thermostat is off
0.8 0.6
Same as leftTotal heat exchanger + Outdoor
air treatment air-conditioner
70%
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Load factor
Inp
ut
ratio
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Load factor
Inp
ut
ratio
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Load factor
Inp
ut
ratio
Calculation Conditions of each HVAC System
Reference Building Low Energy Building
Tab. Calculation Conditions of each HVAC System
Copyrights (c) 2013 NSRI All rights reserved. 21
断面
12000 12000
6000 6000
600
2000
1200
2800
事務室 事務室
事務室
断面
12000 12000
6000 6000
600
1600
1600
2800
事務室 事務室
事務室
1200
断面
事務室
中庭
12000 120009000
6000 6000
600
1600
1600
2800
事務室 事務室
Reference Building
Low Energy Building
net Zero Energy Building
Sectional Shapes of each Building
Fig. Sectional Shapes of each Building
eaves
eaves
Light
shelf
No eaves
Copyrights (c) 2013 NSRI All rights reserved. 22
Reference Building
Low Energy Building
net Zero Energy Building
Calculated Results -Indoor Illumination distribution
the entire office space is day-lighted
Fig. Indoor Illumination Distribution of each Building
Copyrights (c) 2013 NSRI All rights reserved. 23
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
1月22日 2月22日 3月22日 4月22日 5月22日 6月22日 7月22日 8月22日 9月22日 10月22日 11月22日 11月22日
レファレンスビル 手動ブラインド(南側 5 0 0 lx)
平均39.8%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
1月22日 2月22日 3月22日 4月22日 5月22日 6月22日 7月22日 8月22日 9月22日 10月22日 11月22日 11月22日
エネルギー自立型ビル 自動角度制御ブラインド(南側 5 0 0 lx)
平均75.6%
Reference Building (manual blind on 500lx)
net Zero Energy Building (automatic blind on 500lx)
Calculated Results -Daylight use ratio
Average ration 75%
Average ratio 40%
Fig. Daylight use ratio of Reference Building and ZEB
Copyrights (c) 2013 NSRI All rights reserved. 24
※室使用時間帯(9 :0 0 ~1 9 :0 0 )の年間平均電力量
14.07
9.38
6.35
1.58
14.07
9.38
6.81
1.57
0
2
4
6
8
1 0
1 2
1 4
1 6
1 8
2 0
レファレンス(7 5 0 lx)レファレンス(5 0 0 lx) 省エネルギービル エネルギー自立型ビル
平均
電力
量※
(W
/㎡
)
南側 北側
H f照明
均一照明
(5 0 0 lx)
H f照明
自動調光
(5 0 0 lx)
LE D 照明
自動調光
(5 0 0 lx)
ブラインド制御
H f照明
均一照明
(7 5 0 lx)
Calculated Results -Electric Power for Lighting
more than 80%
Reference(750lx) Reference(500lx) Low Energy Build ZEB
Fig. Electric Power Consumption for Lighting of each Building
Ele
ctr
ic P
ow
er
Consum
ption for
Lig
hting
(W/㎡)
SouthSouthSouthSouth NorthNorthNorthNorth
LED
500lx
Automatic Lighting control
Automatic Blind
Hf
500lx
Automatic Lighting control
Manual Blind
Hf
500lx
Manual Blind
Hf
750lx
Manual Blind
Energy Consumption of ZEB decreases more than 80% as compared with Reference Building
Copyrights (c) 2013 NSRI All rights reserved. 25
149
101
78
131
122
177
0 100 200 300 400
レファレンスビル
省エネルギービル
エネルギー自立型ビル
年間冷暖房負荷 [MJ/㎡年]
冷房 暖房
Calculated Results -Cooling and Heating Load
Annual Cooling and Heating Load (MJ/m2)
C H
Reference Building
Low Energy Building
Zero Energy Building
Heating load increases.
In case of ZEB, annual heating load increases,
because inner heat gain decreases,
and heat loss through window increases
as compared with reference building or low energy building
Fig. Annual Cooling and Heating Load of each Building
Copyrights (c) 2013 NSRI All rights reserved. 26
165
175
181
183
180
173
162
128
107
147
0
50
100
150
200
0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90°
パネル設置角度
年間発電量[MWh/年]
南面( 東京) 800㎡
Calculated Results -Renewable Energy Generation
Annual Power Generation (MWh)
Angle of PV Panel
An
nu
al P
ow
er
Ge
ne
rati
on
(M
Wh
)
Fig. Annual Photovoltaic Power Generation as Angle of Panel
▼▼▼▼
Design Point
In case of ZEB photovoltaic power panel is provided on the rooftop
( 800 m2 in area, 0.165 in electricity conversion efficiency )
Copyrights (c) 2013 NSRI All rights reserved. 27
369
263
189
131
408
181
78
439
237
176
600 400 200 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600
レファレンスビル
省エネルギービル
エネルギー自立型ビル
一次換算エネルギー量 [MJ/㎡年]
太陽光発電 コンセント 照明 空調
再生可能
エネルギー
385
607
1110
45%減
65%減
生成量 消費量※
※空調・照明・コンセント
以外のエネルギー消費量
は含まない
Calculated Results -Primary Energy Consumption
Annual Primary Energy Consumption (MJ/m2・・・・a)
Reference Building
Low Energy Building
Zero Energy Building
PV Plugs Lights Air Conditioning
Generation Consumption※
Renewable
Energy
Nearly net Zero!
Fig. Annual Primary Energy Consumption and Generation
Energy Consumption of ZEB decreases by 65% as compared with the Reference Building
Energy Consumption of ZEB is roughly balanced with renewable energy generation.
Copyrights (c) 2013 NSRI All rights reserved. 28
Examples of nearly Examples of nearly Examples of nearly Examples of nearly ZEBs ZEBs ZEBs ZEBs in the worldin the worldin the worldin the world
Malaysia ST Diamond Building Korea National Environmental Research
France Elithis Tower Finland Environmental Center
Copyrights (c) 2013 NSRI All rights reserved. 29
Public Building
Commercial Building((((Suburb))))
Commercial Building((((urban))))
(寒冷地)(寒冷地)(寒冷地)(寒冷地)
Examples of ZEB oriented Buildings in JapanExamples of ZEB oriented Buildings in JapanExamples of ZEB oriented Buildings in JapanExamples of ZEB oriented Buildings in Japan
Copyrights (c) 2013 NSRI All rights reserved. 30
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
3 0 0
0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 3 0 0 3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 5 0 0 5 5 0 6 0 0
P rim a ry E n erg y C o n su m p tio n (kW h /㎡・a)
Primary Energy Generation(kW
h/㎡・a)
日本(公共)
日本(民間)
米国
EU
アジア
N et 0 +1 0 0-1 0 0-2 0 0
韓国
N IE R
シンガポール
B C A
マレーシア
G E O ビル マレーシア
ダイアモンドビル
マレーシア
LE O ビル
フランス
Elith is T o w er
フィンランド
環境センター
台湾
成功大学 A
E
D
F
G
IH
BC
+2 0 0
米国
Lew is C en ter
米国
Leg a cy C en ter
N et M in u s N et P lu s
R E R 5 0 %
R E R 2 5 %
R E R 7 5 %
R E R 1 0 0 %
+3 0 0
日本 D EC C 事務所ビル平均値
日本のZE B 指向建築
(A~I)
●●●● Calculated Result
Reference Building in Japan
ZEB oriented Building in Japan
Nearly ZEB in the World
Mapping of nearly ZEBs in the World
Fig. Mapping of nearly ZEBs in the World
Road to ZEB from Reference Building in Japan
Thanks for your attention