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INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
COMBATING THE UNREGULATED USE OF POISONS AND TOXINS IN AFRICA
IUCN SSC Leaders’ meeting Abu Dhabi 17th September 2015 Richard Kock - IUCN SSC Wildlife Health Specialist Group Andre Botha - IUCN SSC Vulture Specialist Group Leo Niskanen - IUCN Eastern and Southern Africa
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Presentation outline
1. GLOBAL OVERVIEW 2. VULTURES – AN EXAMPLE OF IMPACTS OF UNREGULATED
USE OF POISONS 3. REGIONAL EFFORTS TO ADDRESS POISONING (IUCN
ESARO) 4. NEXT STEPS AND IDEAS FOR COLLABORATION
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Primary & Secondary Poisoning of Wildlife • Poisoning can be deliberate using specific poisons for poaching or
conflict reasons or accidental and usually involves:
• Rodenticides, • Herbicides, • Pesticides, • Environmental contamination • with metals and hydrocarbons • And some special cases • pharmaceuticals such as • diclofenac poisoning of vultures.
Secondary poisons are usually persistent, bioaccummulating and toxic substances It is a global growing issue.
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Impacts • Impacts with targeted
poisoning are obvious and can be documented.
• Secondary poisioning is extremely difficult to measure where the levels are low (but high levels usually are associated with a die-off event).
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Humans • With respect to chemicals,
concentrations of POPS in milk still indicate that chemical exposure is a concern.
• Exposures to chemical mixtures may not be adequately addressed by current policies, low dose may produce e.g. carcinogenic synergies
• 1.8 million children in the EU are born with levels of methylmercury that affect their cerebral development and cognitive performance later in life
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Main concerns DDT (?), organophosphate acaricides, organochlorines, pesticides (carbamates), sodium monofluoroacetate, rodenticides, lead, mercury, oestrogenic molecules, diclofenac & NSAIDs, …….. Don’t forget natural poisonings – botulism and algal toxicosis for example • But numbers of chemicals on the market is increasing
exponentially….
Modern chemistry high detection sensitivity to products in the environment – too sensitive e.g. pharmaceuticals?
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Local Response
• If a poacher or conflict farmer is determined to use poaching they will find a way of developing a cocktail whatever the controls.
• Think about the cost of forensic diagnosis compared to community dialogue.
• Some deterrence is good but ask yourself the question - how many humans are killed by elephants and how many elephants killed by poison….?
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National Regional Response Very few countries are tackling this issue directly but there are a few and some effort is made to identify potential sources • EU Directive 2004/28/EC, • Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation &
restriction of CHemicals • Environmental and Effects Testing for chemicals
and crop protection products (see EMEA website)
• Variation by region – e.g. volume of hazardous waste generation differs with 3 orders of magnitude between central asia and EU countries (UNEP 2013)
• Amounts of obsolete pesticides per country can be checked. [Data source: IHPA (International HCH and pesticide association), study from 2009 on obsolete pesticide stocks.
• Some National registers of poisoning exist.
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International Response
– Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (1989), the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides (1998) and the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001).
– CMS poisons working group – National implementation of the Globally Harmonized System of classification
and labelling of chemicals – Prevalence of business initiatives such as responsible care. CEFIC information
on Responsible Care participation – UNEP (2013a) Costs of Inaction on the Sound Management of Chemicals. United
Nations Environment Programme. http://www.unep.org/hazardoussubstances – UNEP (2013b) Global Chemicals Outlook, towards Sound Management of Chemicals.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). United Nations Environment Programme. http://www.unep.org/hazardoussubstances.
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10 Mike Kock
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VULTURES
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IUCN Red list status of the Africa’s vultures (Mundy, 2012) 1979 1985 1994 2000 2001 2011 2014 2015
Cape Griffon VU Rare¹ Rare VU VU VU CE?
Ruppell’s Griffon NT EN CE?
Eurasian Griffon
African W-b Vulture
NT EN CE?
Hooded Vulture EN EN CE?
Lappet-faced Vulture
VU VU VU CE?
White-headed Vulture
VU VU CE?
Cinereous Vulture
VU NT NT NT NT
Bearded Vulture LC LC Africa?
Egyptian Vulture EN EN CE?
