definition and methodology for implementing of net zero energy … · 2014-11-24 · reference...

Definition and Methodology for Implementing of Net Zero Energy Building in Japan

Hideharu NiwaHideharu NiwaHideharu NiwaHideharu Niwa

NIKKEN SEKKEI Research InstituteNIKKEN SEKKEI Research InstituteNIKKEN SEKKEI Research InstituteNIKKEN SEKKEI Research Institute

IEA/HPP/ANNEX40 Workshop 10-11th November 2014

Copyrights (c) 2013 NSRI All rights reserved. 1

Background on NZEB in Japan

1. NZEB (Net Zero Energy Building) has become recognized

to be important for energy conservation and global warming

prevention.

2. In Japan, after the East Japan Great Disaster, the need of

self-sufficiency of energy has been recognized from the

viewpoint of energy security.

3. Definition and Evaluation method of NZEB is not so clear

that design method of NZEB is not yet established.

#1 Methodology for realization of NZEB in Japan

#2 Case study of NZEB for a model office building in Tokyo

#1 Methodology for realization of Net Zero Energy Buildings in Japan


Design Methods of Traditional Japanese Architecture

Traditional Japanese Architecture “京町屋”京町屋”京町屋”京町屋”

Design Methods for Saving Energy and Resource

1. Enjoying the Fluctuation of Indoor Environment

2. Strict Load Control

3. Use of Natural Energy

4. Use of Natural Materials


Design Methods of Japanese Modern Architecture

Natural Lighting Natural Ventilation

Examples of Natural Energy Using of Modern Architecture

in 1960’s in 1980’s

A big atrium inside to encourage natural ventilation by chimney effect

Deep shelf to intake natural sunlight


Fig. Example of Passive Design for Eco-logical Building

Shading of Sunlight Purging of Inner Heat

Natural Ventilation

Radiation Cooling

Well Water Cooling

For comfortable summer

Completed in 1995

Design Methods for Eco-logical Buildings in Japan


Design Methods of Sustainable Buildings in Japan

Solar collector PV

Light shelf

Atrium Meeting room

Lobby

Project room

Entrance

Cooling and Heating

Trench

Wind Power

Louver

Summer, Mid-season: Natural ventilation

Winter: Heat recovery

1. Natural ventilation

2. Day lighting

3. Use of underground heat

4. Photovoltaic power

5. Solar heat collector

6. Wind power

Passive and Active Design Methods are combined

Completed in 2002

Fig. Example of Passive and Active Design for Typical Sustainable Building


都心型郊外型

左上：日建設計東京ビル（2003年竣⼯）右上：東北電⼒本店ビル（2002年竣⼯）下：関電ビルディング（2004年竣⼯）

上：地球環境戦略研究機関IGES（2002年竣⼯）下：トヨタ⾃動⾞本館（2005年竣⼯）

Typical Sustainable Buildings designed by NIKKEN SEKKEI

Urban

Type

Suburb

Type


105

60 5752

61

70

59

73

59

68

84

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

東京都平均

AJ

IG

ST

TY

EI

NK

TH

KH

NH

TS

NS設計物件　建物名

CO2排出量（kg-CO2／㎡年）

郊外型

都心型

Average 64

Suburb Type Urban Type

CO2 Emission of Sustainable Buildings Designed by NS

Average of Office Building in Tokyo 105

Sustainable Buildings Designed by NS

reduced almost 40%

Fig. CO2 Emission of Typical Sustainable Buildings designed by NS


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

10'000 100'000 1'000'000

CO2排出量原単位（kg-CO2/㎡年）

延床面積（㎡）

事務所

テナント

商業

事務所平均

テナント平均

商業平均

東京都商業平均

158

東京都事務所平均

105

net Zero Energy Buildings

Floor Area（㎡）

CO

2 E

mis

sio

n（kg-C

O2／㎡

a）

Forward to Net Zero Energy Building from Sustainable Building

Office Building

Commercial Building

CO2 Emission of Building in Tokyo(2005)

