Transcript
Page 1: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Classroom presentations to accompany

Understanding Earth, 3rd edition

prepared by

Peter Copeland and William Dupré

University of HoustonChapter 8Chapter 8

Metamorphic Rocks

Page 2: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic
Page 3: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Rocce Metamorfiche

Qualsiasi roccia (sedimentaria, vulcanica, plutonica,

metamorfica) che ha subito cambiamenti di struttura o

composizione mineralogica allo stato solido.

Page 4: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

• Le rocce metamorfiche derivano dalla parziale o completa ricristallizzazione dei minerali presenti in rocce preesistenti

• Le rocce rimangono essenzialmente solide durante il metamorfismo

Page 5: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Processo metamorficoLe trasformazioni metamorfiche sono provocate

da aumenti di PRESSIONE e/o di TEMPERATURA che avvengono, di regola, in profondità nella crosta terrestre.

Page 6: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Fig. 8.1

Variazioni di P e T con la profondità

Page 7: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Processo metamorficoFLUIDI (H2O): E’ molto importante

anche la presenza di fluidi (essenzialmente acqua) che hanno un’azione catalitica durante il metamorfismo, aiutando lo scambio di ioni tra i cristalli in crescita.

Al termine del processo metamorfico la roccia avrà raggiunto nuove condizioni di equilibrio con l’ambiente e, quindi, una nuova stabilità.

Page 8: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Minerali Indice

Sono minerali che possono formarsi sono in precisi intervalli di pressione e temperatura

Tutte le rocce che sono ricristallizzate in un certo intervallo di temperature e pressione costituiscono una facies metamorfica

Page 9: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Fig. 8.13

Metamorphic Facies

Page 10: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic
Page 11: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Tipi di metamorfismoRegionale: Cambiamenti molto estesi

causati da variazioni di T e P in seguito a forze tettoniche agenti sulle rocce

Deformazionale: Cambiamenti nelle rocce associate con faglie e pieghe.

Contatto: Dovuto essenzialmente all’alta temperatura

Page 12: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Tipi di metamorfismo

Seppellimento: Causato da un incremento graduale di P dovuto a progressivo seppellimento da parte di sedimenti.

Impatto: Causato da incrementi rapidi e improvvisi di P (impatto meteorico).

Page 13: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Fig. 8.14

Metamorfismo di contatto dei

calcari

Page 14: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Fig. 8.15

Metamorfismo di contatto di

sabbie e argille

Page 15: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic
Page 16: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Gneiss Occhiadino

Page 17: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic
Page 18: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Grado metamorfico

Le trasformazioni metamorfiche risultano più o meno forti a seconda dei valori della temperatura e della pressione che si sono raggiunti: si parla di grado basso, medio e alto.

Oltre certi valori di T e P si entra nell’ultrametamorfismo e si forma una roccia mista detta migmatite. Se il processo prosegue si passa ai magmi anatettici dalla cui cristallizzazione si formano i graniti.

Page 19: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Migmatite

Page 20: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Fig. 8.2

Gradi metamorfici

Page 21: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic
Page 22: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic
Page 23: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Famiglie di rocce metamorfiche• Filladi Da metamorfismo di basso grado di rocce argillose

o argillo-sabbiose. • Micascisti Da metamorfismo regionale di grado da medio

ad alto di rocce argillose• Gneiss Da metamorfismo regionale di grado da medio ad

alto di rocce argilloso-arenacee• Marmi (da metamorfismo regionale o di contatto di calcari),

calcescisti (da metamorfismo regionale di grado basso o medio di marne), serpentiniti (da metamorfismo regionale di basso grado di rocce ignee ultrabasiche – peridotiti)

• Scisti a glaucofane (metamorfismo di seppellimento)• Granuliti a granati (metamorfismo di alto grado tipico di crosta

molto profonda)

Page 24: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Ardesia

Page 25: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Scisto

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Gneiss

Page 27: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Quarzite

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Marmo

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Riepilogo

• Metamorfismo

Page 30: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Ciclo litogenetico

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Il Ciclo litogenetico

Page 32: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic
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Page 35: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Fine

Page 36: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Grado metamorfico

Refers to the intensity of

metamorphism.

High grade: high T, P

Low grade: low T, P

Page 37: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Types of metamorphismRegional: Widespread changes in

temperature and pressure bring about changes in rocks due to tectonic forces.

Contact: Intrusion of magma against colder rocks (affected area is proportional to the size and temperature of the intrusion but always only a local phenomenon).

Deformational: Changes in rocks associated with faulting and folding (regional or local).

Page 38: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Types of metamorphism (cont.)Burial: Changes in a rock due to the gradual

changes in T and P due to successive burial (regional).

Impact: Changes due to rapid increase in pressure (only localized).

Page 39: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic
Page 40: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic
Page 41: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic
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Page 43: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

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