Download - CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY

CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY

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NF INFRATECH SERVICE PVT. LTD., NEW DELHI

CONTENTS

Chapter 1 : Background ..................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Concept .................................................................................................................. 1

1.2 The CSP Initiative ................................................................................................... 1

1.2.1 Context ............................................................................................................ 1

1.2.2 NUSP-Policy and Vision .................................................................................. 2

1.2.3 Vision ............................................................................................................... 3

1.2.4 The thrust of NSUP-Totally Sanitized City ........................................................ 3

1.3 City Sanitation Plan ................................................................................................. 3

1.3.1 Components of City Sanitation Plan ................................................................. 4

1.3.2 Strategy for City Sanitation Plan ...................................................................... 4

1.4 CSP Approach and Methodology ............................................................................ 5

1.5 Detailed Plan of Action ............................................................................................ 6

1.5.1 Profiling ULB .................................................................................................... 6

1.5.2 Sensitisation / Orientation Workshop and Stakeholder‘s Analysis .................... 6

1.5.3 Constituting: City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) .............................................. 7

1.5.4 Initiating IEC activities ...................................................................................... 7

1.5.5 Situation Analysis and Mapping Current Status ............................................... 7

1.5.6 Problem Analysis and Assessment of Options ................................................. 9

1.5.7 Developing and Consolidating CSP ................................................................. 9

1.6 Timeline for Totally Sanitized City/ .......................................................................... 9

1.7 CSP Sanitation Ranking ....................................................................................... 10

1.7.1 Categories of Indicators ................................................................................. 10

1.8 CSP Communication Need Assessment ............................................................... 11

Chapter 2 : City Profile ....................................................................................................... 1

2.1 City Profile .............................................................................................................. 1

2.2 REGIONAL SETTINGS and connectivity ................................................................ 1


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2.2.1 Regional Setting .............................................................................................. 1

2.2.2 Connectivity ..................................................................................................... 2

2.3 PHYSIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................... 4

2.3.1 Natural Drainage and Water Bodies ................................................................. 4

2.3.2 Vegetation ....................................................................................................... 4

2.3.3 Climate ............................................................................................................ 4

2.4 UDAIPUR MUNICIPAL CORPORATION ................................................................ 5

2.5 Urban Control Area ................................................................................................. 5

2.6 Land use and Master Plan ...................................................................................... 6

2.7 DEMOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................... 8

2.7.1 POPULATION GROWTH TREND ................................................................... 8

2.7.2 SEX RATIO ..................................................................................................... 9

2.7.3 LITERACY RATE ............................................................................................. 9

2.8 ECONOMY ........................................................................................................... 10

2.8.1 Small and Medium Industries ......................................................................... 11

2.8.2 Tourism .......................................................................................................... 12

2.9 Housing Scenario ................................................................................................. 14

2.10 Administrative Structure ........................................................................................ 15

Chapter 3 : City Sanitation Plan Components ................................................................... 18

3.1 Toilet coverage ..................................................................................................... 18

3.2 Solid Waste........................................................................................................... 18

3.3 Storm water Drainage ........................................................................................... 19

3.4 Drinking Water Supply .......................................................................................... 19

3.5 Environment.......................................................................................................... 19

3.6 Information, Education and Communication .......................................................... 20

Chapter 4 : Water Supply ................................................................................................. 21

4.1.1 Source of Water Supply ................................................................................. 21

.................................................................................................................................... 25


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4.1.2 Storage .......................................................................................................... 26

4.1.3 Distribution Network ....................................................................................... 28

4.1.4 Water Quality and Treatment Facility ............................................................. 28

4.1.5 Water Quality ................................................................................................. 29

4.2 Situation Analysis ................................................................................................. 29

4.2.1 Connections and Domestic Metering ............................................................. 29

4.2.2 Area and Population Coverage ...................................................................... 30

4.2.3 Unaccounted water ........................................................................................ 32

4.2.4 Service Adequacy and Key Issues ................................................................. 32

4.3 Future demand and Gap Analysis ......................................................................... 33

4.4 Ongoing Projects .................................................................................................. 34

4.5 Future Requirement .............................................................................................. 34

4.5.1 WTP and Storage Proposal ........................................................................... 35

4.6 Framework for Action ............................................................................................ 54

4.6.1 Strategies and Time Frame ............................................................................ 55

4.6.2 Recommendations ......................................................................................... 55

4.6.3 Best Practice.................................................................................................. 55

Chapter 5 : Making City Open Defecation Free ................................................................ 57

5.1 Present Status ...................................................................................................... 57

5.1.1 Individual Sanitation System .......................................................................... 57

5.2 Public Toilets ........................................................................................................ 58

5.3 Public Urinal.......................................................................................................... 62

5.4 Sanitation in InstitutIONS ...................................................................................... 63

5.5 Situation Analysis ................................................................................................. 63

5.5.1 Household Toilets .......................................................................................... 63

5.5.2 Septic Tanks .................................................................................................. 63

5.5.3 Leach pit ........................................................................................................ 64

5.5.4 On Pit Latrines ............................................................................................... 65


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5.5.5 Public Toilets and Urinals............................................................................... 66

5.6 Gap analysis ......................................................................................................... 67

5.7 Proposal Under CSP ............................................................................................. 68

5.8 Framework for Community Toilet .......................................................................... 69

5.9 Construction & Maintenance of Modern Public Toilets on BOT (Built, Operate &

Transfer) Basis ................................................................................................................ 71

5.9.1 Indicative Methodology for taking up Construction of Modern Public Toilets on

BOT basis .................................................................................................................... 72

5.10 Ecosan toilets ....................................................................................................... 79

Chapter 6 : Sewerage management ................................................................................. 80

6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 80

6.2 Present status ....................................................................................................... 80

6.3 Existing Sewerage System ................................................................................... 83

6.3.1 Sewerage System constructed by PHED ....................................................... 83

6.3.2 Sewerage system constructed by UIT ............................................................ 86

6.3.3 Pumping Stations and Lifting Stations in the existing system ......................... 87

6.3.4 Pumping Station near Amba Mata Bridge ...................................................... 87

6.3.5 Pumping Station (PS) Near Chand Pol .......................................................... 87

6.3.6 Pumping Station at Gadiya Devra .................................................................. 88

6.3.7 Lift Station near Naganagri Ramdwera .......................................................... 88

6.3.8 Lift Station near Maharaja Ghat ..................................................................... 88

6.4 Disposal of sewage ............................................................................................... 89

6.4.1 Existing Trunk Line ........................................................................................ 89

6.4.2 Pumping and Lifting Stations ......................................................................... 89

6.5 situation Analysis .................................................................................................. 90

6.6 future requirement................................................................................................. 90

6.6.1 Waste Water Management ............................................................................ 91

6.6.2 Demand and Gap in Waste Water Management ............................................ 92


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6.7 Framework for Action ............................................................................................ 93

6.7.1 Strategies and Time Frame ............................................................................ 95

6.7.2 Recommendations ......................................................................................... 95

6.7.3 Best Practice.................................................................................................. 95

Chapter 7 : Waste Water Management ............................................................................ 97

7.1 Sanitation Models/Technologies ........................................................................... 97

7.1.1 Wet and Dry Sanitation .................................................................................. 97

7.1.2 On-Site and Off-Site Sanitation Systems ....................................................... 98

7.1.3 Types of Toilets ............................................................................................. 98

7.1.4 Level of Sanitation and Service Provisions: ................................................... 99

7.1.5 On-Site or Off-Site Disposal: ........................................................................ 100

7.2 Technical Options ............................................................................................... 102

7.2.1 On-Site Sanitation Technologies .................................................................. 103

7.2.2 Off Site Wastewater Treatment Technologies: ............................................. 108

7.3 Reference ........................................................................................................... 124

Chapter 8 : Solid Waste Management ............................................................................ 125

8.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 125

8.2 Administration ..................................................................................................... 125

8.3 Solid Waste Quantities ........................................................................................ 126

...................................................................................................................................... 127

8.4 Existing Solid Waste Management System ......................................................... 127

8.5 Domestic Waste .................................................................................................. 127

8.6 Commercial waste .............................................................................................. 128

8.7 Waste from other institutions ............................................................................... 128

8.8 Waste from street sweeping ................................................................................ 128

8.9 hazardous waste ................................................................................................. 128

8.10 industrial waste ................................................................................................... 129

8.11 collection system ................................................................................................ 129


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8.11.1 Work Force .................................................................................................. 133

8.11.2 Street sweeping and Solid Waste Collection ................................................ 134

8.12 Gap analysis ....................................................................................................... 135

9.1 Proposals under CSP ......................................................................................... 136

9.2 Future waste generation ..................................................................................... 138

9.3 Waste Treatment Options ................................................................................... 138

9.3.1 Strategies and Time Frame .......................................................................... 142

9.3.2 Recommendations ....................................................................................... 143

Chapter 10 : Drainage and storm water management ................................................... 145

10.1 Existing status ..................................................................................................... 145

10.2 Industrial Waste .................................................................................................. 146

10.3 issues in existing drainage system ...................................................................... 147

10.4 Major Water Bodies ............................................................................................ 147

10.5 Construction of new Drains ................................................................................. 150

10.6 Development Plan for Ahar River ........................................................................ 150

Chapter 11 : The lake and Lake system ........................................................................ 151

11.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 151

11.1.1 History ......................................................................................................... 151

11.2 Lake System: ...................................................................................................... 151

11.2.1 Pichola ......................................................................................................... 151

11.2.2 Pichola Watershed ....................................................................................... 152

11.2.3 Parts of Pichola ............................................................................................ 153

Swaroop Sagar: ......................................................................................................... 153

11.2.4 Govardhan Sagar ........................................................................................ 153

11.2.5 Fateh Sagar Reservoir ................................................................................. 153

11.3 Morphometric of Udaipur Reservoirs ................................................................... 154

11.4 Importance .......................................................................................................... 154

11.4.1 As water Resources ..................................................................................... 155


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11.4.2 As Tourist Centre ......................................................................................... 155

11.5 Issues ................................................................................................................. 155

11.5.1 Waste Disposal ............................................................................................ 156

11.5.2 Drying up of Lake ......................................................................................... 156

11.5.3 Siltation ........................................................................................................ 156

11.5.4 Weeding ...................................................................................................... 156

11.5.5 Boating ........................................................................................................ 156

11.5.6 Idol immersion ............................................................................................. 156

11.5.7 Sewage Inflow ............................................................................................. 157

11.5.8 Washing ....................................................................................................... 157


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List of Tables

Table 2.1: Comparison of Sex ratio- India, Rajasthan & Udaipur City .................................... 9

Table 2.2: Comparison of Literacy Rate- India, Rajasthan & Udaipur city............................ 10

Table 2.4: Responsibility Matrix-Water Supply and Sewerage ............................................ 17

Table 4.2: Details of CWRs ................................................................................................. 26

Table 4.3: Storage details ................................................................................................... 27

Table 4.4: Salient features of Municipal Water supply ......................................................... 28

Table 4.5: Water Treatment Plants ...................................................................................... 28

Table 4.6: Water Quality in Pichola Lake............................................................................. 29

Table 4.7: Water Tariff ........................................................................................................ 30

Table 4.8: Water Supply coverage ...................................................................................... 30

Table 4.9: Demand Supply Gap .......................................................................................... 34

Table 4.10: Proposed WTPs ............................................................................................... 36

Table 4.11: Proposed Storage facilities ............................................................................... 36

Table 4.12: Proposed pipe line network .............................................................................. 38

Table 4.13: Investment Plan-Macro Level ........................................................................... 54

Table 4.14: Investment Plan Micro Level............................................................................. 54

Table 4.15: Strategies and Time Frame – Water Supply ..................................................... 55

Table 5.1: Individual Sanitation System .............................................................................. 57

Table 5.2: Pubic Toilets ....................................................................................................... 59

Table 5.3: Existing and Proposed Toilet Facilities ............................................................... 68

Table 6.2: Existing and Proposed Sewer Lines ................................................................... 91

Table 6.3: Sewage Generation ............................................................................................ 91

Table 6.4: STP Proposals ................................................................................................... 92

Table 6.5:Investement Plan Macro Level ............................................................................ 93

Table 6.6:Investment Plan Micro Level ............................................................................... 93

Table 6.7: Strategies and Time Frame ................................................................................ 95


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Table 7.1: Type of Waste generated in different disposal process....................................... 98

Table 8.2: Solid waste Composition .................................................................................. 126

Table 8.3: Details of Manpower and Equipment ................................................................ 133

Table 8.4: SWM Vehicles ................................................................................................. 133

Table 8.5: Existing SWM system in the City ...................................................................... 134

Table 9.1: Inventory of Existing Drainage Length .............................................................. 145

Table 9.2: Major Water Bodies .......................................................................................... 148

Table 9.3: Major Flood Prone Areas in Udaipur City......................................................... 149

Table 10.1 Morphometric features & irrigation details of reservoirs ................................... 154


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List of Figures

Figure 1.1: Approach and Methodology ................................................................................ 5

Figure 2.2: Projected Population by different method ............................................................ 9

Figure 2.3: Main workers participation of Udaipur City ........................................................ 11

Figure 2.4: Marginal workers participation of Udaipur City .................................................. 11

Figure 2.5: Tourist inflow of Udaipur comparison with other cities of Rajasthan .................. 12

Figure 2.6: Major Tourist spot of Udaipur. ........................................................................... 14

Figure 2.7: Institutional Framework-WSS ........................................................................ 17

Figure 4.2: Water supply map of the city. ............................................................................ 24

Figure 4.3: Water supply coverage...................................................................................... 31

In first phase the ESRs are proposed at the out growth areas sucha s Palri, Badagaon,

Sukher, Bhuwana, Dewali Rural , IIM colony, Govardhan Vilas Rural, and in Sajjan Nagar. 36

Figure 4.5: Exiting and Proposed WTPs and Storage ......................................................... 38

Figure 4.6: Proposed distribution network ........................................................................... 39

Figure 5.2: Existing Urinals ................................................................................................. 62

Figure 5.3: Schematic representation of Black Water Disposal Septic Tanks ...................... 63

Figure 5.4: Typical section of a Septic Tank ........................................................................ 65

Figure 5.5 Schematic representation of Pit Toilet ................................................................ 66

Figure 7.1: Option for collection and drainage of waste water ........................................... 101

Figure 7.3: Oxidation Ditch.............................................................................................. 108

Figure 7.4: Rotating Biological Contactor .......................................................................... 109

Figure 8.1: Composition of Waste (Veg. Market) and in commercial centre ...................... 127

Figure 8.2: : Location of Dust Bins and Solid waste dumping site..................................... 131

Figure 8.3: Waste collection area ...................................................................................... 133

Figure 9.1: Containers Proposed in UMC and in OG area ................................................. 137

Figure 11.2 Lake Pichola .................................................................................................. 152

Figure 11.1 Udaipur Lake System ..................................................................................... 152


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Chapter 1 : BACKGROUND

1.1 CONCEPT

Sanitation is a holistic term which can be defined as hygienic measures taken to maintain

public health, which includes safe disposal / reuse of excreta, liquid waste and solid wastes,

control of vectors of diseases, domestic, personal and food hygiene. It includes both

infrastructure (for example, latrines, compost pits) and behavior (for example, improved

hygiene practices, habit formation to switch from open to fixed point defecation).

Improved sanitation is hygienically separating human excreta from human contact and hence

reducing health risks to humans (WHO). Inadequate sanitation is thus the lack of improved

facilities (toilets, conveyance, and treatment systems), and hygienic practices (for example,

hand washing, proper water handling, personal hygiene, and so on) that exposes people to

human excreta and fecal-oral pathogens through different transmission pathways.

Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world-wide. Sanitation related illnesses in

both children and adults deplete productivity and resources and ultimately contributes to

deprivation. The problem of sanitation is much worse in urban areas than in rural due to

increase in congestion. The character of urban growth is often informal and takes place

predominantly in peri-urban areas or at city fringes. These results in a high number of people

exposed to severe health and environmental risks because they are unserved by the city‘s

sanitation systems. Tangible problems connected with urban sanitation are:

production of enormous amounts of waste and wastewater that is insufficiently

collected and treated;

lack of on-site systems for proper fecal sludge management;

pollution of shallow ground water – often the source of drinking water for slum dwellers

– by leaking sewers, waste, and latrine contents; and

Uncontrolled reuse of (untreated) sewage for irrigation in peri-urban agriculture.

Municipalities all over the world face great difficulties in providing sustainable infrastructure to

their citizens especially in developing countries since they are most affected by this rampant

urbanization.

1.2 THE CSP INITIATIVE

1.2.1 Context

According to 2011 census, the Urban Population in India has increased to 31.16 percent

i.e. 121.1crore persons, compared to 27.8 percent in 2001. This massive urban



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Water supply: As per 2011 census 70.6 per cent of urban population is covered by individual connections, compared with 91 per cent in China, 86 per cent in South Africa and 80 per cent in Brazil. Duration of water supply in Indian cities ranges from 1 hour to 6 hours, compared with 24 hours in Brazil and China and 22 hours in Vietnam. Per capita supply of water in Indian cities ranges from 37 lpcpd to 298 lpcpd for a limited duration, while Paris supplies 150 lpcpd continuously and Mexico 171 lpcpd for 21 hours a day. Most Indian cities do not have metering for residential water connections. Seventy percent of water leakages occur from consumer connections and due to malfunctioning of water meters. Non-revenue water (NRW) accounts for 50 per cent of water production compared with 5 per cent in Singapore.

Sanitation: Even a partial sewerage network is absent in 4861 cities and towns in India. Almost 50 percent of households in cities like Bangalore and Hyderabad do not have sewerage connections. As per 2011 census, about 13 per cent of urban households do not have access to any form of latrine facility and defecate in the open. Census 2011 also revealed that about 37 per cent of urban households are connected with open drainage and another 18 per cent are not connected at all. Less than 20 per cent of the road network is covered by storm water drains. As per the report of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) 2009, only about 20 per cent sewage generated was treated before disposal in Class I cities and Class II towns (as per 2001 census). As per CPCB report brought out in 2005, about 1,15,000 MT of Municipal Solid Waste is generated daily in the country. However, scientific disposal of the waste generated is almost non-existent.

transformation accompanying India‘s rapid economic growth is posing unprecedented

challenges to India‘s growing cities and towns particularly in the provision of infrastructure

such as water, sanitation and sewerage meeting the needs of a future urban population of 600

million people by 2031.

Cities and towns of India are visibly deficient in the quality of services they provide, even to

the existing population. Present status of urban service delivery is given in box below.

This has imposed significant public health and environmental cost to urban areas, which

contributes more than 60percent of the country‘s GDP. The status in respect of the urban poor

has even been worse. Need was to match massive investment requirement both capital and

O&M for providing urban infrastructure to the urban population1 and to achieve target of

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

1.2.2 NUSP-Policy and Vision

The Government of India had launched National Urban Sanitation Policy in November 2008

with the goal of making India ―community driven, totally sanitized, healthy and livable cities

and towns‖. Policy is to bring together the Central, State and Local governments on one side

and Non-government organizations and public participation on the other to ensuring proper

flow of funds for upgrading services to the international standards.

1Economic Survey 2004-2005 stated: investment needs for urban WSS and SWM for the

2002-2007 period of Rs 537 billion, and funds available were estimated to be about Rs 358

million.



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The policy advocates that all cities would become open defecation free, all human wastes and

liquid wastes would be collected and safely treated and adequate resources would be

available for the operation and maintenance of the sanitation facilities.

1.2.3 Vision

All Indian cities and towns become totally sanitized, healthy and livable and ensure and

sustain good public health and environmental outcomes for all their citizens with a

special focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities for the urban poor and

women.

To translate National Urban Sanitation Policy vision into action plans, states are required to

develop state sanitation strategy. Cities which are responsible for sanitation are required to

develop city sanitation plans, implement and maintain the infrastructure facilities.

The policy focuses on management of human excreta and associated public health and

environmental impacts, however for totally sanitized city the solution needs to be integral,

taking into account other elements of environmental sanitation, i.e. solid waste management;

generation of industrial and other specialized/ hazardous wastes; drainage; as also the

management of drinking water supply.

1.2.4 The thrust of NSUP-Totally Sanitized City

A totally Sanitized City will be one that has achieved the outputs or milestones specified in the

National Urban Sanitation policy, the salient features of which are as follows:

Cities must be open defecation free.

Must eliminate the practice of manual scavenging and provide adequate personnel

protection equipment that addresses the safety of sanitation workers.

Municipal wastewater and storm water drainage must be safely managed.

Recycle and reuse of treated wastewater for non-potable applications should be

implemented wherever possible.

Solid waste collected and disposed-off fully and safely.

Services to the poor and systems for sustaining results.

Improved public health outcomes and environmental standards.

1.3 CITY SANITATION PLAN

City Sanitation (Master) Plans (CSP), are the outputs of strategic planning processes for

citywide sanitation sector development. Its objective is to develop and maintain a clean, safe



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and pleasant physical environment to promote social, economic and physical wellbeing of all

sections of the population. It encompasses plan of action for achieving 100 percent sanitation

in the city through demand generation and awareness campaign, sustainable technology

selection, construction and maintenance of sanitary infrastructure, provision of services, O&M

issues, institutional roles and responsibilities, public education, community and individual

action, regulation and legislation.

1.3.1 Components of City Sanitation Plan

A city sanitation plan is guided by the vision, missions, and goals of sanitation development as

well as strategies to meet these goals. The city sanitation plan covers:

Technical Aspects, including strategies and programs for the development of (a)

domestic as well as industrial wastewater services, (b) solid waste including clinical

and other hazardous waste management, and (c) storm water drainage system.

Non-Technical Aspects, including strategies for the development of non-physical

aspects such as (a) community awareness and participation, (b) policy and regulation,

(c) institutional capacity, (d) private sector engagement, (e) NGO engagement, (f)

financing and tariffs, and (g) monitoring and evaluation.

1.3.2 Strategy for City Sanitation Plan

A broad city level strategy for preparation and implementation of the City Sanitation Plan is

based on five strategic pillars, namely, (1) Technology Options; (2) Financial Options; (3)

Institutional and Governance Options; (4) Capacity Enhancement and Awareness Generation

Options; and (5) Inclusive Approach. The strategic outputs and proposals are guided by the

following points:

Ensured Coordination-Enhancing synergy among the actors in various

departments working in the field of water supply and sanitation, such as health,

education, public health and engineering department, including municipal government

agencies, industry, environment, transport, pollution control board, the private sector,

NGOs, and others.

Locally Adaptable Plan: Employing appropriate technologies that are suitable to

user needs, while ensuring that they are relevant to the city‘s actual conditions,

comply with technical standards, and prevent potential impacts.

Equitable: Develop sanitation in all parts of the city (city-wide), prioritizing poor

residential areas where the health risks are highest.

IEC: Promote awareness of health and hygiene behavior while creating demand for



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better sanitation services.

Resource Generation and Mobilization: Create opportunities and incentives for

private sector initiatives in the development and operation of sanitation services.

Increase funding from sources other than municipal government, such as from the

national and provincial governments, donor agencies, the private sector and the public.

Existing Infrastructure Utilization: Foster better use of existing sanitation

services, which becomes the basis for developing new services.

Partnering citizens: Encourage the development of community-based sanitation

services, especially in areas where public and private services are difficult to

establish. Engage stakeholder groups, including women groups, in sanitation

planning, in line with their respective capacities.

Institutional and regulatory Frame Work: Create enabling institutional and

regulatory frameworks to accelerate sanitation services development.

1.4 CSP APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

It is ensured that CSP for Udaipur be an inclusive, comprehensive and participatory, providing

for complete access to sanitation to the entire population of the town keeping in focus the

existing status of sanitation infrastructure as well as future development perspective and

growth of the urban areas in the city. With the said objective sequence of activities undertaken

with multi tasks performed by the consultant along with all stakeholders are given on the next

page in figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1: Approach and Methodology



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1.5 DETAILED PLAN OF ACTION

1.5.1 Profiling ULB

As a preparatory work, a preliminary profiling of ULBs using service level benchmark

indicators and city ratings to highlight the sanitation situation, health indicators and current

projects is undertaken from secondary data sources.

1.5.2 Sensitisation / Orientation Workshop and Stakeholder’s Analysis

Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) is responsible for sanitation therefore approach should be

demand responsive. This gives way for strategic involvement of stakeholders from data



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collection to analysis to prioritization of plan formalization. It generatesinformed civil society

helping in monitor its implementation. Various institutions, organizations, individuals, NGOs,

academics, journals, local corporations, industry owners, consultants, representatives of

private sector etc. are identified in Udaipur, suggesting the strengths and competencies

required for sanitation.

A City level orientation workshop at city level involving identified stakeholders has been

organized to highlight key issues related to access sanitation in city, in particular, slums;

awareness generation on behavioral change; community participation and project

prioritization; and a number of technical, institutional and financial issues to be addressed in

CSP.

1.5.3 Constituting: City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF)

The National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) has recommended formation of a multi-

stakeholder City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) which will be responsible for overseeing the

preparation, planning and implementation of the City Sanitation Plan. The main objective of

CSTF is to have representation from different segment of the society for an inclusive

sanitation plan, which serves all segments of the society.

CSTF has been constituted to mobilize Stakeholders towards clean city environment and

hygienic disposal of solid as well as liquid waste. Building consciousness of urban local

bodies, government agencies and amongst the people of the city towards positive outcome of

totally sanitize city. CSTF will organize a multi-stakeholder, multi-party meeting in the

preparatory stage, and take a formal resolution to make the city 100% sanitized.

1.5.4 Initiating IEC activities

A city-wide Information, Education and Communication (IEC) Strategy is designed for raising

awareness on the public health and environmental importance of sanitation. The socio-cultural

bases against sanitation and sanitary work are targeted, and dignity and humane approach

promoted in the elevation of priority to sanitation in public affairs. Further, the public-good

nature of urban sanitation necessitating collective action needs to be highlighted in the minds

of all stakeholders. For this purpose, it is recommended that ULBs utilizes suitable player for

inter-personal IEC and training from the existing system like; ward development committees,

health institutions, schools, the private sector (retailers, contractors, suppliers, plumbers,

masons), neighborhood committees and NGOs, Anganwadi workers etc.

1.5.5 Situation Analysis and Mapping Current Status

Situation will be analyzed by taking into consideration the ground realities, local conditions,



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and assessment of the present sanitation situation. The team of consultants will undertake the

following tasks:

a. Obtain base maps and develop them with the help of TSS, and available secondary data

on the city‘s demographics, service levels of water and sanitation.

b. Collect and plot on city map information on sanitation (household toilets, public/

community toilets, collection, conveyance, treatment and disposal of human excreta

through sewer networks or surface drains and household liquid wastes, with special

emphasis on slums).

c. Collect information on solid waste (collection, transportation and disposal including

treatment of waste) and other relevant information.

d. Collect and plot on city map information on drains (existence/ type of drains– whether

built‐up pucca drains or kuchcha drains/ condition/ whether flowing or blocked/ practice of

dumping solid waste indiscriminately in the drains/ their size, type and direction of flow/

whether functional or otherwise/ whether the drains are likely to pollute nearby water

sources and create other nuisance/ their maintenance.

e. Collect information on water supply, wastewater generation, collection and disposal,

including proposed sewage collection and treatment schemes, which are being

implemented or planned.

f. Collect and categorize the institutions from the point of generating liquid and solid waste,

including institutions (like industries, hospitals) that produce and dispose hazardous

wastes, including impact of this waste on public water bodies and the environment in the

surrounding area.

g. Collect data on municipal finances, (including financial grants available from various state

and national schemes such as ILCS, etc.), especially demand and collection of water and

sewerage/ sanitation charges, including connection fees and user charges; and capital

costs and operation and maintenance costs for water and sewerage/ sanitation services,

and solid waste.

h. Collect information on organizational roles and responsibilities, and monitoring and

evaluation arrangements for the delivery of sanitation services.

i. Collect additional data to fill the gaps in the available information.

Note: The Situational Analysis will address all issues like: coverage of sewer network and

zone wise STP capacity utilization, status of public toilets, disposal of night soil where sewer

connection does not exist, disposal of domestic wastewater/ storm water/ solid waste,



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disposal of wastes of special category (like industrial waste and public institutions) and other

issues pertaining to sanitation. The results of the analysis will be presented on the city map.

Situation Analysis Report shall be presented to stakeholders for validation of findings, and to

solicit suggestions towards improvements in sanitation.

1.5.6 Problem Analysis and Assessment of Options

Followed by situational analysis key issues are identified in coverage, access, treatment and

disposal, institutional, financial, social and cultural aspects and capacity concerns. Also

reviewed comprehensive range of sanitation and wastewater management options, including

industrial and municipal sewerage, sewage treatment , conventional and low cost, centralized

and decentralized sewerage, separate and combined and effluent disposal options, on-site

sanitation options, separate programs for schools, public toilets, sanitation in slums,

community-based NGO-supported programs etc.

Purpose of options analysis is to identify plausible technical, financial and institutional

solutions and will consider (i) unit cost per beneficiary, (ii) maximizing both human and

environmental benefits, (iii)sustainability, (iv) a long term plan, (v) government policy including

land use zoning, (vi) piloting new approaches, (vii) beneficiary participation, (viii) wastewater

as a resource, (ix) lessons learned from the past and (x) political commitment.

1.5.7 Developing and Consolidating CSP

Having completed above steps, CSP has been formulated to articulate Sanitation Goals,

specific quantifications both in terms of technical, capacities and financials based on

stakeholder consultations and the analysis of choices made depending on costs of capital

investments, operation and maintenance, monitoring, and evaluation.

Project priorities for sanitation considered the following:

1. Serving the un-served urban poor

2. Serving the un-served schools

3. Serving the un-served public areas

4. Institutional capacity building for sustainability and environmental monitoring

5. Grant elements for demonstration pilot projects for eco-sanitation (private developers)

6. Rehabilitation of existing facilities.

7. Improvement of existing sanitation (septic tank sludge and effluent treatment).

8. Extension of existing sewerage and sewage treatment (as a last priority).

1.6 TIMELINE FOR TOTALLY SANITIZED CITY/

The system shall be designed under the broad framework as per the guidelines for a design



10

period of 30 years; however, the planning shall entail the implementation of the design in

phases to meet the ultimate goals of the CSP. The phased approach aims to navigate through

the challenges posed by the limitations in investments, institutional capacities, and community

engagement in a proficient manner. The phases and the corresponding timelines are defined

as stated below:

Table 1.1: Timeline for Totally Sanitized City

Phase Year

Immediate 2013 - 2015

Short-Term 2016-2018

Mid-Term 2019- 20-28

Long-Term 2029 - 2045

1.7 CSP SANITATION RANKING

In order to promote urban sanitation and recognize excellent performance in this area, the

Government of India instituted an annual award scheme for cities. The award was based on

the premise that improved public health and environmental standards are the two outcomes

that cities must seek to ensure quality of life for urban citizens. The awards were not merely

an assessment of hardware or expenditure incurred in urban sanitation but how these lead to

achievements of milestones of 100 % safe disposal of wastes from the city on a sustainable

basis. For the assessment, The Ministry of Urban Development identified a set of output,

process and outcome indicators that were used to assess the existing sanitation conditions in

the city. The list of indicators pertained to the practice of open defecation, access to sanitation

(individual, community and public), collection, treatment and disposal of solid and liquid

wastes, proper upkeep and maintenance of the sanitation infrastructure, clear institutional

roles and responsibilities and improvements in health and environment.

The survey was undertaken across 423 cities including Municipal Corporations and Class A

cities across the country. As per the national ranking, Udaipur was ranked 262ndat the national

level with an overall aggregate mark of 31.95 on 100.

1.7.1 Categories of Indicators

The rating exercise involved three categories of indicators:

Output Indicators: pertained to the city having achieved certain results or outputs in

different dimensions of sanitation ranging from behavioral aspects and provision, to safe

collection treatment and disposal without harm to the city‘s environment. There were nine

main output-indicators accounting for 50 points of the total of 100 points.

Process Related: indicators pertained to systems and procedures that exist and are



11

practiced by the city agencies to ensure sustained sanitation. There were seven main

process-indicators accounting for 30 points of the total of 100 points.

Outcome Related: indicators included the quality of drinking water and that of water in

water-bodies of city, as also the extent of reduction in sanitation-related and water-borne

diseases in the city over a time period. There were three main outcome-indicators

accounting for 20 points of a total of 100 points. (The weights for output, process and

outcome indicators were valid for this round of rating).

1.8 CSP COMMUNICATION NEED ASSESSMENT

Information, Education and Communication (IEC) & Capacity Building strategy are integral to

core issue of developing city sanitation plan. It leads to development of robust yet effective

awareness and communication strategy for promoting hygiene & sanitation in the city to

trigger behavior change and demand for sanitation. The strategy will aim for citizen

participation in improving city sanitation specifically reaching out to the slum dwellers and

urban poor in the city. It will evolve a method, tools & techniques, and use of various media

(interpersonal, print, electronic, folk) including advocacy with opinion leaders NGOs/CBOs and

other stakeholders to deliver awareness strategy in the city. The experience of previous

awareness programmes organized in the city has also been taken into account to integrate

the innovative ideas and strategies used.

Objectives: The objective of IEC & Capacity Building Strategy is to evolve an effective plan of

sustainable programmes for capacity building and sensitization of implementers, education

and enhancedawareness for stakeholders specifically citizens regarding sanitation activities in

Udaipur City. The strategy is designed to:

Strengthening CSP implementation by Urban Local Body through training and capacity

building;

Sensitize citizens for adopting water wastage minimization, segregation & management

and open defecation free practices through IEC campaign.

By working at both the levels mentioned above a culture of communications and

consultations is fostered leading to participation.

Methodology: Water and sanitation services in cities face specific challenges. Udaipur is a

tourist as well as industrial and commercial centre. There is a massive in-flux of tourist and

workers is a daily phenomenon. In some parts of the year influx is higher than the others.

These pose challenges to the city administration with respect to toilets, solid waste

management and water supply. It was found that communication is a crucial element in

improving service delivery standards. However, apart from educating citizens on health and



12

hygiene, improving municipal processes by way of citizen consultation and participation

remains a necessary goal; without citizen inputs right from the design stage implementation of

water and sanitation projects risk failure.

Communication needs assessment identified three stages for implementation of Information,

Education and Communication strategy for improvement in water and sanitation services.

These are 1) Awareness, 2) Process and 3) Compliance. While it is generally understood that

these stages would lead to better citizen participation in the schemes, it is in fact imperative

for all stakeholders to be appraised of them from their own specific stand points. Awareness

includes an understanding of health and hygiene related education specifically directed

towards slums. Equally important is an awareness of municipal leaders about the problems

face by all the residents including slum and middle class households, sanitation workers. This

awareness is generally taken for granted. Here, proposal is of open and specific appraisals be

carried out without assuming too much of prior knowledge regarding sanitation issues. Next is

to create processes which are essential to maintain improved services. These could include

citizen participation in community toilet maintenance, outsourcing of operations and

maintenance to private partners in public toilets, solid waste management and establishing

citizen grievance resolution systems to name a few. A consolidation of these gains can only

occur when all stakeholders comply with the rules. As system of incentivizing desirable

behaviours and weeding out undesirable behaviours must be developed, these programmes,

processes and goals will be set by the urban local body.

The key idea is to carry out a needs assessment within the existing infrastructure as well as

the strategy to go with expansion of infrastructure. Following steps were identified before

visiting the field.

1. Identifying stakeholder groups and available channels of communication categories them

2. Focus Group Discussions, Interviews, Transit Walks.

3. Topic Guides were prepared for each stakeholder group.

4. Data Collection. Field assessment of communications needs was carried out.

These methods helped the author evolve a case study approach towards communication

needs assessment for Udaipur. Case study approach offers the best possible method for

evolving Information, Education and Communications strategy for the city concerned. As the

city is large a random sample based survey will cost a lot and will be labour intensive. Such as

survey is likely to conceal extreme situations within a large city. A case study approach

utilizing information sampling can reveal much more through discussions with citizens on the

margins and those on the frontlines of implementation.



13

I. Stakeholders: Opinion leaders to be targeted as a high influence group both for

interviews and implementation of communications strategies among residents,

establishments and ULB officials. Resident include all those living within city municipal

limits they can be classified as HIG, LIG and slum dwellers. In smaller towns a division

into higher income group, middle class and Slum dweller could be sufficient. Shop

keepers and commercial establishments constitute a separate group especially for

generation of market and industrial waste. Interview and discussions included officials

from various departments, residents in middle class areas, sanitation workers, NGOs

involved in water and sanitation sector, shopkeeper, factory owners, leather

storeowners, media persons etc.

II. Locations for FGDs were selected to represent the variety of samples. Slum locations

can be classified based on local knowledge. Generally, slums in outskirts and those in

interiors offer two different typologies. There are slums with predominant SC or ST

populations. Slums along railway lines and those along riverbeds form an essential

typology. Vicinity to industry constitutes another significant parameter.



1

Chapter 2 : CITY PROFILE

2.1 CITY PROFILE

Udaipur city of dawn, is a lovely land around the blue water lake hemmed in the by the lush

hills of Aravallis. A vision in the white drenched and beauty, Udaipur is a fascinating blend of

sights, sound and experiences and inspiration for the imagination of poets, painters and

writers. It has kaleidoscope of fairy tale of palaces, lakes, temples and gardens. The city

carries the flavor of heroic past, epitomizing velour and chivalry.

Udaipur was founded in 1559 by Maharna Udai Singh II as the final capital of the erstwhile

Mewar Kingdom, located to the southwest of Nagada on the banks of Banas river. Legend is

such that the Maharana Udai Singh II came upon a hermit while hunting iin the foothills of the

Aravalli range. The hermit blessed the king and asked him to build a palace on the spot,

assuring him it would be well protected. Udai Singh II consequently established a residence

on the site. In 1568 the Mughal emperor Akbar captured the fort of Chittorgarh and Udai Singh

II moved capital to the site of his residence, which became the city of Udaipur.

As the Mughal empire weakened, the Sisodia Ranas and later Maharanas (Also called

Guhilots or Suryavansh), who had always tried to oppose Mughal dominance, reasserted their

independence and recaptured most of Mewar except for Chittorgarh. Udaipur remained the

capital of the state, which became a princely state of British India in 1818. Being a mountain

region and unsuitable for heavily armoured Mughal horses, Udaipur remained safe from

Mughal influence in spite of much pressure. The Rajvansh of Udaipur was one of the oldest

dynasties of the world.

2.2 REGIONAL SETTINGS AND CONNECTIVITY

2.2.1 Regional Setting

In geographical terms, it covers an area that lies between 24°28‘49‘‘ and 24°42‘56‘‘ N latitudes

and 73°36‘51‘‘ and 73°49‘46‘‘ E longitude. It has an altitude of 598 meter from Mean Sea

Level.



2

Situated in north-eastern part of Girwa Tehsil of Udaipur district, Udaipur is historically and

geographically the heart of erstwhile Mewar State. Located almost in the middle on stretch of

Delhi- Mumbai National Highway (NH8),

Figure 2.1: Regional Setting

2.2.2 Connectivity

Udaipur is located almost at the centre of the Delhi-Mumabi National Highway (NH-8). Udaipur

is well connected to state capital Jaipur (420 km) in northeast and Ahmedabad (250km) in

southwest. Udaipur is connected to other centers to the state by three state highways, SH-9

connecting Chittorgarh, SH32 connecting Banswara and SH-32 connecting Mount Abu.

Udaipur is well connected by road to major cities in India. Brilliant road network ensure people

to enjoy a relaxed journey to and from Udaipur. This mode of commuting is quite easy and

economical. Udaipur Bus Stand has regular bus services, connecting Udaipur with nearby

cities including Delhi, Jaipur, Chittorgarh, Indore, Kota, Ajmer, Ahmedabad and Mt. Abu.

Rajasthan Roadways provides the facility of Deluxe Buses and AC coaches for the

convenience of passengers. One can also hire taxis and cars to reach Udaipur by road.



3

Udaipur Railway Station is located at a comfortable distance from the city of Udaipur.

Rajasthan Railways connects Udaipur station with all the other cities of Rajasthan as well as

India. There are frequent trains which run to and from Udaipur connecting Jaipur, Mumbai and

Delhi.

Udaipur Airport namely Maharana Pratap Airport is located near Dabok at a distance of 22

kms from the city. Many domestic airlines connect the city to all the major cities of India

including Jaipur, Mumbai, Delhi, and Kolkata. Regular air services are available for Delhi and

Mumbai.



4

2.3 PHYSIOGRAPHY

Udaipur is located in the center of a Saucer shaped (Bowl shapes) valley basin and is girdled

Aravalli hills.

The general slope of the city is towards the southeast.

2.3.1 Natural Drainage and Water Bodies

Udaipur is drained by Ahad River, which is the main river of the region which flows from the

north west towards south east. The river is seasonal river, which originates from a 991 meter

high hill in the north eastern part of Gogunda plateau.

The region is blessed with numerous water bodies. The major water bodies in the region are

Lake Pichola, Lake Fatehsagar, Lake Govardhan Sagar and Badi Talab,

2.3.2 Vegetation

The vegetation is very scanty, the natural vegetation has almost disappeared due to instance

biotic interference. The over grazed and completely degraded area has now traces of trees,

shrubs and grass species. The common trees available are Aam, Roonjh, Godal, Dhak,

Kumtha, Mahuwa, Neem, Babul, Ber, Anwala, Besharm, Dhamas and Thor.

2.3.3 Climate

Udaipur city has particularly a tropical climate. The three main seasons, summer, monsoon

and winter respectively, dominate the city of Udaipur. Situated at an altitude of 598m above

sea level, moreover in a desert area, Udaipur has sultry type of Climate. However, Udaipur is

the only place in Rajasthan that has quite moderate climate throughout the year. In summers,

the scorching sun makes the city hot whereas in winters the weather is pleasant.

Being located in the desert lands of Rajasthan, the climate and weather of Udaipur is usually



5

hot. The summer season runs from Mid-March to June and touches the temperature of 38°C.

Monsoons arrive in the month of July heralded by dust and thunderstorms. The city annually

receives around 637 mm of rainfall. This scanty amount of rainfall makes Udaipur more

humid. The humidity reaches to the extent of 90 % during the months of Monsoons.

2.4 UDAIPUR MUNICIPAL CORPORATION

Udaipur Municipal Corporation is the administrative headquarters of the Udaipur district in the

state of Rajasthan in western India. The Municipal Corporation of Udaipur is comprises of 55

wards and the total geographical area of the city is 64 Sq km.

2.5 URBAN CONTROL AREA

Udaipur Urban Control area belt prepared to control unplanned development and ensure

systematic urban development. This belt is about 3 to 4 km radius around Udaipur. This belt

consists of urbanized area, Urbanizable area and Municipal area and 62 revenue villages. The

land within urban control area can be utilized apart from agriculture, for diary horticulture, farm

houses, resorts, motels, amusement park, water theme parks and ago based industries.

The boundary of urban control area is fixed in order to have proper planned development of

villages, which are out of urbanized area because if the development of these rural areas is



6

not counted then it may affects adversely the development of urbanized area.

Sl No. Zone Area in Ha Population 2001 Density per Ha

1 Village area 11296 96,112 8.5

2 Urbanizable area 11348 7540 0.66

3 Urbanized Area 5737 2492 0.43

4 Municipal Area 6410 3,89,438 60.75

Total Urban Control Area 34791 4,95,582 14.24

Souce:City Development Plan 2015

Northeast part of Udaipur has plain area so secondary and tertiary activities are increasing in

this direction. Amberi, Sukher, Sobhagpura, Raghunathpura and Bhuwana located in

north/northeast direction of Udaipur have small-scale industries and maximum minerals

activities. Hindustan Zinc Ltd. established near Lake Udai sagar in east direction of Udaipur

urban control area. Dabok, Gudli and Gadwa area in developed Mewar industrial area and

other small-scale industries have also come up along this corridor towards Chittorgarh. Major

development activities have increased near water bodies and highways of Udaipur. Udaipur is

essentially developing along NH8 to Ahmedabad and NH76 to Chittorgarh. See map 3.5 to

look at the growth directions of Udaipur.

2.6 LAND USE AND MASTER PLAN

The master paln-2001 is proposed a land use pattern of 2022. Out of the total developed area,

37.42% was allocated for residential use, 18.8% under circulation, 12.3% as public and semi-

public, 10.5% as industrial, 3.82% as commercial, 25.41% as recreational and 1.2% as

Government lands.

LANDUSE AREA IN ACRE

1971 1988 1997 2011

RESIDENTIAL 1585 2565 4988 8052

COMMERCIAL 115 295 548 659

INDUSTRIAL 170 910 1152 1553

GOVT AND SEMI-GOVT 75 92 96 212

RECREATIONAL 365 302 358 534

PUBLIC AND SEMI PUBLIC 1010 1615 1632 2066

CIRCULATION 540 995 1105 1387

DEVELOPED LAND 3860 6774 9879 14463

GOVT LAND 130 800 865 929



7

AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED

ACTIVITIES ACTIVITIES, FARM,

AND FOREST

75 255 285 1579

WATER BODIES 85 135 1900 2394

OTHER OPEN SPACE 150 531 9672 7560

TOTAL 4300 8495 22601 26925



8

2.7 DEMOGRAPHY

2.7.1 POPULATION GROWTH TREND

In 2011, Udaipur had a population of 451,735 of which male and female were 234,681 and

217,054 respectively. Although Udaipur city has population of 451,735; its urban metropolitan

population is 475,150 of which 246,856 are males and 228,294 are females. Udaipur urban

control area belt was prepared to control unplanned development. This belt is about 3 to 4 km

radius around Udaipur. This belt consists of urbanized area, Urbanizable area and Municipal

area and 62 revenue villages. The land within urban control area can be utilized apart from

agriculture, for dairy, horticulture, farm houses, resorts, motels, amusement park, Water Park

and agro-based industries.



9

Figure 2.2: Projected Population by different method

It is suggested that average of all the method should be taken into consideration.

Table 2: Projected Population

Year Projected Population

2011 451735

2021 541219

2031 641457

2041 755736

2.7.2 SEX RATIO

Males and females constitute 51.95% (234,681) and 48.05% (217,054) of the total population,

respectively. The overall sex ratio is 925, which is lower than the National figure.

Table 2.1: Comparison of Sex ratio- India, Rajasthan & Udaipur City

Area Sex Ratio (Overall) Sex Ratio (Children 0-6 yrs.)

India 940 914

Urban India 926 902

Rajasthan 926 869

Udaipur City 925 869

Source: Census 2011

2.7.3 LITERACY RATE

Total number of literate people in Udaipur City is 366,598 (90.66%). Male literacy rate is

higher at (200,051) compared to female literacy rate of 166,547). The average literacy rate of

2013 2015 2021 2025 2031 2035 2040 2041

Arithmetic 466258 480781 524350 553395 596964 626010 662317 669578

Geometric 474555 498528 577959 637826 739452 816047 923042 946069

Incremental 465898 479940 521347 548351 587956 613759 645337 651562

Average 468904 486416 541219 579857 641457 685272 743565 755736

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

900000

1000000

Po

pu

lati

on



10

the city is 90.66 percent of which male and female literacy is 95.56 percent and 85.39 percent

respectively.

Table 2.2: Comparison of Literacy Rate- India, Rajasthan & Udaipur city

Area Total Male Literacy Rate Female Literacy Rate

India 74.04 % 82.14 % 65.46 %

Urban India 84.90 % 89.67 % 79.92 %

Rajasthan 67.66 % 80.51 % 52.66 %

Udaipur City 90.66 % 95.56 % 85.39%

Source: Census 2011

2.8 ECONOMY

Traditionally, Udaipur has been an important tourism, commercial/industrial, administrative,

transportation and education center of the region. With presence of famous Lakes in the city

and close proximity to Ahmadabad, tourism remains a major contributor to the city‘s economy.

Table: Work force participation of Udaipur city

Total workers Main workers Marginal workers

Total 209680 193355 16325

Male 169120 160186 8934

Female 40560 33169 7391

Source: Census 2011



11

Figure 2.3: Main workers participation of Udaipur City

Figure 2.4: Marginal workers participation of Udaipur City

2.8.1 Small and Medium Industries

The constraints for the industrial growth in Udaipur District are shortage of water for drinking

and Industrial use, lack of Broad Gauge railway link; infrastructure facilities for the Industries

are inadequate at other place then Udaipur City.

4730 2845 10186

175594

3169 1933 7987

147097

1561 912 2199

28497

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

Cultivators Agricultural

Labours

Houshold

Industry

workers

Others Workers

Total

Male

Female

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

Cultivators Agricultural

Labours

Houshold

Industry

workers

Others Workers

Total

Male

Female



12

Table: Industry at a Glance

Sl.No Head Unit Particulars

1 Total industrial unit No. 4021

2 Registered Medium & large unit No. 29

3 Estimated avg. no. of daily worker employed in Small scale

industries

No. 27423

4 Employment in Large and Medium industries No. 8941

5 No. of Industrial area No. 8

6 Turnover of Micro & Small Enterprises In Lacs 116873

7 Turnover of Medium & Large scale industries In Crore 1276.10

2.8.2 Tourism

In putting forth the goals of employment generation and poverty alleviation, the Rajasthan

Government is effectively viewing tourism as an economic industry. The hope is that tourism

will provide more jobs in the state, thereby distributing wealth and reducing poverty. Corporate

incentives — such as the levying of industrial electricity rates, exemptions and reduction of

taxes, interest subsidies, free land appropriation for site development, etc. — are being

suggested to create a competitive and attractive market for growth. By thus securing

corporate involvement, World Bank loans, and other international and national bank loans, the

Government is embracing the potential for an advanced model of tourism development —one

which will enhance the flow of money into the economy and uplift the population through new

labor and service market opportunities and incentives.

Figure 2.5: Tourist inflow of Udaipur comparison with other cities of Rajasthan



13

In this regard, the Tourism Development Mission seeks to create new sectors of tourism and

advance infrastructure, services and amenities. Desert tourism, adventure tourism, pilgrimage

tourism, weekend tourism, road-side tourism, golf tourism, desert skiing, scooter adventures,

water sports, film shooting, etc., are being developed. By offering unique and novel tourism

options and opportunities, the Mission anticipates an increase in the number of tourists

frequenting Rajasthan, a greater draw from corporate interests, and a subsequent revenue

increase of nearly ten-fold by the year 2010. The projected cost for new tourism development

totals approximately Rs.460 crore. Alongside these new sectors, core infrastructure, in the

form of highways, roads, airports, bridges, and rail connectivity is slated for growth and

improvement. The projected cost for infrastructure improvements and additions is Rs.500

crore.



14

Figure 2.6: Major Tourist spot of Udaipur.

Source: Heritage development report of Udaipur Municipal Council,

2.9 HOUSING SCENARIO

Total houses under residential use are 121144 units (including only residence and residence

cum other use), while the total number of households in Udaipur as per 2011 Census is

90347. Also, average household size is moderate at 5.00 persons per family.



15

2.10 ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE

'Good governance' is the overarching objective of public administration in the civic arena. In

virtually all sectors of public intervention and service delivery, it is now agreed that unless and

until the state of governance is 'good', service or product delivery will not be proper. In the

recent past, a large number of people and organizations have given a variety of definitions of

what governance is all about. Governance is defined differently in terms of the context.

According to one definition, ―the ways in which stakeholders interact with each other in order

to influence the outcomes of public policies " is public governance. According to the World

Bank, ―the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country's economic

and social resources for development " is good governance.

There are today dozens of definitions of what governance and good governance is. However,

if one has to summaries and list downs the ten characteristics of good governance, they would

be:

Citizen involvement, participation and satisfaction

Transparency in all decision making

Accountability of actions taken

Equality and social inclusion

Ethical and honest behavior

Ability to compete in a global environment

Efficiency of service delivery

Respect for democratic values

Respect for the rule of law

Use of appropriate technology and environmental sustainability

Provision of urban services and maintenance of public assets has normally been the

responsibility of the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) consisting of Municipal Corporations,

Municipalities, Municipal Councils, Urban Development Authorities, etc. The 74th

Constitutional Amendment Act (CAA) significantly enhanced the role of these institutions by

including functions such as town planning and overall urban development, regulation of land

use, urban poverty alleviation, etc. as part of mandate of ULBs. This has brought ULBs to the

forefront of management of urban centres.

However, Department of Urban Development and Housing, Government of Rajasthan has

overall responsibility for the urban sector. The Directorate of Local Bodies is the nodal agency

for all administrative matters relating to the local bodies. It is also responsible for framing

procedures and rules for speedy implementation of various schemes funded by central and

state government in urban areas.

Municipal Corporations are responsible for the maintenance of city roads, this responsibility



16

rests with the Public Works Department (PWD) in Municipal Councils and Municipalities.

Public Health and Engineering Department (PHED) is responsible for all aspects relating to

urban water supply, right from development to O&M. PHED is also responsible for

development of sewerage system whereas the O&M is the responsibility of the respective

ULBs.

Rajasthan Housing Board (RHB) is responsible for construction of housing colonies that are

supposed to be handed over to the ULB after completion.

In urban areas where there is no Development Authority or UITs, the responsibility for land

acquisition rests with the state government and the responsibility for infrastructure

development is with the respective ULB.

Table 2.3: Responsibility Matrix

The development of urban sector is affected by various legislations. A brief summary of the

important legislations affecting the urban sector in Rajasthan is as given below:

Rajasthan Municipal Act 1959: The Act lays down provisions relating to the operation of

Municipal Bodies (Municipal Corporations, Municipalities and Municipal Councils). It also

lists down the discretionary and obligatory functions along with powers to impose taxes and

other utility charges

Urban Improvement Trust Act, 1959: Governing Act for creation and operation of UITs

across Rajasthan. It also lays down the functions, constitutions and terms of office of

members of the Trust

Jaipur Development Authority Act, 1982: Governing Act for creation and operation of JDA

Rajasthan Town and Country Planning Act: Deal with provisions relating to city planning

and land use

Rajasthan Land Revenue Act: Use of urban land and conversion of agriculture land: At a



17

policy level, the state has taken a number of initiatives such as development of guidelines

for private participation in township development, amendments to various acts/rules

affecting use of urban land and simplification of building bylaws.

The state government has also formulated a policy for the management of solid waste and

bio-medical waste in Rajasthan through private sector. According to the SWM policy, a state

level empowered committee has been formed for the approval of proposals and selection of

private party for setting up of Waste to Energy (WTE) and Waste to Compost (WTC). The

policy also specifies the concessions available to and responsibilities of private entrepreneurs.

Table 2.4: Responsibility Matrix-Water Supply and Sewerage

Policy formulation PHED & Urban Department

Policy statement State Drinking Water Policy (February 2010)

Service provision PHED

Infrastructure development Planning and implementation by PHED

Financing

GoR through PHED Budget RUFIDCO coordinates JNNURM

and UIDSSMT funds

Regulation

GoR approves tariffs with inputs from PHED. No external

monitoring of PHED‘s technical and commercial performance.

Figure 2.7: Institutional Framework-WSS

Source: World Bank, 2012



18

Chapter 3 : CITY SANITATION PLAN COMPONENTS

As per NUSP the definition of Sanitation is defined as Safe management of human excreta,

including its safe confinement treatment, disposal and associated hygiene-related practice.

While this pertains to management of human excreta and associated public health and

environmental impacts, it is recognized that integral solution need to take account of other

elements of environmental sanitation i.e. solid waste management generation of industrial and

other specialized / hazardous waste ; drainage ; as also the management of drinking water

supply. Taking into consideration the definition of sanitation and vision of Municipal

Corporation which is in consonance with the vision for urban sanitation in India, following

components have been taken into consideration while preparing the City Sanitation Plan.

3.1 TOILET COVERAGE

Achieving open defecation free city is the objective of

preparing city sanitation plan. Access to toilets is key to

improvement in Service Levels of sanitation facilities.

The GOI has defined a Service Level Benchmark for

toilet coverage and the benchmark value for this

indicator is 100%. The citizen should have access to

toilet whether individual or community in a service

area. For the safe management of human excreta

achieving 100% toilet coverage is must. Hence this

component is included in the CSP.

3.2 SOLID WASTE

Solid waste management is also a very important

element that needs to be taken care while preparing

CSP. Typically the uncollected waste tends to

gradually find its way into recycling in stream along

the roads, clog the drains or in care of bio-

degradable. The MoUD, GOI has defined eight

indicators in these sectors. Environmental

sustainability depends upon the effective & efficient

management of Municipal Solid Waste.



19

3.3 STORM WATER DRAINAGE

This is also very important component to be

considered in CSP. If the storm water is not

managed through drainage network, the

incidence of water logging/flooding will

occur that will impact significantly on

number of persons as well as normal life

and mobilization. Because of the water

logging / flooding incidence public health in

general might be at risk and there is

possibility of water contamination also. Hence this component should be measured and

monitored properly including in CSP.

3.4 DRINKING WATER SUPPLY

Drinking water supply is also very important for

upkeep of sanitation facilities and

environment/health status it is necessary to have

sufficient water. Poor quality of water as well as

insufficient quantity of potable water can pose

serious public health hazardous water borne

diseases are quite common in the cities,

particularly among the urban poor. MoUD, GOI

has specified a performance indicator for drinking

water sector. Hence drinking water supply is also

taken into consideration as one of the element of

CSP.

3.5 ENVIRONMENT

The definition of sanitation takes into consideration the environmental impact as well as

environmental sanitation and the vision for urban sanitation as stated in NUSP also takes into

consideration the environmental outcomes. Without the upgraded environmental status it is

not possible to ensure sustain good public health. Hence environment element is taken care



20

of while preparing the CSP.

3.6 INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION

As the overall goal of preparing City Sanitation Plan is to transform the city into community

driven totally sanitized, healthy, and livable city it is necessary to include IEC/Awareness

generation element in the city sanitation plan. Without IEC it is not possible to bring about

sustain behavioral changes aimed at adoption of healthy sanitation practices.



21

Chapter 4 : WATER SUPPLY

Drinking water supply is very important for upkeep of sanitation facilities and a for better

environment/health status it is necessary to have sufficient water. Poor quality of water as well

as insufficient quantity of potable water can pose serious public health hazardous and water

borne diseases in the cities, particularly among the urban poor. MoUD, GOI has specified a

performance indicator for drinking water sector. Hence drinking water supply is also taken into

consideration as one of the element of CSP.

Present Status

4.1.1 Source of Water Supply

The Udaipur city is relying on surface water and ground water sources. These sources are

lakes and dams in and around the city and the tube wells located in Udaipur.

4.1.1.1 Surface Water Sources

Udaipur has numerous lakes in its vicinity. Lake Pichola, Lake Fatehsagar, Lake Jaisamand

are being important ones from water supply point of view. These lakes along with, Mansi

Wakal Dam and other local wells are the major source of drinking water supply in the city.

Pichola Lake is the largest lake in the town and this manmade lake, dates back to 14th

century. The capacity of the lake is about 13,677 million litres, while the maximum drawable

limit is 19 MLD.



22

Table 4.1: Raw Water Supply

Sl no

Source FTL Gross capacity Present available capacity

Max. Drawable limit

ft mcft ML Guage mcft ML MLD

1 Lake Pichola 11 483 13677 7.87 357 10110 19

2 Lake Fateh

Sagar 13 427.6 12108 9.75 344 9742 12.5

3 Lake

Jaisamand 27.5 14650 414829 10.83 7169 203026 19.5

4 Lake Badi 32.5 370.75 10498 15.42 214 6060 0.25

5 Dam Mansi

Wakal RL-

581 m 862 24410

RL-579.80

m 727 20589 22.7

6 Local Sources 9.5

Total 83.45

Source: PHED –Udaipur Circle - 2013

Fateh Sagar Lake is a man-made lake constructed in the 19th century. Its capacity is 12108

ML and its maximum drawable limit is 12.5 MLD.

Jaisamand Lake is located approximately 50 kms from Udaipur. It was constructed during

1730 A.D. for irrigation. Gross storage is around 415,000 million litres and minimum storage

capacity is 75,000 million liters. Jaisamand Lake has a much larger storage in comparison to

Pichola and Fateh Sagar and therefore it offers prospects of future development for water

supply for Udaipur.



23

During emergency water is drawn from Badi Lake, which is located on the outskirts of

Udaipur. Its‘ gross storage is very less; hence it is not a regular source of water and maximum

withdrawal of water is only 0.25 MLD at present.

Figure 4.1: Location of Water sources

4.1.1.2 Ground Water Source

Apart from the surface water source, water is also drawn from 50 tube wells and 32 step wells

located in the various parts of UMC. Besides, there are 8 tube wells constructed through

RSMM (Rajasthan State Mines and Minerals) located at about 8-14 kms from the city in Jamar

Kotra Mines and Kharbadiya Mines supplying water to city through Kaladawas Pumping

Stations. Apart from these supplies, people directly drawn water from 180 panghats and 2650

hand pumps.

Out of total water production 20% is wasted in leakages, and available water to the public is

hardly 66.76 mld, which is supplied to household population (466500- current population as

per projection) a s well as bulk supply which are Railways, Military Engineering Service,

Hindustan Zinc Limited, Hospitals and commercial establishments and malls. The average

household water supply is 74 lpcd. As per the standard of 135 lpcd, the present water demand

for domestic use in UMC is 62.97 MLD, bulk demand of 32 , and the demand for floating

population is 2.16 MLD. Thus the total water demand in the city is 97.13 MLD and the current



24

supply is only 66.76 MLD which makes a gap of 30.37 MLD between supply and demand.

Presently the alternate day water supply is maintained in the city. The duration of supply in

different areas are varies from 45 to 90 minutes. There are total 70663 water connections in

the city.

4.1.1.2.1 Tube wells and step wells

There are in total 50 tube wells and 32 step wells in the city from which the water is supplied

for drinking purpose. Most of the open well are dried and are not in working condition. The

bore wells are working and most of the bore well are converted to hand pump under the

Panghat Yojna.

4.1.1.2.2 Hand pumps and Panghats

There are 2650 hand pumps installed across the town by the department and Urban Local

Body. There are presently 180 panghats are functioning in the city in which the people are

directly taking water for their domestic purpose.

Figure 4.2: Water supply map of the city.



25



26

4.1.2 Storage

Presently, clear water being colleceted in Clear Water Reservoirs (CWR) near to filter plants

and campus for storage. Over all 24 nos CWRs were constructed in the city. The total

capacity of the CWRs are 12751 KL.

Table 4.2: Details of CWRs

SL NO. DIVISION LOCATION CAPACITY

in KL 1 City Division -

1

Doodh Talai 500

2 City Division -

1

Gulab Bagh RGF Sump 20

3 City Division -

1

Hiran Magri 1362

4 City Division -

1

Patel Circle 700

5 City Division -

1

Hiran Magri Sctor-14,I =-Block 400

6 City Division -

1

Hiran Magri Sctor-14,I =-Block 150

7 City Division -

1

Kanwar Puda 60

8 City Division -

1

Panenyon ki Madri 1362

9 City Division -

1

MB Collge 227

10 City Division -

2

Madri Industrial Area 227

11 City Division -

2

Purohiton ki Mrtlri (UIT) 600

12 City Division -

2

Dhool Kot 300

13 City Division -

2

Kanpur 500

14 City Division -

2

Sajjan Nagor 60

15 City Division -

2

Court Campus 200

16 City Division -

2

Braham Pole 200

17 City Division -

2

Badi Village 150

18 City Division -

2

Amba Maia 133

19 City Division -

2

Fateh Sagar 35

20 City Division -

2

OTC Scheme 200

21 City Division -

2

Manohai Pura 400

22 City Division -

2

Saheliyon ki badi 545

23 City Division -

2

Neemach Mata 2250

24 City Division -

2

Nandeshwar 2170

Source: PHED



27

Clear water being collected in CWRs after purification of raw water from filter plants through

clear water rising mains of different sizes to OHSRs located in various part of the city for

storage.

Clear water through clear water rising mains collected in Over Head Service Reservoirs and

Ground Level Service Reservoirs of various capacity constructed at various location of the city

for storage to distribution of water to people. There are 32 OHSRs and the total capacity is

24388 KL and there are 19 GLSRs with total capacity of 15986 KL in various parts of the city.

Table 4.3: Storage details

TYPE Nos CAPACITY in KL

Clear Water Reservoirs 24 12751

Over Head Service Reservoirs 32 24988

Ground Level Service Reservoirs 19 15986

Source: PHED



28

4.1.3 Distribution Network

For the supply of water in the city, there is a pipe line network of around 400 km of 250 to 800

mm dia pipes exists in the UMC. The water supply network covers almost 90% of the

developed area within the Municipal Corporation Limit. There are pressure variations and

water tested indicates that water supplied through the old line is not suitable for drinking. The

water supply network laid in the old city area is more than 30 years old and most of them are

broken and causes wastage of water.

Table 4.4: Salient features of Municipal Water supply

Indicators Details

Existing distribution system length 400 km

Coverage area 90 %

Total Water Extracted 83.45 MLD

Total Water Supplied 66.76 MLD

Leakage (20%) 16.69 MLD

Storage capacity 53.73 Million Litre

Per capita availability of water at consumer end (in 2013) 119 lpcd

No. of Tube wells 50

Step Wells 32

Hand pumps 2650

Panghats 180

Water treatment plants 10

Source: Various

4.1.4 Water Quality and Treatment Facility

Water supplied is generally good. However in some areas contaminated water is found. Water

quality generally falls during rainy season. There 10 three filter plants in Udaipur City. Details

are given below:

Table 4.5: Water Treatment Plants

SL NO. DIVISION LOCATION TYPE CAPACITY

1 City Division - 1 Doodh Talai RGF 13.62



29

2 City Division - 1 Doodh Talai RGF 2.85

3 City Division - 1 Patel Circle RGF 7.57

4 City Division - 1 Gulab Bagh RGF 4.54

5 City Division - 1 Gulab Bagh Pressure Filter 2.27

6 City Division - 1 Teetardi RGF 13.5

7 City Division- 2 Fateh Sagar RGF 2.2

8 City Division- 2 Fateh Sagar Pressure Filter 1.72

9 City Division- 2 Neemuch Mata RGF 11.35

10 City Division- 2 Nandeshwar RGF 23.35

Total 82.97

Source: PHED

4.1.5 Water Quality

The water quality test in lake Pichola reveals the presence of E-Coli bacteria in the water and

the source of these bacteria are human excreta through sewer.

Table 4.6: Water Quality in Pichola Lake

PARAMETERS SURFACE BOTTOM BIS

STANDAR

D Total dissolved solids (mg/l) 335.5 335.5 500

Biological Oxygen Demand (mg/l) 3 days at 27O C 14.5 12.2 30

Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l) 48 24 250

Alkalinity (mg/l) 132 154 200

Hardness 180 180 300

Nitrates (mg/l) 0.255 0.399 45

The test result shows that, the most of the quality measuring parameters are within I

prescribed limit as per the BIS and CPCB standards. But the presents of TSS and alkalinity

are high in the drinking water. The water quality test in the surface water sources shows that,

the quality of water is good enough for the drinking purpose.

4.2 SITUATION ANALYSIS

4.2.1 Connections and Domestic Metering

There are total 95,450 water connections in the city, which includes domestic (87,568) and

commercial (6280), industrial connections (602). There are 180 panghats are installed at



30

various locations for taking water directly by the households. These connections are include

the bulk supply like water to railways, Millitary settlements, Malls, Industries etc.

Table 4.7: Water Tariff

Type of connection Connections Rate for consumption upto 15000 liters/month in Rs.

Domestic 87568 32

Commercial 6208 96

Industrial 602 224

Source: PHED

4.2.2 Area and Population Coverage

The main issue pertaining to the system is old distribution pipelines with high degree of

scaling and the large volume of water loss during distribution. Considering all the above

factors the net per capita supply is reported to below 135 lpcd, at 119 lpcd.

In UMC the water supply is covered around 51 sqkm that is 80% of the area out of total 64

sqkm geographical area. The water supply is also covered in the adjacent out growth areas

like Pujawati colony, Indira puri colony in the northern part of the city.

Table 4.8: Water Supply coverage

UDAIPUR MUNICIPAL CORPORATION

TOTAL AREA 64 SQKM

SUPPLY COVERED AREA 51 SQKM 80%

UNCOVERED AREA 13 SQKM 20%

LENGTH OF NETWORK 400 KM

OUTGROWTH AREA

TOTAL AREA 58 SQKM


UNCOVERED AREA 51 SQKM 88

LENGTH OF NETWORK

TOTAL URBAINZED AREA

TOTAL AREA 122 SQKM


UNCOVERED AREA 64 SQKM 52%

LENGTH OF NETWORK



31

Figure 4.3: Water supply coverage



32

4.2.3 Unaccounted water

There is a significant water loss in the Udaipur water supply distribution system, from the

supply end till it reaches the consumer end. It is estimated that system losses as ranging from

15 percent to 20 percent it is around 16.69 MLD. Identification of sources and the amount of

losses is constrained because of inadequate maps and consumer databases.

Water losses may broadly be classified as physical losses and administrative losses. Physical

losses are due to leakages from old, damaged, corroded pipe lines/ connections and leaking

joints and overflow at overhead tanks. Consumer taps also cause significant waste of treated

water. Administrative losses are due to theft, illegal tapping of water, unregistered

connections, faulty meters and unrecorded supply due to poor records and billing errors. The

distribution network is damaged and though aged, heavy scaling and pressure loss are

reported.

For effective a Leak Detection Study and implement the recommended options, it is necessary

to have sufficient and reliable database regarding the water supply systems. A good

information base, willingness to follow-up on systematic replacement of leaking pipes,

defective meters and connections as well as tariff revisions, etc are critical to the success of

the program. Control on unaccounted water and loss minimization can be achieved through

prevention of illegal tapping, water metering, education and information management,

promotion of water conserving household appliances etc.

4.2.4 Service Adequacy and Key Issues

4.2.4.1 Service Adequacy

i. Low Supply Levels: Low per capita supply is noticed; the situation becomes worse in

summer season with per capita supply coming to as low as 90lpcd. The frequency of

supply in the city varies from one to another due to pressure difference.

ii. Inadequate Treatment Capacity: The existing treatment plant is of only 82.97 MLD. In

respect of increasing demand in the future, the treatment capacity needs

augmentation. Present capacity is lower than adequate.

iii. Inadequate Service Coverage: Though 70 percent of the city is served with water

supply system, many slum areas are not covered by water supply network.

iv. Inadequate Network Coverage: Considering the high population density within the

inner area, the network adequacy demand, as a percent of road length, is low.

v. Rainwater harvesting: The pattern of rainfall is erratic. However, there is high scope for



33

storing rainwater for recharging. Unfortunately, the ULB has taken no action in this

direction.

vi. Need for Source Augmentation: The present source of water is not adequate to meet

out the requirements of the people till 2043, and augmentation will be required to meet

future requirements.

vii. Refurbishment of the Existing System in the Core Areas: The distribution system in the

Core Areas has been laid before 60 years. Although intermittent rehabilitation works

have been carried, based on complaints, the system needs a comprehensive

rehabilitation measure based on Detail Study.

viii. Need for Asset Management Action Plan: It is required to maintain an O & M

Schedule, for Water Supply Assets, for regular maintenance and energy consumption

optimization.

4.2.4.2 Key Issues

There always remains a clear gap between the revenue collected and the operation and

maintenance cost. This gap generally remains due to following reasons:

About 35 percent of total water supply is waste due to thefts and leakage.

30 percent of existing area not covered by water supply system.

Absence of proper billing mechanism

There exists high pressure difference and excessive pumping to satisfy higher areas..

Storage and distribution system have outlived their age. Distribution network has lost

its carrying capacity considerably.

The existing income sources of the municipality are not enough to meet the growing demand

of water in the town. Tax revenues are providing resources to meet these needs for the time

being but to meet the demand for the projected population of 2036 even and official grant

assistance has not been able to fulfill gap between supply and demand.

4.3 FUTURE DEMAND AND GAP ANALYSIS

For Udaipur a standard norm of 135 lpcd water supply is followed till 2041 and a supply of 135

lpcd is proposed for the years beyond that and demand has been calculated likewise.

Year Population

HH Demand

Bulk Demand (15%)

Floating Population (3%)

Unaccounted water (15%)

Total Demand

Nos MLD MLD MLD MLD MLD

2013 468904 63.30 9.50 1.90 9.50 84.19



34

2021 541219 73.06 10.96 2.19 10.96 97.18

2031 641457 86.60 12.99 2.60 12.99 115.17

2041 755736 102.02 15.30 3.06 15.30 135.69

Source: Analysis

The total water demand for the city is calculated by adding the water demand for different

sectrors which includes Household demand, Bulk demand (15%), demand for floating

population (3%) and unaccounted water that is distribution and treatemnt loss (15%). Thus the

total water demand for the city is calculated as 97.18 MLD, 115.17 MLD and 135.69 MLD for

the years 2021, 2031 and 2041 respectively.

To the projected population 15 percent additional population is added to achieve greater

efficiency in service delivery. Gaps are calculated for 2021, 2031 and for 2041, are given in

table 3.5 below:

Table 4.9: Demand Supply Gap

Year

Projected Population

Daily Supply

Total Water

Demand Shortage

Storage Capacity

Treatment Plant

Capacity

Refurbishment of old network

(km) LPCD MLD MLD MILLIONLITER

MLD

2013 468904 135 84.19 17.43 53.72 82.97

2021 541219 135 97.18 0.00 60 100 33% of existing system



Source: Analysis

4.4 ONGOING PROJECTS

There is proposal for providing water supply to Gokul Village and RK Puram, under Urban

Water Supply Scheme. The estimated cost of the project is 494.52 Lacs and it is expected to

complete the work by June 2014. The general abstract of the DPR is given below.

4.5 FUTURE REQUIREMENT

The demand for water by 2041 is around 135 MLD. Hence it is proposed to increase the



35

extraction of water from existing source as mentioned in the below table. Apart from that it is

proposed to extract water from the Badi Madar Dam and CHoti Madar dam which is located

22 km away from the city in north western direction. The Ahar River is flowing from this dam.

EXISTING PROPOSAL - CSP

SOURCE EXTRACTION SOURCE EXTRACTION

LAKE PICHOLA 19 BADI MADAR DAM 15

LAKE FATEH SAGAR 12.5 CHOTI MADAR 5

LAKE JAISAMAND 19.5 LAKE JAISAMAND 5

LAKE BADI 0.25 LAKE BADI 5

DAM MANSI WAKAL 22.7 DAM MANSI WAKAL 20

LOCAL SOURCES 9.5 LOCAL SOURCES 5

TOTAL 83.45 TOTAL 55

Figure 4.4: Location of badi madar and choti madar dams

4.5.1 WTP and Storage Proposal

The water demand for 2041 is 135 MLD, hence the capacity required for treatment plant is

140 MLD (addition of 5 MLD for safer side). In first phase, it is proposed to construct a 20



36

MLD capacity WTP in Badagaon rural for trating the water from Badi madar and choti madar

dam. The capacity of the existing WTPs should be augmented in phase 2 and 3.

Table 4.10: Proposed WTPs

PROPOSAL -CSP PHASE CAPACITY

WTP AT BADAGAON RURAL 1 20 MLD

AUGUMENTING EXISTIN G WTPs 2 & 3 37 MLD

Source: Analysis

The total storage capacity needed by 2041 is 80 MLD that is 60% of the water demand. The

existing capacity is only 53 MLD. Hence it is proposed to construct the storage facilities of

additional 26.5 MLD by 2041 in different phases.

Table 4.11: Proposed Storage facilities

PHASES NOS CAPACITY IN MILLION LITRE

PHASE 1 - 2021 1.5 ML X 3 & 2ML X 1 6.5

PHASE 2 - 2031 2 ML X 5 10

PHASE 3 - 2041 2 MLX 5 10

TOTAL 13 26.5

Source: Analysis

In first phase the ESRs are proposed at the out growth areas sucha s Palri, Badagaon,

Sukher, Bhuwana, Dewali Rural , IIM colony, Govardhan Vilas Rural, and in Sajjan Nagar.



37



38

Figure 4.5: Exiting and Proposed WTPs and Storage

The existing supply covered area in UMC is 80% of the total area. The remaining 20% of the

area is covered under the proposal by CSP. In addition to that under CSP, it is planning to laid

proper water supply network in the out growth area of around 88%. For covering all these

areas it is required to lay around 362 km pipe line network including the rising mains and

distribution. Since the water distribution lines in the walled city is decades old and cement

concrete pipes, maximum network is deteriorated and causes leakes. Hence it is proposed to

replace around 35 km network of pipe line in walled city area.

Table 4.12: Proposed pipe line network

COVERAGE WITH IN UMC 20%

COVERGAE IN OUT GROWTH AREAS 88%

DISTRIBUTION NETWORK 362 KM

REPLACEMENT OF OLD NETWORK IN WALLED CITY 35 KM

Source: Analysis



39

Figure 4.6: Proposed distribution network



54

4.6 FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION

INVESTEMENT PLAN MACRO -LEVEL

Table 4.13: Investment Plan-Macro Level

SL NO.

INDICATOR BENCHMARK PRESENT

SITUATION

OTHER PROJECTS TARGETS TO BE

ACHIEVED (44.53%)

FUND REQUIREMENT (Rs. IN Crore)

SOURCE

RUIDP

RAY (4.47%)

CMC GoR GoI

20% 10% 70%

% 100%

1 Development of water

supply scheme 0 0 0

INVESTEMENT PLAN MICRO –LEVEL

Table 4.14: Investment Plan Micro Level

SL NO. PARTICULARS TOTAL FUND

2013-2014 - 50% 2014-2015 - 50%

CMC GoR GoI CMC GoR GoI

20% 10% 70% 20% 10% 70%

1

2

TOTAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



55

4.6.1 Strategies and Time Frame

Table 4.15: Strategies and Time Frame – Water Supply

S. No. Strategy 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

1 Asset Management Plan

2 Leak detection plan

3 Piloting 24/7 water supply

4 Network Coverage for General Households

5 Network Coverage for Slum Households

4.6.2 Recommendations

Artificial recharge through rainwater harvesting and riverbeds should be undertaken. The

surplus water flow during monsoon period should be used for recharging depleted water

bodies and lastly roof-top rain-water harvesting should be made mandatory in building bye

laws especially in the over-exploited blocks.

All new development areas should have two distribution lines, one for drinking water and

other for non-drinking water/recycled treated wastewater to reuse the treated wastewater. At

least 50percent of the treated wastewater should be recycled for these purposes and

emphasis should be laid towards waste minimization, which can also help in improving the

overall environment. Government may also provide liberal tax rebates for

institutions/industries adopting recycled wastewater to compensate for the cost involved in

treating wastewater for recycling.

4.6.3 Best Practice

O&M Plan - Adoption of an O&M Plan and Schedule, including options of using the

private sector for O&M (e.g. management contract).

Unaccounted for Water (UFW) - Initiation water audit studies for Udaipur Municipal

Corporation and ascertain the volume of unaccounted for water. The audit should

specifically estimate the Unaccounted for Water, i.e., quantity of water lost due to

leakages, especially as leakage in underground pipes.



56

Asset Management Plan - To address the condition assessment and the performance

of the water supply assets, it is necessary that an asset management plan be prepared

for the assets of water supply in the town.

Mapping & GIS - To address the issue of system rehabilitation, mapping and

establishing a GIS system is pertinent to detail out system location, characteristics, age

and condition. This would enable identifying dilapidated sections of the network and

those that require replacement.

Tariff Revision - Future capital investments on system up-gradation being imminent,

the tariff structure shall be revised from time to time to enable cost recovery and to

service the additional debt from the capital investments. Simultaneously, installation of

modern metering equipment shall be taken up in the municipality to affect a proper

monitoring system and ensure cost recovery.

Performance Monitoring- It is important to monitor the performance of the sector over

the years for better service delivery and consumer satisfaction.

Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building- For effective service delivery, it is

necessary that the entire area of the town be divided into coverage zones. Training to

the field staff of the department needs to be imparted for effective operation and

maintenance of the system.



57

Chapter 5 : MAKING CITY OPEN DEFECATION FREE

The practice of open defecation and open urination is found in many cities and towns of the

State. It not only causes environment pollution but it also has a wider impact on health of

the society, contamination of underground and ground water sources as well as

irreparable damage to the dignity of individual as well as society.

The households with no access to individual sanitary latrines either use public community

toilets if existing or go for open defecation. This practice of open defecation by small or large

portion of population results in environmental degradation, posing serious health problems

for the human beings, the community and the society as a whole. Coupled with the above

issues, there is a problem of huge floating and migrant population not having access to clean

sanitary facilities, although they may be willing to pay for it. Also most of the work places

in the towns and cities like shops, small restaurants, small offices etc., do not have

provision for toilet facilities and this working population also may be resorting to open

urination and defecation. All this results in water or air pollution imposing a heavy social

and economic cost on the economy of the State. The privacy of citizens is violated &

women find it unsafe and have to compromise at times on health and safety.

Thus it is duty of Urban Local Body to create a system wherein it is assured that there

are no cases of open defecation. The action taken includes provision of community/public

toilets in areas like slums and squatter settlement, market places, Commercial areas,

Educational institution areas, Hospital areas, tourist and Pilgrimage areas, and areas

having floating population.

5.1 PRESENT STATUS

According to Census 2011, the total population of UMC is 4,51,735 and the number of

households is 88,857. Among these households, only 93.82% have toilet facility within the

premises and rest of the 6.18% of the population either going for open defecation or using

public toilets like sulabh complex. As per the projection the current total population in the

city is 4,68,904 (population in 2013).

5.1.1 Individual Sanitation System

Table 5.1: Individual Sanitation System

Total number of households 88,857 In Percentage

Number of households having latrine facility within the premises 83,364 93.82

Number of households not having latrine facility within the premises 5,493 6.18



58

Source: Census of India, 2011

Within Udaipur Corporation limit, around 94% of the households are having toilet facility in

their own houses. Rest of the 6% of the households is going for open defecation and a small

percent is depending on public toilets like Sulabh toilets. Most of the individual toilets have

pit latrine system which do not have outlets baffles. Rest of the houses has septic tank

system, from which the black water directly flows to the drains and it merges with the river

system.

The individual toilets does not have septic tank system, they have only pit latrine system

Most of the slum dwellers are going for open defecation in surrounding vacant land and in

agricultural lands. The slums located adjacent to railway line, uses the railway track and

surrounding for their basic need. There are no community toilets in the UMC which is

normally built for a group of households in backward area.

5.2 PUBLIC TOILETS

There are total 45 sulabh complex within corporation area of Udaipur. The head office of

Sulabh Complex is in Udaipole and the total number of toilet seats are 664 including gents

and ladies. Some of the Sulabh complexes are having



59

Table 5.2: Pubic Toilets

Sr. No.

Name of the complex

No. of Seats

No. of Bath No. of Urinal

Sew

er

Sep

tic

Tan

k

Elec

tric

Met

er

Wat

er S

up

ply

Tub

e w

ell

Lad

ies

Ge

nts

Lad

ies

Ge

nts

Lad

ies

Ge

nts

1 Udiapol, Bus Stand 11 16 2 Open 1 5 × × × ×

2 Natraj Ki Gali 2 3 1 2 × 3 × ×

3 Bhupal Hospital 8 10 2 Open × 7 × × ×

4 Mental Hospital 7 13 3 Open 5 4 × × ×

5 Savina Sabji Mandi 5 8 × Open × 4 × × ×

6 Dhudh Talai 5 6 × × × 3 × × ×

7 Sukhadia Circle 3 4 1 1 × 8 × ×

8 Fateh Sagar 4 6 × Open × 4 × ×

9 Family Court 3 4 × 2 × 3 × ×

10 Gulab Bhag 5 5 × Open × 4 × × ×

11 Alipura 7 8 × Open × 4 × ×

12 P.W.D Pulia 4 7 1 Open × 4 × ×

13 Takkar Baba Purana 4 6 × × × × × × ×

14 Takkar Baba Naya 9 10 × × × 4 × ×

15 Chetak Circle 4 6 × × × 5 × × ×

16 Nadagaada Mahila 18 × Open × × × × ×

17 Nadagaada Purash × 31 × Open × 4 × ×

18 Mahavat Vadi Behind Jagdish Mandir Mandir

15 15 × × × × × ×

19 Bichhoo Ghati Upper Hathi Pol 16 17 × × × × × ×

20 Hathi Pole 14 21 × Open × 4 × ×

21 Shikar Nagar (Jhadia Mkt) 7 8 × × × × × ×

22 Court Choraha 1 1 × × 2 7 × × ×

23 Amal Ka Kota Near Ayurvedic Hospital

16 24 × Open × 10 × ×

24 Kali Babdi Near Anaj Mandi 21 28 1 Open × 4 ×



60

25 Chhoti Bhoi Vada Ahead Of Anaj Mandi

12 13 × × × × × ×

26 Badi Bhoi Ka Vada Ahead Ofanaj 7 8 × × × × × ×

27 Meera Park Before Jagdish Mandir

9 8 2 Open × × × ×

28 Meetha Ram Ji Ka Vada Right Of Gulab Bag

22 18 × Open × × × ×

29 Savji Ka Vada Solanki Hati… 8 7 × × × × × ×

30 Sabti Nagar Ayyar Right Of Delhi Gate

5 5 × Open × 4 × ×

31 Nagar Parishad 2 4 × × 4 14 × × ×

32 Govardhan Vilas 5 6 × Open × 3 × ×

33 Delhi Gate × × 3 × 2 5 × × × ×

34 Ashwani Bazar × × × × 6 9 × × × ×

35 Near Malla Talai Choraha Near Mandir

5 5 1 1 × 4 × ×

36 Near Sevasram Choraha Ahead Of Bn College Near Over Bridge

4 5 1 1 × 3 × ×

37 Patel Circle 2 3 × × × 2 × ×

38 Krishi Upaj Mandi 5 5 2 2 × 5 × ×

39 Near Pooja Park 2 3 1 1 × 4 × ×

40 Outside Dindaya Uppadhaya Park

2 3 1 1 × 4 × ×

41 Aklavya Colony Ahead Of Malla Talai

5 5 1 1 × 5 ×

Tan

ker ×

42 Moti Magri (Fateh Sagar) Near Circuit House

5 5 1 1 × 5 ×

Tan

k

er ×

43 Dooth Talai (Under Construction)

5 5 × 4

44 Manik Lal Burma Park (Under Construction)

5 5 × 4

45 Asindh Ki Haveli (Under Construction)

5 5 × 4

Source: Sulabh International Society



61

Figure 5.1: Existing Public Toilets and Urinals



62

5.3 PUBLIC URINAL

In the city there are 97 urinal complexes for both and female in various locations. Apart from

this, there are 6 and 8 urinals for males and females respectively made of fibre. The total

pots for male urinals are 231 nos and female urinal seats are 86.

Category Gents Ladies

Cement Building 225 78

Urinals made up of Fibre 6 8

Total 231 86

Source: Sulabh International Society

Figure 5.2: Existing Urinals



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5.4 SANITATION IN INSTITUTIONS

In Udaipur Municipal Corporation all the educational institutions such as schools and

colleges have access to toilet facility separately for girls and boys. Most of the government

institutions are avail of toilets facility.


5.5.1 Household Toilets

In Udaipur City the sewer covered area is only 440 Ha that is less than 10% of total area of

the city. This area includes the walled city, Ambamata Colony, Mallatalai Colony Ekalavya

Colony and the colonies which are situated around the lakes. The households located in

these area are only connected with sewer lines and rest of the households in the city are

either connected to leach pit (on site disposal) or have septic tanks (on site disposal) or have

pit latrines (on site disposal). In case of septic tanks the effluents are directly disposed into

the open channels/drains, which is not a healthy practice as the effluent may carry

pathogenic micro-organism.

Toilet type with Leach Pit (Single / double); Septic tanks and On Pit types of disposal

mechanism fall under On Site type of disposal methods. Detailed description of each type is

given below.

5.5.2 Septic Tanks

MIG/ HIG class of settlements have septic tank. It is observed during the survey that timely

cleaning of septic tanks is not practiced by most of the households. Cleaning is practiced

only if it is blocked and use of toilet is no more possible. The schematic sketch below

demonstrates the existing working system of the septic tanks in Chittorgarh where the waste

water from the septic tank is let into open drains or in open grounds near the houses.

Figure 5.3: Schematic representation of Black Water Disposal Septic Tanks

As pointed out, the sludge from the septic tanks is emptied as per user‘s convenience when

they face problem such as blockage, etc. Whereas, in order to ensure effective functioning of

septic tanks, it is necessary to empty the septic tanks once in every two to three years.

Presently, the local authority has four suction pumps, which are used to remove the sludge



64

on demand.

Septic tanks provide an excreta treatment system in location where a sewerage system is

not available. The option of septic tank is generally opted by those households which can

afford the capital cost and its operation and management cost or the households not having

sewer connectivity in the vicinity.

The system consists of a water tight settling tank with one or two chambers/, to which waste

is carried out by water flushing down a pipe connected to the toilet which usually has a

Utrap. However, this system does not dispose of wastes; it only helps to separate the solid

matter from the liquid. Some of the solids float on the surface, where they are known scum,

while others sink to the bottom where they are broken down bacteria to form a deposit called

sludge.

The liquid effluent flowing out of the tank is, from a health point of view, as raw sewage and

remains to be disposed off, normally by soaking into the ground through a soak pit. The

system works well where the soil is permeable and not liable to flooding or water logging. In

case of Gwalior the availability of Soak pit along with septic tank is very rear and the liquid

effluent from the tank directly goes into the open drains.

5.5.3 Leach pit

Leach pit is the most preferred means of disposal of toilet waste by those households which

are not having sewer connectivity. According to this technology, the water & gas from

excreta gets absorbed through the pores of the pit and solid gets decomposed into the

manure. This technology maintains the system under hygienic condition that is free from

odour and insect nuisance. Pits may be in circular, square or rectangular. The pit and

squatting slab may be circular or rectangular. These are preferably lined as it holds the soil

and prevents the pit from collapsing. Lining may be done with honey combed brick wall or

perforated concrete rings or stone masonry etc. Leach pit are generally provided at the back

of squatting pan. For circular pits, the minimum distance between the two pits should not be

less than its depth while for rectangular pits; both the pits can be clubbed together with

common partition wall plastered on both sides.

In India, according to the published data, the amount of human waste generated is about

400 gram faeces and 2200 gram urine per person per day. For such type of pit, an amount

of 1 kg of wet weight per person per day is taken account for calculating the pit design.

Based on this, for effective depth or capacity of wet latrines a provision of 37 litres(1.3 cu. ft)

per person per year should be sufficient.



65

The pit may be single or double depending upon choice, need of the User and space

available. In case of Gwalior the single pit is the most common. The typical section of a

leach pit toilet is shown in the following figure:

Figure 5.4: Typical section of a Septic Tank

5.5.4 On Pit Latrines

On Pit latrine is nothing but constructing the superstructure right above the leach its. Even

direct pit also has two types of construction. One type is without water seal. The problem in

this type is that there will be fly/mosquito‘s nuisance as well as the foul smell due to direct

opening. The other type is with water seal. The leach pit should be deeper, so that darkness

in the pit should not attract the flies and mosquitoes. Basement should be raised well above

the ground level to avoid runoff entry into the pit; squatting slab should be strong enough to

take the load.

The removal of sludge has been done by two ways,

a) By vacuum cleaning and jetting machine and

b) Manually through a side whole on the floor of the toilet which is covered with a stone slab.



66

About 10% of the total households are having on

pit toilets in their houses. The figure below shows

the schematic flow diagram of the treatment

systems through pit. The black water is collected in

pits that are closed once they get filled. However,

there is lack of knowledge about proper filling and

use of sludge/ compost generated. In most of the

cases it has a pit with a concrete slab on it and a

toilet is constructed over the pit. It is a kind of

leach pit where inner lining of bricks is absent.

In most of the cases it has a pit with a concrete

slab on it and a toilet is constructed over the pit.

The pits are lined with bricks and plastered with

the cement. It was observed that the pits are

emptied with the help of the suction vehicle

available with the local authority.

Figure 5.5 Schematic representation of Pit Toilet

The Reasons for the open defecation are :-

a. Economic weakness to construct toilet

b. Lack of space in for the construction of toilet

c. In adequate number of toilet in walking distance

d. Tendency of not to pay or inability to pay the user charges.

e. Habit of defeating in open

f. Lack of awareness about the sanitation and hygienic conditions

g. Illiteracy

h. Less fine amount and no procedure of prosecution under IPC

5.5.5 Public Toilets and Urinals

The condition of unpaid public toilets and urinals are very pathetic in nature. The regular

cleaning is not done in these toilets. Most of the toilets and urinals are lacks water supply

and electricity connection.



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5.6 GAP ANALYSIS

In UMC, at present there are 88,857 households are exists in which 5,493 households does

not have toilets in their premises. This population depends on either public toilets or going

for open defecation. Hence the shortages of toilets are 5,493 population should be covered

under CSP is 28,564 souls (5,493 HH Toilets). Here CSP is proposing 570 community toilets

that is 1 toilet seat for 50 persons as per the Guidelines for Community Toilets-1995 by

Ministry Urban Affairs & Employment, GoI. These 570 community toilet seats should be

placed in 57 Community Toilet complexes, that is each complex have ten seats and 5

urinals. These complexes are proposing in each ward by considering the population density

and the socio-economic condition of the people. Particularly it is proposing in the areas



68

where people are going open defecation. The mobile community toilets should be placed in

the tourist spots and in the congested areas where sufficient land is not available for the

construction of toilet and septic tank. All the toilets septic tanks should connected with sewer

system.

Table 5.3: Existing and Proposed Toilet Facilities

Demand of HH toilets 88,857

Shortage of toilets 5,493

Population should be covered under CSP 28,564

Provision of community toilet under CSP (1 toilet seat for 50 persons) 58

Number of Toilet seats 580

Source: Analysis

5.7 PROPOSAL UNDER CSP

It is proposed to provide 58 community toilets having ten seats and five urinals each. The

community toilets should be provided in open defecation area, slum areas, and residential

areas of economical weaker sections who cannot afford the cost of individual toilets. In CSP

promotes ECOSAN Toilets in the outskirts of the city. The mobile toilets can be placed in

congested areas and tourist spots where the availability of the land is a constrain.

the construction of public toilets can be meet by applying the methods of BOT (Built Operate

and Transfer) or BOOT(Built Own Operate and Transfer).

Figure 5.6: Proposed Community Toilets



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5.8 FRAMEWORK FOR COMMUNITY TOILET

Therefore, the following frame work is developed for handling such issues in a rational

manner over a future period of time. This concept note describes the following issues:-

Need for a community toilet facility on self-sustaining basis.

What should constitute community toilet facility

The locations for establishing such facility

How community toilet facility should be established and operated / maintained.

(a) Need for a community toilet facility on self-sustaining basis:

The community toilet facility is mainly required for the floating population, which

includes people coming to market places, people traveling from one place to another, and

making transit halt at railway stations, bus stands, market places etc.,

the organized and unorganized work force moving from one spot to another and who

are stationed at one place, but not having access to toilet facilities. In addition, the members



70

of the households, which have no individual sanitary toilets either because of want of

space in their dwelling units or for other social or technical reasons, may also need

this. The community and people going to cinema halls, temples etc also need such facility

because of the absence of good facility at such places. Such a facility will also help in solid

waste management on scientific lines since quality of bio-degradable waste and recyclable

waste will improve if such facility ensures that open defecation does not result in

contamination of solid waste generated at the above mentioned places including the road

side solid waste.

(b) What should constitute community toilet facility?

The community toilet facility should ideally have between 5 to 10 individual toilets with

secure locking and water supply arrangements and electricity supply. Out of it, a section

should be earmarked for women and the toilet facility should be

designed in a way that it can be used by physically challenged persons and old

citizens, who need help from another person for using the facility. The above

prescribed components should be minimal in the common toilet facility depending on the

locations and the specific requirements of a place. Additional components like bath room

facilities with changing rooms for men and women separately and some waiting area for

people wishing to make a brief halt can also be thought of wherever required for floating

population. The provision for wash basin for brushing of teeth,shave etc., may also be

provided. Additionally, locker system also can be provided where people can keep their

belongings safely while they are busy in other activities. It should have a provision

for adequate lighting and ventilation arrangements along with suitable security

provisions. It should provide access to physically challenged persons.

(c) The locations for establishing such facility:

Ideally the community toilet facility should be located at a place where the intended

user population normally moves or stays for a brief time. Such locations could be main

shopping centres, market centres, agriculture markets, trade centres like market yards,

cooperative factories, bus stands, railway stations, places like frequently visited ie.,

temples, educational institutional centres, cinema halls etc. The location should be such

that it is easily accessible from public pathways / roads. The exact location can be finalized

by undertaking a demand survey. In addition, the community toilet for slum dwellers etc.,

should be near the households of the users in order to ensure usage by people who do not

have / cannot have individual toilets due to various reasons.

(d) How such facilities should be taken up in urban local bodies:



71

Community toilet facility can be established on BOT basis in which the selected

operator will have to invest its own funds to construct the total facility including the

different services to be provided like water supply, lighting, security arrangements etc.

The urban local bodies can permit the use of land on long term basis on the condition

that the user charges will be fixed by the operator in consultation with the Municipal

Commissioner. However, there shall not be transfer of title in any form. The urban local

bodies can, however, help in providing and facilitating the obtaining of different

permissions wherever required by the operator.

The operations and maintenance will be fully managed by the operator, and the urban

local body will not have to contribute anything towards O&M costs. There shall be a

contract entered into between the operator and the urban local body duly specifying the

scope of responsibilities for both the operator and the urban local body; provision for

compensation in case of non-operation of the facility by operator, provision for appointment

of arbitrator in case of a dispute provision for mutually agreed user fee etc. The

community toilet for slum dwellers etc., shall be constructed by the municipality from

out of sanitation funds, general funds etc., including water supply connection, electricity

connection, a room for operator to stay etc. The maintenance should however preferably be

outsourced.

The operator‘s representatives in both the types of community toilets should stay

at the facility throughout and the design of the facility should include

residential accommodation for representative of operator.

Efforts to be made to prevent the people from using public open spaces for

urination and defecation – IEC approach on an intensive scale followed by

enforcement of penal provisions.

All public institutions (cinema theatres, schools, Government offices etc) should

be directed to provide neat and clean toilet facility to the visiting public.

5.9 CONSTRUCTION & MAINTENANCE OF MODERN PUBLIC TOILETS ON

BOT (BUILT, OPERATE & TRANSFER) BASIS

ULBs with the participation of the Registered NGO/Social Service Organisation may

construct and maintain public toilets on Build, Operate and Transfer (BOT) / Public

Private Partnership (PPP) basis at floating population area such as like market places,

Commercial areas, railway/Bus stations, group of educational institutions, pilgrimage

centres etc. These community toilets should be taken up on BOT basis by duly calling for

expression of interest through a transparent method of newspaper advertisement etc..



72

These toilets shall be constructed by the interested firms at their own costs and shall

be operated and maintained by them on Pay and Use basis. Rights for advertisement

through glow sign boards may be permitted on the interior and exterior walls (maximum of

75%) of the building of the Toilet Complex but mounted hoardings on roof would not

be permitted. The firms having the expertise in this field may be asked to bring forth their

capacity, capability and experience in constructing and maintaining such facilities.

The selected Organisation shall construct structurally sound and aesthetically appealing

building complex as per plans submitted to and approved by Municipalities/

Corporation. The Organisation will be required to run/maintain the same in good condition

round the clock. The interested organization may be asked to submit their

plan/drawings/design of the proposed toilet block. The organization may also be advised to

inspect the proposed sites and its surrounding and satisfy themselves before submitting the

bids. Indicative methodology for taking Construction of Modern Public Toilets on BOT

basis is enclosed for guidance.

5.9.1 Indicative Methodology for taking up Construction of Modern Public Toilets on

BOT basis

1 Site Selection

A team of Town Planning, Engineering departments and Sanitation (convenor) under

chairmanship of MC from Corporation should identify the location in the circulating area

preferably road facing where the Modern Public Toilets can be constructed. Easy

accessibility to Public should be kept in mind while selecting the site. The location should be

such that it does not impede the circulating area traffic flow. The area to be allotted may

be worked out depending on the existing conditions at the site e.g. availability of land,

water, drainage, electricity, no. of anticipated users, type of amenities to be provided,

etc.

Prior to the above activity, the Sanitation Head shall with help of sanitary workers shall

map the areas of open urination and open defecation incidences in town / city Map, then

cluster the above incidences to take up Construction of Modern Public Toilet

complexes. The road facing areas in front of Government institutions nearer to those

incidence spots may preferably be proposed and selected to avoid resistance and

later landing in court litigations. After identifying the location of Modern Public Toilets,

approval of District collector may be obtained if they are abutting to other department

institution areas.



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2 Amenities to be provided at Modern Toilets

i. Urinals.

ii. Separate toilets for ladies & gents.

iii. Bathing facilities - A plastic mug and good quality bucket to be provided.

iv. Wash Basins

v. Mirrors, towels, towel rack, hangers, hooks.

vi. Care taker room for round the clock services, and Care taker residence in the first

floor.

vii. Store room for keeping material for day to day operation and maintenance.

viii. Indication boards for the toilet complex in the form of glow sign and signage for

ladies, gents users.

ix. Additionally, locker system also can be provided where people can keep their

belongings safely while they are busy in other activities.

3 Construction of Modern Toilets-Guideline

The inside height of the toilet complex should be 3 meters. The size and layout of the toilet

complex would depend on the number of users requiring the facility and availability of

space and other local conditions. The layout and design of the complex must leave room



74

for future expansion if and when required without causing major modifications.

i. The floor should slope gently towards the floor trap. The floor of the bathing area

should be sunk to avoid the flow of water outside the bathing area.

ii. Wall mounted urinals of vitreous china of latest user friendly design of approved

type should be used, partitioned with slabs of granite. There should be no open drain.

iii. Separate ladies and gents section.

iv. Separate bathing and changing area.

v. All water pipes should be concealed in the walls.

vi. Adequate provision of exhaust to have effective ventilation.

vii. Provision should be made in the design of toilet complex to provide natural light during

day time.

viii. Proper electric fixtures with concealed wiring.

ix. Hand wash area (separate for ladies and gents) with mirrors. Water storage tanks of

approved quality and adequate capacity to be provided. Round the clock service

throughout the year.

x. Standard signage and display boards in Telugu, English (may also Hindi)

language. There shall also be direction boards to toilet complex in its 200 – 500 meters

periphery.

xi. To be completed within six months from the date of award of contract. In case of failure

of the organisation to complete the work within the stipulated period, attributable to

causes within the control of the organisation, he shall be liable to pay penalty.

xii. Implementation of ―Open defecation/Urination area‖ within 200 meters nearby Toilet

complex duly taking help from ULBs.

Broad material specifications:

All the flooring and wall cladding work should be done with superior tiles of

approved quality free from cracks and faults.

Good quality of sanitary installations/fittings should be used.

Doors, windows and ventilators shall be of good quality. These should be

elegant in appearance.

Good quality of branded electrical fittings should be used.

All water pipes, drainage and waste pipes should be concealed.

4 Operation and Maintenance

The organisation shall operate and maintain the toilets/complexes to the entire

satisfaction of the Municipalities. Toilets, urinals, floors, walls and ceilings of the interior as

well as exterior of the complex should be cleaned regularly and continuous availability



75

of clean water should be ensured. The cleaning of toilets and urinals should be done at fixed

intervals depending upon patronage, preferably after each use. Adequate inventory of

cleaning material like phenyl, naphthalene balls and liquid detergents for cleaning floors

and tiles, liquid soap solution, floor wipers, brushes, dusters, mops, buckets, mugs,

dustbins etc. should always be available at the cost of the service provider.

The following maintenance work should be done by the Service Provider:

All repairs and routine maintenance including prompt repairs of potholes, cracks,

concrete joints, electric fittings, lighting, sanitary fittings and signage of the complex should

be promptly attended to by the Service Provider.It will be the responsibility of the Service

Provider to ensure proper drainage upto the pitfall and any choking of drainage

should be attended to by him promptly.

Cleaning the septic tanks, including safe disposal of their contents and

maintenance of sewerage system will be the responsibility of the Service

Provider.

White washing and painting should also be undertaken as and when required

(preferable once in six months).

Mechanized grinding and polishing of the floor surface of the toilet shall be done at

least once a year.

Flowering plants/Flower pots may be provided in and around the toilet complex for

beautification.

Safety and security of users shall be ensured.

Prevention of any encroachment in/or adjoining the Pay & Use Toilet block.

There shall be complete ban on smoking in public places. The toilet complex should

be operated as a no-smoking zone. There shall also be complete ban on

employment of child labour. Proper indication boards to this effect should be

displayed in the complex at noticeable points.

Cleanliness/hygiene of surroundings of toilets (about 2 meters around) should be

ensured by the Service Provider.

5 Electricity and Water

Electricity and Water shall be provided by the Agency with its own cost. However,

the Municipalities will assist the agency in getting Electricity and Water supply

connections.

6 Period of concession

The period of Concession Agreement for Modern Pay & Use Public toilets under BOT



76

scheme will be first 5 years and renewable after every three years upto 25 years with due

approval from council. After completion of the period, Municipality may extend the

concession period on mutually agreed terms subject to the satisfactory performance of

the Service Provider. If the period is not extended by Municipality, then the assets will be

transferred to the Municipality who will be free to lease it further to other organisations.

7 Advertisement Rights

The Service Provider may be allowed to display advertisement, on the interior and

exterior walls (maximum of 75%) of the toilet building, but mounted hoardings on roof

would not be permitted. However, the advertisements displayed shall not be repugnant to

the general standards of morality and should not hurt the religious sentiments of any section

of the society or compete with services provided by the Municipalities.

8 Service charges:

The Service Provider may charge the users/passengers @ 0.50 paise/- for Urinal, Rs.2/-

for using latrine and Rs.5/- for using bathroom only or both bathroom and latrine, subject to

approval of the committee consisting of CP/Mayor, MC, ME, and SS/SI/MHO. The rates

can be reviewed once in three years on mutually agreed terms. The rate list should be

displayed prominently at noticeable locations/entry points to the toilets i.e., at back of care

taker seat.

9 Complaints and Suggestions:

While the Service Provider is responsible for ensuring a complaint free service, they

should also maintain a complaint and suggestion register at the toilets, which should be

made available to the users/passengers. A notice to this effect may be displayed prominently

at the entry points to the toilets i.e., at back of care taker seat.

10 Selection of Agency:

a) Expression of Interest (EOI):

Expression of Interest (EOI) will be called by Municipality/Corporation through two leading

newspapers from the interested parties/ organisations. Pre-bid like Meeting with the

parties shall be held atleast 5 days before last date for filing EOI, in which they will share

concept of BOT TOILET with the Municipality. After examination and go through

proposal by the committee consisting of Commissioner, ME, MHO/SS/SI/ TPO, the

Municipal Commissioner may select the organization for construction of Modern Public Toilet

on BOT basis with due approval of Council of Municipality / Standing Committee of

Corporation.



77

11 Agreement

The Service Provider after signing agreement, shall not transfer, sublet or dispose of

the rights and benefits under the Agreement or any project agreement except with prior

written consent of the Municipalities which Municipalities shall be entitled to decline without

assigning any reason whatsoever.

12 Termination of Contract

The Municipalities can terminate the contract in case of continued noncompliance of

Service Conditions by the Service Provider with three months notice.. The assets will then

be transferred to Municipality at the Depreciated Replacement Value, which will be

determined by the committee of ME, Engineer of PH, TPO of the Municipality. The

Municipalities will be free to lease the assets on further contract.

13 Arbitration

The District Magistrate shall be the sole arbitrator and the decision of District Magistrate

shall be final and binding on both the parties.

14 Punitive Clause

Municipalities can impose a fine on the Service Provider if the desired level of cleanliness is

not maintained and for lack of proper upkeep, facilities etc., fine up to Rs.200/- at a time for

unsatisfactory cleanliness and upto Rs.500/- at a time for lack of proper upkeep facilities,

may be imposed. However, in no case the fine should be more than Rs.1,000/- at a time.

Such clause should be clearly brought out in the Agreement.

15 Loss and Theft of Property

The Service Provider shall be solely responsible for the upkeep of all the assets

created and any loss and damage thereof shall be made good by him/her immediately

at his/her own cost to continue to keep the complex operational and available for use.

16 Project completion

The construction shall have to be completed within six (6) months of signing the agreement.

No extension shall be given under normal conditions. However, if Municipality are

satisfied that delay, if any, has been caused due to unforeseen circumstances,

extension may be granted for completion of work as per rules.



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17 Terms and Conditions

a) Municipality/Corporation shall provide land to the Service Provider suitable to the

requirement in terms of size, location and workability etc. depending upon availability.

The tile of the land will be with the Municipality/Corporation.

b) The Service Provider shall ensure that the premises are not used for any

purpose other than that for which it is allowed under the Agreement. The

premises should not be used for playing games, cards etc., which involves

stakes/betting etc.

c) The Service Provider shall ensure that the construction of toilets is completed in a

period of six months from the date of handing over the physical possession of the

site. Extension can be granted by Municipality/Corporation, provided the delay was

due to unforeseen/unavoidable reasons.

d) Both the parties shall be at liberty to cancel the agreement at any stage after

giving three months notice from either side, if they find that the project/

arrangement is not workable according to their aims and objectives. The assets

created by the Service Provider shall stand transferred to the Municipality/

Corporation in such eventualities.

e) Municipalities shall have the right to cancel/revoke/terminate the agreement at any

stage in case of breach of any of the stipulated terms and conditions by the Service

Provider or if their performance is not found satisfactory.

f) The sites and the works assigned to the Service Provider by the Municipality

/Corporation shall not be transferred by the former to any person, Trust, Society or

Institution in any manner whatsoever at any time, whether during or after the

termination of the agreement.

g) The Service Provider shall not use or allow any person to use such toilets for

residential purpose.

h) In case the constructed Modern public toilet on BOT basis by the service

provider is required by the Municipalities for any other priority or work at any of time,

the Municipalities will have the direction to terminate this agreement after giving three

(3) months prior notice to the service provider and reimbursing the amount spent by

the latter on construction of Public Toilet and Providing fixtures, equipment in

toilet complexes as assessed by a team of Engineers from Municipality, PHE, and

R&B.



79

5.10 ECOSAN TOILETS

• The eco-san is constructed above ground level.

• To prevent feaces coming into contact with the soil and underground water sources,

the bottom portion of the chamber is plastered. Eco-san Latrine has two chambers

for defecation.

• After defecation, a handful of ash or mud should be put inside the chamber to cover

the faeces.

• No water is poured inside the chambers

• The first chamber will get filled up in about six to eight months. Then it is closed and

the second one will be used

• Faeces in the first chamber gets composted in about 6 to 9 months.

• The compost will not have any foul smell and will be free from any disease causing

pathogens or bacteria.

• The compost can be used for agricultural purposes/ raising kitchen garden

• From the PVC pipe, which has holes in the last 1 meter, the wash water and urine

will be taken to a nearby kitchen kitchen garden by infiltration infiltration

•

•



80

Chapter 6 : SEWERAGE MANAGEMENT

6.1 INTRODUCTION

City of Lakes, Udaipur is one of the important cities in the state of Rajasthan. The City is a

favorite tourist destination for foreign and local tourists, for its beautiful lake and marvelous

palaces. Lakes and gardens in the city besides being beauty spots are also of great

ecological significance. The lakes are also principal source of drinking water for the city.

Growth of city is however adversely affecting the eco-system of the lakes and there is fear of

lakes becoming eutrophic. Survival of Udaipur city as a tourist destination and well-being of

its residents is essentially linked with preservation of eco system of its lakes.

6.2 PRESENT STATUS

Flow of domestic wastewater into the lakes is one of the major reasons identified for the

deterioration of the condition of the lakes. Absence of underground sewage collections and

conveyance system also results in wastewater flowing in the open drain that is damaging the

aesthetics of the city.

City is growing in population and business activities and with the rise in standard of living,

water demand of the city residents is further increasing and consequently wastewater flow is

increasing. Public Health Engineering Department and Urban Development Department

have initiated some projects under RUIDP for augmenting water supply to the City. With

implementation of proposed water supply augmentation schemes, water supply to the city

will increase from present 75 LPCD to 135 LPCD. Absence of proper sewage collection and

conveyance system particularly in the surrounding of lakes will result in further

eutrophication of lakes.

Continuous efforts have been made by various concerned Government Department and

Local self-Government to protect lakes from pollution and maintaining aesthetic environment

in the city in general and in the surrounding of the lakes in particulars, that the city retains its

historic charm. As a lake protection measure sewerage system was planned from time to

time for collection and conveyance of sewage in catchment areas of lakes.

Public interest litigation was also filed in the Rajasthan High Court to protect the lakes from

pollution. Honorable Court ordered concerned departments to take appropriate action for the

protection of lakes in a time bound manner and is continuously monitoring the progress

being made in this matter.

Urban Improvement Trust (UIT) undertook most recent activity in the direction of prevention

of pollution of lakes, prior to the present project. Under this activity UIT assigned work of



81

planning and designing of sewerage system to National Environment Engineering Research

Institute (NEERI) who studied the project area and prepared a report for preservation of

lakes and submitted to UIT for implementation.

NEERI in its report presented a condition assessment of the existing sewerage system, and

recommended implementation of proper sewerage network for the City of Udaipur. NEERI

prepared detail project report for sewerage network for part of Udaipur (Phase I Part I). For

immediate remedial measure to protect the Pichola lake from Pollution and for protecting

Lake Fatehsagar and augment the existing main sewer running from Hathi Pole to

Manvakhera where the sewage treatment plant is proposed to be constructed (Phase II) was

for remaining part of Udaipur as per development of the city projected for the year 2011.

(City Development Plan, 2006)

In Phase I work proposed by NEERI, sewerage system was designed around four lakes,

which cover ten wards. Out of this three wards are fully covered and seven are partly

covered for the design purpose and this work was executed by UIT Udaipur and

simultaneously carried out the work of connecting individual house toilets with sewerage.

Government of Rajasthan took a decision to execute the work proposed under Phase-I Part-

II in NEERI‘s report, under waste water sector of ADB project. In addition to providing

sewerage system, augment the existing main sewer from Hathi pole to Manwakhera;

construction of a 20 MLD capacity sewage treatment plant was also included in the works.

Unfortunately no work could be executed under ADB project.



82



83

6.3 EXISTING SEWERAGE SYSTEM

Udaipur city is not fully covered by an integrated underground sewerage system. At present,

the city has a skeleton existing sewerage system, which covers the high density populated

areas of the walled city. The old sewerage system in the catchment areas of the lakes

consist of 3500m of sewers varying in diameters from 150-350mm covering a population of

about 10,000 in Ambamata, Brahmapuri, