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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
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What is flour?What is flour?
a fine, powderya fine, powderysubstance, or meal,substance, or meal,
produced by grindingproduced by grindingand sifting grain, esp.and sifting grain, esp.wheat, or any of variouswheat, or any of various
edible roots, nuts, etc.edible roots, nuts, etc.
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EtymologyEtymology
A variant of the wordA variant of the word
flowerflower Derived from Old FrenchDerived from Old French
fleurfleur Literal: blossomLiteral: blossom
Figurative: the finestFigurative: the finest
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HISTORICALHISTORICAL
BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND
E liE
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EarliestEar estDevices:Devices:
TheTheSaddlestoSaddlesto
nene
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EarliestEarliestDevices:Devices:
TheTheMortarMortar
andandPestlePestle
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EarliestEarliestDevices:Devices:
TheTheQuernQuern
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25 B.C. Vitruvius described a25 B.C. Vitruvius described awater millwater mill
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1150 The windmill reached the1150 The windmill reached theEuropean continentEuropean continent
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1632 - The first mill in1632 - The first mill in
Boston was builtBoston was built
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1786 First fully automatic1786 First fully automatic
mill was built by Olivermill was built by OliverEvansEvans
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1865 Edmun La Croix1865 Edmun La Croix
introduced the firstintroduced the firstmiddlings purifiermiddlings purifier
1878 The first roller mill was1878 The first roller mill wasused in Minneapolis,used in Minneapolis,
MinnesotaMinnesota
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Components of FlourComponents of Flour
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65% -70% starch65% -70% starch
9% - 14% protein9% - 14% protein
4 % - others (Cellulose, fats,4 % - others (Cellulose, fats,sugar)sugar)
Gliadin and glutenin are theGliadin and glutenin are theproncipal proteinsproncipal proteins
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USESUSES
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Baking breads, cakes,Baking breads, cakes,cookies, and many othercookies, and many otherfoodsfoods
Wheat flour is a base forWheat flour is a base foradhesives and paper macheadhesives and paper mache
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TYPES OF FLOURTYPES OF FLOUR
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Wheat FlourWheat Flour
Most commonly used flourMost commonly used flour
Its varieties are hard and softIts varieties are hard and soft
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Bread Flour high in glutenBread Flour high in glutenand excellent for yeast breadand excellent for yeast breadmakingmaking
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All-Purpose Flour blendedAll-Purpose Flour blended
wheat flour. It is anwheat flour. It is analternative for bakers flouralternative for bakers flour
Cake flour made from softCake flour made from softwheat. It is suitable forwheat. It is suitable forsoft-textured cakes andsoft-textured cakes and
cookiescookies
Pastry Flour considered asPastry Flour considered assoft wheat floursoft wheat flour
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White flour made from theWhite flour made from the
endosperm of the wheatendosperm of the wheatgraingrain
Whole wheat flour madeWhole wheat flour madefrom the whole kernelfrom the whole kernel
Germ flour made from germGerm flour made from germand endosperm of the grainand endosperm of the grain
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Self-Rising flour premixedSelf-Rising flour premixed
with leavening agentswith leavening agents
Spelt flour produced fromSpelt flour produced fromspelt and used in specialtyspelt and used in specialtybakingbaking
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Non-Wheat floursNon-Wheat flours
Made from other starchMade from other starchplantsplants
Ex. Rye, Corn, Peanut,Ex. Rye, Corn, Peanut,Quinoa, Amaranth, Cassava,Quinoa, Amaranth, Cassava,Millet, Oats, Buckwheat,Millet, Oats, Buckwheat,
and Riceand Rice
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RAW MATERIALSRAW MATERIALS
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Minor Raw MaterialsMinor Raw Materials
Bleaching agents for whiterBleaching agents for whiterflourflour
Oxidizing agents toOxidizing agents toenhance quality of flourenhance quality of flour
Leavening Agents forLeavening Agents for
baking qualitybaking quality Vitamins and Minerals toVitamins and Minerals to
enrich the flour with B-enrich the flour with B-
vitamins, iron, and floic acidvitamins, iron, and floic acid
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EXISTING INDUSTRIESEXISTING INDUSTRIESIN THE PHILIPPINESIN THE PHILIPPINES
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Bex Philippines Inc.Bex Philippines Inc.
