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CONTOURS AND MINERALS PROTOCOL FOR INTEGRATED
BIOSYSTEMS REGENERATING EARTH (CAMPFIBRE)
Ibo Zimmermann (NUST) and Johan Bruwer (AIRE)
Drawing by Duif Keyser
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CONTOURS AND MINERALS PROTOCOL FOR INTEGRATED
BIOSYSTEMS REGENERATING EARTH (CAMPFIBRE)
Bush encroachment is a
symptom of rangeland
degradation, not its cause
Nature uses bushes to try
repairing water and
nutrient cycles. They will
eventually self-thin, if
given a chance
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Condition of most Namibian rangelands
• Most of Namibia’s rangelands are degraded
• Water and nutrient cycling have been disrupted
• Much water runs off bare soil instead of infiltrating
• and evaporates instead of growing organic matter
• Exposed soils get hot and bake soil microbes
Some
mulch
No
mulch
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CONTOURS AND MINERALS PROTOCOL FOR INTEGRATED
BIOSYSTEMS REGENERATING EARTH (CAMPFIBRE)
Instead of high runoff
and evaporation …
… we need more
infiltration & transpiration
Poor water cycle Effective water cycle
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BUSHES AND GRASSES ENHANCE WATER CYCLE
Well-covered rangeland Exposed rangeland
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Bushes as fertility pumps
Root uptake through xylem, to
feed leaves and branches
Leaf fall, to feed soil microbes
Root exudates through phloem,
to feed soil microbeseventually
self-thin, if given a chance
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3BIOMASS UTILISATION BY SUSTAINABLE HARVEST- SUBTITLE
Brief history of rangeland use
• For 1st half of 20th Century, Namibian rangelands supported a thriving dairy industry,
• which disrupted water and nutrient cycling,
• and was then replaced by beef industry,
• further degrading the rangeland
• now subjected to biomass offtakes
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3BIOMASS UTILISATION BY SUSTAINABLE HARVEST- SUBTITLE
Disruption of mineral cycle by export of cattle or milk and
imbalanced replacement such as through lick
When cattle
are sold
When cattle
are sold
Minerals provided by
lick mainly Na, Cl, N & P
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3BIOMASS UTILISATION BY SUSTAINABLE HARVEST- SUBTITLE
Disruption of mineral cycle by export of wood and
usually zero replacement
If wood is harvested from the rangeland,
then even more minerals are removed
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If rangeland products are sold, their minerals fail to cycle
Order of magnitude
offtake rates from
Namibian rangeland
Milk - 100 kg/ha/a
Beef – 10 kg/ha/a
Hay – 1000 kg/ha/a
Wood – 1000 kg/ha/a
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Elements that cycle through atmosphere and those that don’t
C, H, O, N and some S can
cycle through the atmosphere,
even from far away
Mineral elements need to cycle
more locally through soil, water
and organisms, including Ca,
Mg, K, P, most S, Fe, Mn, Zn,
Cu, B, Co, Mo, Seself-thin, if
given a chance
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Study on soil fertility in Namibia’s Thornbush Savanna
A study at CCF sampled soil
from 27 sites, over 2 soil types,
9 from each of:
- Totally debushed
- Partially debushed
- Uncleared land
(Zimmermann et al. 2017)
, if given a chance
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Soil bioassay with monocot and dicot
By Fogu Aron
Barley
By Beckser
Shipingana
Moringa
oleifera
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Findings from bioassay
• Although barley grew taller than moringa,• they had similar pattern of emergence, survival
and growth.• Therefore they were standardized and combined
for some analyses.• Eutric Regosol was more fertile than Chromic
Cambisol, as expected
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Results of relative heights attained in bioassay
Mean seedling growth at five weeks as %s of the mean from uncleared sites, to represent relative fertility in soil with different levels of debushing on each soil association. Error bars represent standard errors.
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Results of seedling growth ovet time since debushing
Noisy data, less clear than for level of debushing
Debushed average
Uncleared average
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Discussion on likely rate of fertility decline
• Soil fertility would decline more quickly if hay were also harvested from debushed land (not done at CCF)
• Fertility would regenerate quicker if leaves and fine twigs of harvested bushes were left on the ground (not done at CCF, all harvested wood is compressed into bush blocks)
• Fertility also probably regenerates more slowly at CCF because they apply arboricide on stumps of cut bushes
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Discussion on fertility regeneration by bushes
• Credit for bushes regenerating soil fertility goes to:
• Annual leaf fall that feeds arthropods & other fauna,
• Termites that feed on fallen twigs and branches,
• Biological soil crusts that develop under bushes,
• Rapid turnover of fine roots & associated fungi,
• Root exudates that feed beneficial microbes
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Conclusions on soil bioassay at CCF
• Soil fertility declines as level of
debushing increases
• Regeneration of soil fertility by
regrowing bushes is a slow process,
not yet evident even 13 years after
debushing
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Recommendations from soil bioassay at CCF
• Return minerals to the soil
• Such as suitably processed ash or biochar if
bush is burnt for energy
• Or provide ocean minerals such as kelp as lick,
• for animals to spread over rangeland in dung
and urine
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CONTOURS AND MINERALS PROTOCOL FOR INTEGRATED
BIOSYSTEMS REGENERATING EARTH (CAMPFIBRE)