Palm-nut Vulture LC 1. Rare- ”small world population...not at present EN or VU, but are at risk”
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African Poisoning Database • Established 2012 • D. Ogada, R. Buij & A. Botha • Contains data from 1961 -
present • All available records from
known incidents • Historically published incidents • Shared data from various
sources
• Vulture losses recorded – • 1961 – 2003 - 2035 2004 – 2014 – 4065 • Total known vulture mortalities –
6100
• Other scavenging birds – 96 • Mammalian predators – 488
6100
29 67 488
Recorded animal mortalities
Vultures
Other raptors
Other birds
Scavengingmammals
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Data submission per Country
1245
1181
966
394
520
1234
154 10
12
536
2
30 5
16
No of mortalities per Country
South Africa
Namibia
Zimbabwe
Kenya
Zambia
Botswana
Mozambique
DRC
Malawi
Tanzania
Cape Verde
Ethiopia
77
22
20
19
6
28
2 1
2
3
1 1
1 1
Data from 14 Countries (No of records)
South Africa
Namibia
Zimbabwe
Kenya
Zambia
Botswana
Mozambique
DRC
Malawi
Tanzania
Cape Verde
Huge gaps – especially West Africa
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Poisoning
Vulture poisoning – A re-emerging Threat? African Database (183 entries)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
200
8
200
9
201
0
201
1
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
1995-2015
1995-2015
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Mortalities per Species
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Substances used
9
2
24
15
11
3 11
109
Substances
UNIDOrganophosphate
Monocrotophos
Carbofuran
Aldicarb
Strychnine
Cyanide
Other
Unknown
• Sampling often inadequate
• Samples poorly preserved
• Advanced decomposition • Transportation and
permits • Equipment and skill
lacking • Laboratory facilities • Customs regulations - harmful chemicals - biological material • Appropriate analytical
tools • Cost factor • Can be critical ito
prosecution
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Recent incidents in southern Africa: • Mozambique – 76 birds (June
2011) • Zimbabwe – 174 birds (August
2012) • Mkhuze, South Africa – 41 birds
(Nov 2012) • Mozambique – 84 birds (May
2013) • Namibia – 400-500 birds June
2013 • Zambia – 302 birds (Oct 2013) • Zimbabwe – 219 birds (Oct 2013) • Imfolozi, South Africa – 37 birds
(Nov 2013) • Hoedspruit, Limpopo – 65 birds
(May 2015) • Botswana – 40 birds (June 2015) • Mozambique – 42 birds (July
2015)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Vultures poisoned
Vulturespoisoned
Poaching-related Incidents & Losses (Southern Africa)
137 Elephant vs. 1868 Vultures
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Muthi Trade
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Use in Traditional Medicines
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Protected Areas Vulture nests in Swaziland
(Monadjem & Garcelon 2005)
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ADDRESSING POISONING IN AFRICA PROPOSED APPROACH
IUCN ESA REGION
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UNREGULATED POISON IS DEVASTATING WILDLIFE IN EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA
• Rapid acceleration in use of poisons • Poisoning for wildlife products (ivory, rhino
horn, skins, etc.) • Retaliation for human-wildlife conflict • Multiple species impacted • Human health impacts Widespread problem Very low awareness • Only large poisoning incidents noticed,
chronic low level poisoning goes on under the radar
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UNREGULATED POISON IS DEVASTATING WILDLIFE IN EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA
Some key challenges:
• Generic chemicals widely available • Corruption and lack of enforcement of regulations • Low level donor interest
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Calls on governments and environmental authorities to: • Develop and enforce
appropriate legislation to
control, ban or restrict the
sale, storage, distribution,
use and disposal
• Introduce and enforce
penalties
• Training and logistical
support
• Enhance analytical
capacity & increase
sampling, testing and
monitoring efforts
• Increase grassroots
educational initiatives
Find sustainable solutions to
HWC
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IUCN ESARO NEW PROGRAMME OF WORK ON POISONS AND TOXINS
• Focus on Southern Africa (data availability, SADC technical committee, Biodiversity action plan)
• Transboundary nature of problem requires regional approach
Activities: • Fill in gaps, assess scale and impact on species
(human health?) • Map major hotspots of concern • Identify supply chains & engage w. producers,
distributors, wholesalers, retailers • Identify & address weaknesses in current
regulatory and enforcement frameworks • Support proper capture, analysis and
dissemination of data
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IUCN ESARO NEW PROGRAMME OF WORK ON POISONS AND TOXINS
• Support and guidance to Law Enforcement • Proper investigation and prosecution
procedures • Assess economic impacts of loss of species • Convene to raise awareness and catalyze
action (incl. awareness of Public Health Risks) • Regional and country/site-specific action plans Without Governmental support and intervention: No chance of success
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We need your feedback:
• Relevance to your group? • Link to other existing initiatives e.g. CMS
Poisons working group • Comments on proposed approach & activities • Roles (IUCN Secretariat, IUCN/SSC SG’s &
members)
?????
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THANK YOU!