A fam ily owne d com panyA fam ily owne d compa ny
Produces coconut she ll pow de r,Produces coconut she ll pow de r,
rice hulls powde r, W HEATrice hulls powde r, W HEAT
FLOUR, and cassava m ealFLOUR, and cassava m eal
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General MillingGeneral MillingCorporationCorporation
Flour m ill ing is t he ir pioneer ingFlour m ill ing is t he ir pioneer ing
businessbusiness
It e xpande d t o fee d m illing, cornIt expanded t o fee d m illing, corn
m illing , agribusiness, andmilling, agribusiness, and
fermentat ionfermentat ion
Korne t s and Tort illos are som eKorne t s and Tort illos are som e
of it s product sof its product s
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Philippine ForemostPhilippine ForemostMilling CompanyMilling Company
I t w as t he f irst f lour m ill in t heIt w as t he f irst f lour m ill in t he
We st ern VisayasWe st ern Visayas
One of the biggest producers ofOne of the biggest producers of
both f lour and animal feedsboth f lour and animal feeds
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Pilmico FoodsPilmico FoodsCorporationCorporation
Produces w orld class w heatProduces w orld class w heat
flour and relat ed product sflour and relat ed product s
Some of it s brands are SunSome of it s brands are Sun
M oon St ar, Sunshine, Kut itap ,M oon St ar, Sunshine, Kut itap,
M egast ar, and W ooden SpoonM egast ar, and W ooden Spoon
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Universal RobinaUniversal RobinaCorporationCorporation
Produces and se lls hardProduces and se lls ha rd
and soft w heat f lour toand soft w heat f lour to
both comm ercial andboth comm ercia l andinst it ut ional account sinst it ut ional account s
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DEFINITION OFDEFINITION OF
TERMSTERMS
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MiddlingsMiddlings
Endosperm fragments fromEndosperm fragments fromwheat kernelswheat kernels
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Final Shorts a mixture ofFinal Shorts a mixture ofbran bits and powderedbran bits and powdered
endosperm and germendosperm and germ
Gluten sticky proteinGluten sticky proteinformed when gliadin andformed when gliadin andglutenin link togetherglutenin link together
Ash the mineral residue leftAsh the mineral residue leftafter burning of flourafter burning of flour
samplessamples
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UNIT OPERATIONSUNIT OPERATIONS
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Milling process whereinMilling process whereinwheat kernels are beingwheat kernels are beingpulverized or powderedpulverized or powdered
Fractionation involves airFractionation involves air
streams and centrifugalstreams and centrifugalforceforce
Oxidation aging the flourOxidation aging the flour
Bleaching process toBleaching process toobtain whiter flourobtain whiter flour
Tempering conditioning ofTempering conditioning of
wheat kernelswheat kernels
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ActualActual
ManufacturingManufacturingProcess andProcess and
EquipmentEquipment
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Cleaning the WheatCleaning the Wheat
SeparatorSeparator
AspiratorAspirator
Disk SeparatorDisk Separator ScourerScourer
Magnetic SeparatorMagnetic Separator
De-StonerDe-Stoner
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Cleaning the WheatCleaning the Wheat
SeparatorSeparator Larger objectsLarger objects
than thethan the
kernels willkernels willbe removedbe removed
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Cleaning the WheatCleaning the Wheat
AspiratorAspirator Sucks upSucks up
materialsmaterials
that arethat arelighter thanlighter thanwheat grainswheat grains
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Cleaning the WheatCleaning the WheatDiskDisk
SeparatorSeparator Collect ObjectsCollect Objects
with thewith the
same size assame size asof te grainof te grain
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Cleaning the WheatCleaning the WheatIntensiveIntensiveScourerScourer
Removes outerRemoves outerhusks of thehusks of the
kernels andkernels andsmallsmallimpuritiesimpurities
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Cleaning the WheatCleaning the Wheat
MagneticMagneticSeparatorSeparator
Magnets theMagnets themetals likemetals likeiron and steeliron and steel
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Cleaning the WheatCleaning the Wheat
De-stonerDe-stoner RemovesRemoves
stones thatstones that
are same sizeare same sizeas the grainsas the grains
Tempering theTempering the
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Tempering theTempering theWheatWheat
Tempering binsTempering bins
EntoleterEntoleter
Tempering theTempering the
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Tempering theTempering theWheatWheatTemperingTempering
BinsBins TemperedTempered
wheats arewheats are
stored herestored herefor about 8-for about 8-24 hours24 hours
Tempering theTempering the
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Tempering theTempering theWheatWheat
EntoleterEntoleter Hurl the grainsHurl the grains
of wheatsof wheats
aginst metalaginst metalpinspins
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Grinding the WheatGrinding the Wheat
Grinding BinsGrinding Bins
Corrugated Rollers orCorrugated Rollers or
Breaker RollsBreaker Rolls Sifters or SievesSifters or Sieves
Middlings PurifierMiddlings Purifier
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Grinding the WheatGrinding the Wheat
GrinderGrinder Large hoppersLarge hoppers
that will feedthat will feed
the kernelsthe kernelsto the millingto the millingprocessprocess
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Grinding the WheatGrinding the Wheat
Roller millRoller mill Cracks openCracks open
kernels andkernels and
separateseparatebran frombran frominner layer ofinner layer of
grainsgrains
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Grinding the WheatGrinding the Wheat
SiftersSifters SeparatesSeparates
middlingsmiddlings
from thefrom thebran andbran andothersothers
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Grinding the WheatGrinding the Wheat
PurifierPurifier Lifts off lightLifts off light
particles andparticles and
gradesgradescoarsercoarserfractions byfractions by
size andsize andqualityquality
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EnhancementsEnhancements
Adding improvers andAdding improvers andconditioners to enhanceconditioners to enhance
thequality of the flourthequality of the flour
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EndEnd