classroom presentations to accompany understanding earth, 3rd edition prepared by peter copeland and...

43
Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Chapter 8 Metamorphic Rocks

Upload: baldovino-di-pietro

Post on 01-May-2015

221 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Classroom presentations to accompany

Understanding Earth, 3rd edition

prepared by

Peter Copeland and William Dupré

University of HoustonChapter 8Chapter 8

Metamorphic Rocks

Page 2: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic
Page 3: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Rocce Metamorfiche

Qualsiasi roccia (sedimentaria, vulcanica, plutonica,

metamorfica) che ha subito cambiamenti di struttura o

composizione mineralogica allo stato solido.

Page 4: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

• Le rocce metamorfiche derivano dalla parziale o completa ricristallizzazione dei minerali presenti in rocce preesistenti

• Le rocce rimangono essenzialmente solide durante il metamorfismo

Page 5: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Processo metamorficoLe trasformazioni metamorfiche sono provocate

da aumenti di PRESSIONE e/o di TEMPERATURA che avvengono, di regola, in profondità nella crosta terrestre.

Page 6: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Fig. 8.1

Variazioni di P e T con la profondità

Page 7: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Processo metamorficoFLUIDI (H2O): E’ molto importante

anche la presenza di fluidi (essenzialmente acqua) che hanno un’azione catalitica durante il metamorfismo, aiutando lo scambio di ioni tra i cristalli in crescita.

Al termine del processo metamorfico la roccia avrà raggiunto nuove condizioni di equilibrio con l’ambiente e, quindi, una nuova stabilità.

Page 8: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Minerali Indice

Sono minerali che possono formarsi sono in precisi intervalli di pressione e temperatura

Tutte le rocce che sono ricristallizzate in un certo intervallo di temperature e pressione costituiscono una facies metamorfica

Page 9: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Fig. 8.13

Metamorphic Facies

Page 10: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic
Page 11: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Tipi di metamorfismoRegionale: Cambiamenti molto estesi

causati da variazioni di T e P in seguito a forze tettoniche agenti sulle rocce

Deformazionale: Cambiamenti nelle rocce associate con faglie e pieghe.

Contatto: Dovuto essenzialmente all’alta temperatura

Page 12: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Tipi di metamorfismo

Seppellimento: Causato da un incremento graduale di P dovuto a progressivo seppellimento da parte di sedimenti.

Impatto: Causato da incrementi rapidi e improvvisi di P (impatto meteorico).

Page 13: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Fig. 8.14

Metamorfismo di contatto dei

calcari

Page 14: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Fig. 8.15

Metamorfismo di contatto di

sabbie e argille

Page 15: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic
Page 16: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Gneiss Occhiadino

Page 17: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic
Page 18: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Grado metamorfico

Le trasformazioni metamorfiche risultano più o meno forti a seconda dei valori della temperatura e della pressione che si sono raggiunti: si parla di grado basso, medio e alto.

Oltre certi valori di T e P si entra nell’ultrametamorfismo e si forma una roccia mista detta migmatite. Se il processo prosegue si passa ai magmi anatettici dalla cui cristallizzazione si formano i graniti.

Page 19: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Migmatite

Page 20: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Fig. 8.2

Gradi metamorfici

Page 21: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic
Page 22: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic
Page 23: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Famiglie di rocce metamorfiche• Filladi Da metamorfismo di basso grado di rocce argillose

o argillo-sabbiose. • Micascisti Da metamorfismo regionale di grado da medio

ad alto di rocce argillose• Gneiss Da metamorfismo regionale di grado da medio ad

alto di rocce argilloso-arenacee• Marmi (da metamorfismo regionale o di contatto di calcari),

calcescisti (da metamorfismo regionale di grado basso o medio di marne), serpentiniti (da metamorfismo regionale di basso grado di rocce ignee ultrabasiche – peridotiti)

• Scisti a glaucofane (metamorfismo di seppellimento)• Granuliti a granati (metamorfismo di alto grado tipico di crosta

molto profonda)

Page 24: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Ardesia

Page 25: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Scisto

Page 26: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Gneiss

Page 27: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Quarzite

Page 28: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Marmo

Page 29: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Riepilogo

• Metamorfismo

Page 30: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Ciclo litogenetico

Page 31: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Il Ciclo litogenetico

Page 32: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic
Page 33: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic
Page 34: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic
Page 35: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Fine

Page 36: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Grado metamorfico

Refers to the intensity of

metamorphism.

High grade: high T, P

Low grade: low T, P

Page 37: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Types of metamorphismRegional: Widespread changes in

temperature and pressure bring about changes in rocks due to tectonic forces.

Contact: Intrusion of magma against colder rocks (affected area is proportional to the size and temperature of the intrusion but always only a local phenomenon).

Deformational: Changes in rocks associated with faulting and folding (regional or local).

Page 38: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic

Types of metamorphism (cont.)Burial: Changes in a rock due to the gradual

changes in T and P due to successive burial (regional).

Impact: Changes due to rapid increase in pressure (only localized).

Page 39: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic
Page 40: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic
Page 41: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic
Page 42: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic
Page 43: Classroom presentations to accompany Understanding Earth, 3rd edition prepared by Peter Copeland and William Dupré University of Houston Chapter 8 Metamorphic