CS244-Introduction to Embedded Systems and Ubiquitous Computing
Instructor: Eli BozorgzadehComputer Science Department
UC IrvineWinter 2010
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CS244 – Lecture 2Embedded Applications
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Overview Hybrid embedded systems
Aerospace, automobiles, robotics, process control, and sensor nets Multimedia Consumer electronics
Appliances, office electronics, and home/office automation Network components
Bridges, routers, switches, and hubs Medical instruments
Patient monitoring, MRI, and artificial hearts E-Business
ATM, wending machines Distributed & grid computing
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OVERLAPPING
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Hybrid Embedded Systems Computation systems whose behavior is tightly
integrated with the physical world Eg., the behavior of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can be
modeled by a combination of differential equations (the aerodynamics and low level feedback controllers) and a finite state automata (high level flight path decisions, such as to ascend or descend).
Behavior is governed by both continuous-state dynamics from the physical world and discrete-state dynamics from the computation
Passage of time during computation affects the state of the physical world
Inherently concurrent (inherent vs. built-in concurrency?)
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Aerospace Flight control
Stability: real-time differential feedback loops
Positioning & navigation GPS, INS
Instrumentation Data acquisition, display,
processing, and archive Radar Communication
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Automobiles Engine management
Fuel, ignition, timing
Emission control Instrumentation
Data acquisition, display, processing, and archive
Safety & stability Airbags, active control
Entertainment & comfort Radio, A/C, …
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Robotics Implies autonomous
operation N physical degree
of freedom Artificial intelligence Control heavy Mission oriented
Repair, search, rescue, investigate, and perform physically difficult tasks
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Process Control
Industrial automation Plant monitoring and production control Similar to control systems but with
emphasis on management
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Sensor Nets Many sensor nodes
each capable (but limited) of sensing, computation/storage, and communication Structure safety Search and rescue Military use
Self organization Energy Efficient Distributed
Modern Sensor Nodes
UC Berkeley: COTS Dust
UC Berkeley: COTS DustUC Berkeley: Smart Dust
UCLA: WINS Rockwell: WINS JPL: Sensor Webs
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Multimedia An exercise in
Signals, analog to digital conversion, quantization, sampling, processing, and digital to analogue conversion
Information theory, entropy, Huffman codes, compression, lossless compression
Images, audio, video Virtual Reality Presentation Quality of service Think lots of data (formats
and standards too)!
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Consumer Electronics Home appliances
Yesterday’s appliances: add computation
Tomorrow’s appliances: add networking (Internet)
Office electronics Integration Electronic paper (filing, printing,
sending, and receiving) Home/office automation
Common fantasy about the automated home or office of the future with lights and appliances that operate by themselves or with minimal effort
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Network Components Stitching LANs
Bridge Connects two parts of the same network
Router Link networks using different network
identities Extending ports
Switch Transmit to recipient only
Hub Transmit to all
Handle large volume of highly structured data with little transform
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Medical Instruments Perform diagnosis
(screening/evaluation) Data collection Appraisal of that data Developing a plan of action
Observation or monitoring Sensing and
instrumentation Accuracy and precision
Other applications: Radiation therapy Artificial hearts, arms, legs, …
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E-Business Information
processing systems ATM Cache registers Scanners Credit-card readers
Often the interface behind a database
Automation and convenience
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Distributed & Grid Computing Coordinated resource sharing and problem
solving The grid is static, reliable, and has infinite
resource (for practical purposes) Users (the mobile device e.g., PDA) has
limited resources Middleware mitigates the resource sharing
and coordination efforts
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Summary of Application Domains
Looked at a number of application domains Large amount of overlap between these
domains Often each domain has associated
standards, design methodologies, and certification programs
The future appears to suggest a fusion of design differences into a single methodology
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Real-Time Systems A systems where correctness depends on
logical results and the time the results are produced Safety-critical: incorrect operation leads to human
loss Mission-critical: incorrect operation leads to failed
mission J.A. Stankovic et al. “Strategic Directions in
Real-Time and Embedded Systems”
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