Typical Sustainable Buildings

Fig. Relationship between Floor Area and CO2 Emission of Building in Tokyo

+ Photovoltaic Power Panel

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

■■■■Workshop on Realization and Popularization of ZEB （（（（2009））））

Fig. Primary energy saving for each technology to realize ZEB

A Policy on Realization of Zero Energy Buildings in Japan

Passive Design

Natural Energy Utilization

High Performance Heat Source

High Performance Transfer System

High Performance Lighting

Low Energy OA Equipment

Others

Photovoltaic

Power

Reference

Pri

ma

ry E

ne

rgy C

on

su

mp

tio

n M

J/m

2/a


Others

P rim ary E n ergy F low

HVAC Lighting Appliances

Renewable Energy

heat

S ite

B u ild in g

electricity

fuel

heat

electricity

Definition of Net Zero Energy Buildings discussed in Japan

A Generated Energy

B Imported Energy

C Exported Energy

D Consumed Energy

Renewable Energy

Net Zero Energy

Building is defined

as A=D or B=C

Note：Renewable

energy is

on-site generation

from on-site renewable

Fig. Primary Energy Flow of Net Zero Energy Building

Site

Building


Approach to Net Zero Energy Buildings

0

200

400

600

800

0 200 400 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

E n ergy C on su m p tion　[M J／a･㎡]

Generated Energy　 [MJ／a･㎡]

600

net Zero Energy net 200 net 400

Reference BuildingLow Energy Building

nearly

Net Zero Energy Building

Passive and Active Approach

for Energy Saving Renewable

Energy

Generation

Net Zero Energy

Energy Consumption

Ge

ne

rate

d E

ne

rgy

Fig. Approach to Net Zero Energy Building

X

y


Supply side

A×B=1.0×1.0＝1.0 Reference Building

A×B=0.7×0.7＝0.49 50%Energy Saving Building

A×B=0.5×0.5＝0.25 75%Energy Saving Building

××××

BA

Demand side

Low Energy

Buildings

Low Energy

Infrastructure

Energy Saving by the method of Demand and Supply Side

Energy Consumption of Buildings is Calculated as below

Fig. Energy Saving by the method of Demand Side and Supply Side


20 40 60 80 1000

0

20

40

60

80

100

Supply Side Energy Ratio(%)

De

ma

nd

Sid

e E

ne

rgy R

atio (

%)

70503010 90

10

30

50

70

90

100%

50%

25%

Low Energy

Infrastructure

Low Energy

Buildings Reference Building

Low Energy Building

net Zero Energy Building

Energy Saving by the method of Demand and Supply Side

Fig. Relationship between Supply Side Energy and Demand Side Energy

x

y

Energy

Consumption


Load

Reduction

Optimization

of Indoor

Environment

Use of

Natural

Energy

Optimization

of Outside

Environment

Use of

Unutilized

Energy

High

Efficiency

System

Energy

Management

Use of

Renewable

Energy

#1 Passive Design Methods

for Low Energy Building

#3 Energy

Management

Method

Design Methods of Net Zero Energy Buildings

#2 Active Design Methods

for Low Energy Infra

Fig. Design Methods of Net Zero Energy Building


PV（太陽電池）

光庭

風庭

熱交換器

１．１．１．１．Optimization of Outside Environment1.1 Location of Building

Ventilation, Location of Building1.2 Outside Environment Planning

Green and water, Surface Material

２．２．２．２．Optimization Indoor EnvironmentOptimization Indoor EnvironmentOptimization Indoor EnvironmentOptimization Indoor Environment2.1 Thermal Environment

Temperature, Humidity, Radiation2.2 Lighting Environment

Optimization of illumination2.3 Air Quality

Outside Air Volume

４．４．４．４．Use of Natural EnergyUse of Natural EnergyUse of Natural EnergyUse of Natural Energy4.1 Natural Lighting

Top light, Light shelf, Light Duct4.2 Natural Ventilation4.3 Earth heat Using

Earth Tube, Geo-HP4.4 Solar Heat Using

Passive and Active

５．５．５．５．Use of Unutilized EnergyUse of Unutilized EnergyUse of Unutilized EnergyUse of Unutilized Energy5.1 Temperature Difference

Ground Water

６．６．６．６．High Efficiency SystemHigh Efficiency SystemHigh Efficiency SystemHigh Efficiency System6.1 Lighting

LED、Natural LightingTask & Ambient Lighting

6.2 HVACHigh Efficiency Equipment

6.3 Heat SourceHigh Efficiency System

6.4 ElectricityHigh Efficiency Trans

6.5 OthersHW Supply system

6.6 ControlBlind Control Task & Ambient Control

３．３．３．３．Load ReductionLoad ReductionLoad ReductionLoad Reduction3.1 Shading of Sunlight

Tree, Building Shape3.2 Insulation of Envelope

Window Surface, Pair GlassDouble Skin、Roof Greening

3.3 Reduction of Inner heatWaiting Power, Clouding

７．７．７．７．Resource and MaterialResource and MaterialResource and MaterialResource and Material7.1 Resource7.2 Materials7.3 Waste

８．８．８．８．Use of Renewable EnergyUse of Renewable EnergyUse of Renewable EnergyUse of Renewable Energy8.1 PV8.2 Wind Power8.3 Biomass

９．９．９．９．Energy ManagementEnergy ManagementEnergy ManagementEnergy Management9.1 BEMS9.2 LCEM9.3 Visualization

An Image of Net Zero Energy Building

Fig Image of net Zero Energy Building

#2 Case Study of NZEB for a Model Building in Tokyo


P1F P1F P1F

3F 3F 3F

2F 2F 2F

1F 1F 1F

R eferen ce B u ild in gR eferen ce B u ild in gR eferen ce B u ild in gR eferen ce B u ild in g E n ergy C on servation B u ild in gE n ergy C on servation B u ild in gE n ergy C on servation B u ild in gE n ergy C on servation B u ild in g n early Z ero E n ergy B u ild in gn early Z ero E n ergy B u ild in gn early Z ero E n ergy B u ild in gn early Z ero E n ergy B u ild in g

P V P a n n elP V P a n n elP V P a n n elP V P a n n el

L igh t S h elfL igh t S h elfL igh t S h elfL igh t S h elfL igh tL igh tL igh tL igh t

W ellW ellW ellW ell

H eat P u m pH eat P u m pH eat P u m pH eat P u m p

T o pT o pT o pT o p

L igh tL igh tL igh tL igh t

H eat T u b eH eat T u b eH eat T u b eH eat T u b e

P V P an n elP V P an n elP V P an n elP V P an n el

24,000 24,000 12,000 12,0007,200

43,200

43,200

43,200

6,000

6,000

6,000

6,000

6,000

6,000

L igh tL igh tL igh tL igh t

W ellW ellW ellW ell

O fficeO fficeO fficeO fficeO fficeO fficeO fficeO ffice

O fficeO fficeO fficeO fficeO fficeO fficeO fficeO ffice

O fficeO fficeO fficeO fficeO fficeO fficeO fficeO ffice O fficeO fficeO fficeO ffice O fficeO fficeO fficeO ffice

A Reference Building B Low Energy Building C net Zero Energy Building

Building Models for Case Study

Fig. Building Models for Case Study 3F Office Floor Area 4800㎡㎡㎡㎡ in Tokyo


Reference Building Energy Conservation Building nearly Zero Energy Building

Concrete 150 mm thick

Air layer

Foamed styrene 25 mm thick

Plaster board 12 mm thick

Sheet metal 1.2 mm + air layer

Concrete 150 mm

Foamed styrene 50 mm + air layer

Plaster board 9+12 mm

Sheet metal 1.2 mm + air layer

Concrete 150 mm

Foamed styrene 50 mm + air layer

Plaster board 9+12 mm

heat insulating K=0.9 W/m2•K heat insulating K=0.5 W/m2•K heat insulating K=0.5 W/m2•K

Window ratio at 47% Window ratio at 42% Window ratio at 82%

(window height 1.8 m) (window height 1.6 m) (window height 3.0 m)

Single pane glass 6 mm K=4.8 W/m2•K

Shade factor: 0.66 when rolling

blind closed and 1.0 when open

Single pane glass 6 mm K=4.8 W/m2•K



AF+Low-e glass K=1.8 W/m2•K



Eaves None 1.25ｍ 1.25m+Light Shelf

Louvers None None None

Lighting 14.1W/m2 750lx（HF） 5.8W/m2 500lx(HF） 1.6W/m2 350lx（LED+TAL)

Equip. heat

20W/m2

(Load factor 50% in daytime,

12.5% in night waiting)

15W/m2



10W/m2



Personnel density

None None Effective

Window

Case

Natural Ventilation

10 m2/person, sensible heat 65W/person, latent heat 55 W/person

Outer

skin

Indoor

heat

release

Location

Usage

Scale

Air-conditioner operation time

Tokyo

Office

3 stories above ground; 4,800 m2 in total floor area; 3,200 m

2 in air-conditioned floor space

Intermediate seasons (others) at 24°C/50%

8:00 to 20:00 hours (Sunday, Saturday and legal holidays at halt)

Outer walls

Indoor temperature and

humidity

Summer (Jun to Sep) at 26°C/50%; Winter (Dec to Feb) at 22°C/40%

Calculation Conditions of each Building

Reference Building Low Energy Building net Zero Energy Building


Cooling 3.0

Heating 3.5

Constant evaporation temp.

Not existing

1.0

System Total heat exchanger

heat exchanger efficiency 60%

Energy Conservation Building nearly Zero Energy BuildingCase

5.0

Reference Building

Outdoor air-

conditioner

Input rate characteristic

against load factor during

partial loading operation (in

cooling)

Rated operations

Outdoor equip.’s

performance

coefficient

Fan control

Outdoor air-

conditioner

Outdoor

air

treatment

Refrigerant control

Fan consumption power ratio

Same as left Same as left

7.0

7.55.5

Variable evaporation temp. Constant evaporation temp.

80%

Fan at halt when thermostat is off

0.8 0.6

Same as leftTotal heat exchanger + Outdoor

air treatment air-conditioner

70%

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Load factor

Inp

ut

ratio

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Load factor

Inp

ut

ratio

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Load factor

Inp

ut

ratio

Calculation Conditions of each HVAC System

Reference Building Low Energy Building

Tab. Calculation Conditions of each HVAC System


断面

12000 12000

6000 6000

600

2000

1200

2800

事務室事務室

事務室

断面

12000 12000

6000 6000

600

1600

1600

2800

事務室事務室

事務室

1200

断面

事務室

中庭

12000 120009000

6000 6000

600

1600

1600

2800

事務室事務室

Reference Building

Low Energy Building


Sectional Shapes of each Building

Fig. Sectional Shapes of each Building

eaves

eaves

Light

shelf

No eaves


Reference Building

Low Energy Building


Calculated Results -Indoor Illumination distribution

the entire office space is day-lighted

Fig. Indoor Illumination Distribution of each Building


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

1月22日 2月22日 3月22日 4月22日 5月22日 6月22日 7月22日 8月22日 9月22日 10月22日 11月22日 11月22日

レファレンスビル　手動ブラインド（南側　5 0 0 lx）

平均39.8％

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

1月22日 2月22日 3月22日 4月22日 5月22日 6月22日 7月22日 8月22日 9月22日 10月22日 11月22日 11月22日

エネルギー自立型ビル　自動角度制御ブラインド（南側　5 0 0 lx）

平均75.6％

Reference Building (manual blind on 500lx)

net Zero Energy Building (automatic blind on 500lx)

Calculated Results -Daylight use ratio

Average ration 75%

Average ratio 40%

Fig. Daylight use ratio of Reference Building and ZEB


※室使用時間帯（9 :0 0 ～1 9 :0 0 ）の年間平均電力量

14.07

9.38

6.35

1.58

14.07

9.38

6.81

1.57

0

2

4

6

8

1 0

1 2

1 4

1 6

1 8

2 0

レファレンス（7 5 0 lx）レファレンス（5 0 0 lx）省エネルギービルエネルギー自立型ビル

平均

電力

量※

（W

/㎡

）

南側北側

H f照明

均一照明

（5 0 0 lx）

H f照明

自動調光

（5 0 0 lx）

LE D 照明

自動調光

（5 0 0 lx）

ブラインド制御

H f照明

均一照明

（7 5 0 lx）

Calculated Results -Electric Power for Lighting

more than 80%

Reference(750lx) Reference(500lx) Low Energy Build ZEB

Fig. Electric Power Consumption for Lighting of each Building

Ele

ctr

ic P

ow

er

Consum

ption for

Lig

hting

(W/㎡）

ＳｏｕｔｈＳｏｕｔｈＳｏｕｔｈＳｏｕｔｈＮｏｒｔｈＮｏｒｔｈＮｏｒｔｈＮｏｒｔｈ

LED

500lx

Automatic Lighting control

Automatic Blind

Hf

500lx

Automatic Lighting control

Manual Blind

Hf

500lx

Manual Blind

Hf

750lx

Manual Blind

Energy Consumption of ZEB decreases more than 80% as compared with Reference Building


149

101

78

131

122

177

0 100 200 300 400

レファレンスビル

省エネルギービル

エネルギー自立型ビル

年間冷暖房負荷 [MJ/㎡年]

冷房暖房

Calculated Results -Cooling and Heating Load

Annual Cooling and Heating Load (MJ/m2)

C H

Reference Building

Low Energy Building

Zero Energy Building

Heating load increases.

In case of ZEB, annual heating load increases,

because inner heat gain decreases,

and heat loss through window increases

as compared with reference building or low energy building

Fig. Annual Cooling and Heating Load of each Building


165

175

181

183

180

173

162

128

107

147

0

50

100

150

200

0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90°

パネル設置角度

年間発電量［MWh/年］

南面（東京）　 800㎡

Calculated Results -Renewable Energy Generation

Annual Power Generation (MWh)

Angle of PV Panel

An

nu

al P

ow

er

Ge

ne

rati

on

(M

Wh

)

Fig. Annual Photovoltaic Power Generation as Angle of Panel

▼▼▼▼

Design Point

In case of ZEB photovoltaic power panel is provided on the rooftop

( 800 m2 in area, 0.165 in electricity conversion efficiency )


369

263

189

131

408

181

78

439

237

176

600 400 200 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600

レファレンスビル

省エネルギービル

エネルギー自立型ビル

一次換算エネルギー量 [MJ/㎡年]

太陽光発電コンセント照明空調

再生可能

エネルギー

385

607

1110

45％減

65％減

生成量消費量※

※空調・照明・コンセント

以外のエネルギー消費量

は含まない

Calculated Results -Primary Energy Consumption

Annual Primary Energy Consumption (MJ/m2････a)

Reference Building

Low Energy Building

Zero Energy Building

PV Plugs Lights Air Conditioning

Generation Consumption※

Renewable

Energy

Nearly net Zero!

Fig. Annual Primary Energy Consumption and Generation

Energy Consumption of ZEB decreases by 65% as compared with the Reference Building

Energy Consumption of ZEB is roughly balanced with renewable energy generation.


Examples of nearly Examples of nearly Examples of nearly Examples of nearly ZEBs ZEBs ZEBs ZEBs in the worldin the worldin the worldin the world

Malaysia ST Diamond Building Korea National Environmental Research

France Elithis Tower Finland Environmental Center


Public Building

Commercial Building（（（（Suburb））））

Commercial Building（（（（urban））））

（寒冷地）（寒冷地）（寒冷地）（寒冷地）

Examples of ZEB oriented Buildings in JapanExamples of ZEB oriented Buildings in JapanExamples of ZEB oriented Buildings in JapanExamples of ZEB oriented Buildings in Japan


0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0

0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 3 0 0 3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 5 0 0 5 5 0 6 0 0

P rim a ry E n erg y C o n su m p tio n （kW h /㎡･a）

Primary Energy Generation（kW

h/㎡･a）

日本（公共）

日本（民間）

米国

ＥＵ

アジア

N et 0 +1 0 0-1 0 0-2 0 0

韓国

N IE R

シンガポール

B C A

マレーシア

G E O ビルマレーシア

ﾀﾞｲｱﾓﾝﾄﾞﾋﾞﾙ

マレーシア

LE O ビル

フランス

Elith is T o w er

フィンランド

環境センター

台湾

成功大学Ａ

Ｅ

Ｄ

Ｆ

Ｇ

ＩＨ

ＢＣ

+2 0 0

米国

Lew is C en ter

米国

Leg a cy C en ter

N et M in u s N et P lu s

R E R 5 0 ％

R E R 2 5 ％

R E R 7 5 ％

R E R 1 0 0 ％

+3 0 0

日本　D EC C 事務所ビル平均値

日本のZE B 指向建築

（Ａ～Ｉ）

●●●● Calculated Result

Reference Building in Japan

ZEB oriented Building in Japan

Nearly ZEB in the World

Mapping of nearly ZEBs in the World

Fig. Mapping of nearly ZEBs in the World

Road to ZEB from Reference Building in Japan

Thanks for your attention

definition and methodology for implementing of net zero energy … · 2014-11-24 · reference...

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