INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE

COMBATING THE UNREGULATED USE OF POISONS AND TOXINS IN AFRICA

IUCN SSC Leaders’ meeting Abu Dhabi 17th September 2015 Richard Kock - IUCN SSC Wildlife Health Specialist Group Andre Botha - IUCN SSC Vulture Specialist Group Leo Niskanen - IUCN Eastern and Southern Africa

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Presentation outline

1. GLOBAL OVERVIEW 2. VULTURES – AN EXAMPLE OF IMPACTS OF UNREGULATED

USE OF POISONS 3. REGIONAL EFFORTS TO ADDRESS POISONING (IUCN

ESARO) 4. NEXT STEPS AND IDEAS FOR COLLABORATION

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Primary & Secondary Poisoning of Wildlife • Poisoning can be deliberate using specific poisons for poaching or

conflict reasons or accidental and usually involves:

• Rodenticides, • Herbicides, • Pesticides, • Environmental contamination • with metals and hydrocarbons • And some special cases • pharmaceuticals such as • diclofenac poisoning of vultures.

Secondary poisons are usually persistent, bioaccummulating and toxic substances It is a global growing issue.

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Impacts • Impacts with targeted

poisoning are obvious and can be documented.

• Secondary poisioning is extremely difficult to measure where the levels are low (but high levels usually are associated with a die-off event).

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Humans • With respect to chemicals,

concentrations of POPS in milk still indicate that chemical exposure is a concern.

• Exposures to chemical mixtures may not be adequately addressed by current policies, low dose may produce e.g. carcinogenic synergies

• 1.8 million children in the EU are born with levels of methylmercury that affect their cerebral development and cognitive performance later in life

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Main concerns DDT (?), organophosphate acaricides, organochlorines, pesticides (carbamates), sodium monofluoroacetate, rodenticides, lead, mercury, oestrogenic molecules, diclofenac & NSAIDs, …….. Don’t forget natural poisonings – botulism and algal toxicosis for example • But numbers of chemicals on the market is increasing

exponentially….

Modern chemistry high detection sensitivity to products in the environment – too sensitive e.g. pharmaceuticals?

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Local Response

• If a poacher or conflict farmer is determined to use poaching they will find a way of developing a cocktail whatever the controls.

• Think about the cost of forensic diagnosis compared to community dialogue.

• Some deterrence is good but ask yourself the question - how many humans are killed by elephants and how many elephants killed by poison….?

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National Regional Response Very few countries are tackling this issue directly but there are a few and some effort is made to identify potential sources • EU Directive 2004/28/EC, • Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation &

restriction of CHemicals • Environmental and Effects Testing for chemicals

and crop protection products (see EMEA website)

• Variation by region – e.g. volume of hazardous waste generation differs with 3 orders of magnitude between central asia and EU countries (UNEP 2013)

• Amounts of obsolete pesticides per country can be checked. [Data source: IHPA (International HCH and pesticide association), study from 2009 on obsolete pesticide stocks.

• Some National registers of poisoning exist.

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International Response

– Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (1989), the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides (1998) and the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001).

– CMS poisons working group – National implementation of the Globally Harmonized System of classification

and labelling of chemicals – Prevalence of business initiatives such as responsible care. CEFIC information

on Responsible Care participation – UNEP (2013a) Costs of Inaction on the Sound Management of Chemicals. United

Nations Environment Programme. http://www.unep.org/hazardoussubstances – UNEP (2013b) Global Chemicals Outlook, towards Sound Management of Chemicals.

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). United Nations Environment Programme. http://www.unep.org/hazardoussubstances.

10 Mike Kock

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VULTURES

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IUCN Red list status of the Africa’s vultures (Mundy, 2012) 1979 1985 1994 2000 2001 2011 2014 2015

Cape Griffon VU Rare¹ Rare VU VU VU CE?

Ruppell’s Griffon NT EN CE?

Eurasian Griffon

African W-b Vulture

NT EN CE?

Hooded Vulture EN EN CE?

Lappet-faced Vulture

VU VU VU CE?

White-headed Vulture

VU VU CE?

Cinereous Vulture

VU NT NT NT NT

Bearded Vulture LC LC Africa?

Egyptian Vulture EN EN CE?

Palm-nut Vulture LC 1. Rare- ”small world population...not at present EN or VU, but are at risk”

African Poisoning Database • Established 2012 • D. Ogada, R. Buij & A. Botha • Contains data from 1961 -

present • All available records from

known incidents • Historically published incidents • Shared data from various

sources

• Vulture losses recorded – • 1961 – 2003 - 2035 2004 – 2014 – 4065 • Total known vulture mortalities –

6100

• Other scavenging birds – 96 • Mammalian predators – 488

6100

29 67 488

Recorded animal mortalities

Vultures

Other raptors

Other birds

Scavengingmammals

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Data submission per Country

1245

1181

966

394

520

1234

154 10

12

536

2

30 5

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No of mortalities per Country

South Africa

Namibia

Zimbabwe

Kenya

Zambia

Botswana

Mozambique

DRC

Malawi

Tanzania

Cape Verde

Ethiopia

77

22

20

19

6

28

2 1

2

3

1 1

1 1

Data from 14 Countries (No of records)

South Africa

Namibia

Zimbabwe

Kenya

Zambia

Botswana

Mozambique

DRC

Malawi

Tanzania

Cape Verde

Huge gaps – especially West Africa

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Poisoning

Vulture poisoning – A re-emerging Threat? African Database (183 entries)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

200

8

200

9

201

0

201

1

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

1995-2015

1995-2015

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Mortalities per Species

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Substances used

9

2

24

15

11

3 11

109

Substances

UNIDOrganophosphate

Monocrotophos

Carbofuran

Aldicarb

Strychnine

Cyanide

Other

Unknown

• Sampling often inadequate

• Samples poorly preserved

• Advanced decomposition • Transportation and

permits • Equipment and skill

lacking • Laboratory facilities • Customs regulations - harmful chemicals - biological material • Appropriate analytical

tools • Cost factor • Can be critical ito

prosecution

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Recent incidents in southern Africa: • Mozambique – 76 birds (June

2011) • Zimbabwe – 174 birds (August

2012) • Mkhuze, South Africa – 41 birds

(Nov 2012) • Mozambique – 84 birds (May

2013) • Namibia – 400-500 birds June

2013 • Zambia – 302 birds (Oct 2013) • Zimbabwe – 219 birds (Oct 2013) • Imfolozi, South Africa – 37 birds

(Nov 2013) • Hoedspruit, Limpopo – 65 birds

(May 2015) • Botswana – 40 birds (June 2015) • Mozambique – 42 birds (July

2015)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Vultures poisoned

Vulturespoisoned

Poaching-related Incidents & Losses (Southern Africa)

137 Elephant vs. 1868 Vultures

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Muthi Trade

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Use in Traditional Medicines

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Protected Areas Vulture nests in Swaziland

(Monadjem & Garcelon 2005)

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ADDRESSING POISONING IN AFRICA PROPOSED APPROACH

IUCN ESA REGION

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UNREGULATED POISON IS DEVASTATING WILDLIFE IN EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA

• Rapid acceleration in use of poisons • Poisoning for wildlife products (ivory, rhino

horn, skins, etc.) • Retaliation for human-wildlife conflict • Multiple species impacted • Human health impacts Widespread problem Very low awareness • Only large poisoning incidents noticed,

chronic low level poisoning goes on under the radar

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UNREGULATED POISON IS DEVASTATING WILDLIFE IN EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA

Some key challenges:

• Generic chemicals widely available • Corruption and lack of enforcement of regulations • Low level donor interest

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Calls on governments and environmental authorities to: • Develop and enforce

appropriate legislation to

control, ban or restrict the

sale, storage, distribution,

use and disposal

• Introduce and enforce

penalties

• Training and logistical

support

• Enhance analytical

capacity & increase

sampling, testing and

monitoring efforts

• Increase grassroots

educational initiatives

Find sustainable solutions to

HWC

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IUCN ESARO NEW PROGRAMME OF WORK ON POISONS AND TOXINS

• Focus on Southern Africa (data availability, SADC technical committee, Biodiversity action plan)

• Transboundary nature of problem requires regional approach

Activities: • Fill in gaps, assess scale and impact on species

(human health?) • Map major hotspots of concern • Identify supply chains & engage w. producers,

distributors, wholesalers, retailers • Identify & address weaknesses in current

regulatory and enforcement frameworks • Support proper capture, analysis and

dissemination of data

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IUCN ESARO NEW PROGRAMME OF WORK ON POISONS AND TOXINS

• Support and guidance to Law Enforcement • Proper investigation and prosecution

procedures • Assess economic impacts of loss of species • Convene to raise awareness and catalyze

action (incl. awareness of Public Health Risks) • Regional and country/site-specific action plans Without Governmental support and intervention: No chance of success

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We need your feedback:

• Relevance to your group? • Link to other existing initiatives e.g. CMS

Poisons working group • Comments on proposed approach & activities • Roles (IUCN Secretariat, IUCN/SSC SG’s &

members)

?????

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THANK YOU!