CAMPFIBRE aims at
regenerating water and
nutrient cycles, while
integrating circular
economy enterprises
through synergistic
resource flows, the latter
to be addressed in next
presentation by Johan
BruwerDrawing by Duif Keyser
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CONTOURS AND MINERALS PROTOCOL FOR INTEGRATED
BIOSYSTEMS REGENERATING EARTH (CAMPFIBRE)
If bushes are harvested
along contour strips, then
uncleared strips infiltrate
rainwater, grow fertility and
break wind, while cleared
strips produce abundant
grass if provided with
sufficient rest as part of an
appropriate grazing
strategyDrawing by Duif Keyser
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Grazing management must provide sufficient rest for grazed
grasses to regrow, e.g. alternating year-long grazing and rest
Year-long rest
allows grass to
recover nutrients
released by
microbes during
pulses of rain early
in the rainy season,
and replenish root
reserves late in the
rainy season
(Fynn et al. 2017)
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CONTOURS AND MINERALS PROTOCOL FOR INTEGRATED
BIOSYSTEMS REGENERATING EARTH (CAMPFIBRE)
If bush filters are
built from cut
branches along
contour, they cool
the soil, trap seeds
and mulch, and
encourage a dense
growth of grass
underneath, which
slows runoff,
enhancing
infiltration of
rainwater into soil
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CONTOURS AND MINERALS PROTOCOL FOR INTEGRATED
BIOSYSTEMS REGENERATING EARTH (CAMPFIBRE)
Bush filters
along contour
imitate the
natural, self-
reinforcing
pattern of
banded
vegetation
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CONTOURS AND MINERALS PROTOCOL FOR INTEGRATED
BIOSYSTEMS REGENERATING EARTH (CAMPFIBRE)
Even in 2019
drought,
grass grew
well and was
less heavily
grazed under
old bush filter
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CONTOURS AND MINERALS PROTOCOL FOR INTEGRATED
BIOSYSTEMS REGENERATING EARTH (CAMPFIBRE)
Series of
bush filters
support
each other
at gully
head
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CONTOURS AND MINERALS PROTOCOL FOR INTEGRATED
BIOSYSTEMS REGENERATING EARTH (CAMPFIBRE)
Gentle flow
of water
slowed and
spread by
dense grass
in bush filter
behind
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CONTOURS AND MINERALS PROTOCOL FOR INTEGRATED
BIOSYSTEMS REGENERATING EARTH (CAMPFIBRE)
Bush filters become self reinforcing over time, by
growing more dense vegetation where most water spilled
through, as illustrated
by the following 9 slides
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bush filter
on contour
slope
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weak
point
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Moist
ground
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water
flow
After
rain
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New
weak
point
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After
next
rain
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CONTOURS AND MINERALS PROTOCOL FOR INTEGRATED
BIOSYSTEMS REGENERATING EARTH (CAMPFIBRE)
Lusher
grass
below weak
point
of contour
ditch
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CONTOURS AND MINERALS PROTOCOL FOR INTEGRATED
BIOSYSTEMS REGENERATING EARTH (CAMPFIBRE)
In following season,
water started spilling
at a new weak point,
where dense grass
then grew to self heal
the system
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CONTOURS AND MINERALS PROTOCOL FOR INTEGRATED
BIOSYSTEMS REGENERATING EARTH (CAMPFIBRE)
Old bush filters attract
termites that puff up
the soil underneath,
which ponds rainwater
over a wide strip on the
upper side and
eventually infiltrates to
support abundant
growth of grass
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CONTOURS AND MINERALS PROTOCOL FOR INTEGRATED
BIOSYSTEMS REGENERATING EARTH (CAMPFIBRE)
If the grass seed bank is depleted by decades of continuous grazing,
then grass seeds can be sown in cleared strips and along bush filters
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CONTOURS AND MINERALS PROTOCOL FOR INTEGRATED
BIOSYSTEMS REGENERATING EARTH (CAMPFIBRE)
Contour
furrow for
perennial
grass seed
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CONTOURS AND MINERALS PROTOCOL FOR INTEGRATED
BIOSYSTEMS REGENERATING EARTH (CAMPFIBRE)
Grass seed
is sown in
contour
furrow …
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CONTOURS AND MINERALS PROTOCOL FOR INTEGRATED
BIOSYSTEMS REGENERATING EARTH (CAMPFIBRE)
… and
covered
with light
bush filter
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References
Fynn RWS, Kirkman KP, Dames R (2017) Optimal grazing management strategies: evaluating key concepts.
African Journal of Range & Forage Science 34(2): 87-98. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2017.1347584
Mills AJ, Milewski AV, Snyman D, Jordaan JJ (2017) Effects of anabolic and catabolic nutrients on woody plant
encroachment after long-term experimental fertilization in a South African savanna. PLoS ONE 12(6):
e0179848. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179848
Mills AJ, Allen JL (2018) Searching for David within the Goliath of alien woody plant invasions in the Western
Cape Province. South African Journal of Science 2018; 114(9/10) Art #a0285
https://doi.org/10.17159sajs.2018/a0285
Zimmermann I, Nghikembua M, Shipingana D, Aron T, Groves D, Marker L (2017) The influence of two levels
of debushing in Namibia’s Thornbush Savanna on overall soil fertility, measured through bioassays. Namibian
Journal of Environment 1A: 52-59. Downloadable from: https://cheetah.org/resource-library/the-influence-of-
two-levels-of-debushing-in-namibias-thornbush-savanna-on-overall-soil-fertility-measured-through-bioassays/
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CONTOURS AND MINERALS PROTOCOL FOR INTEGRATED
BIOSYSTEMS REGENERATING EARTH (CAMPFIBRE)
Time to cool off
Thank you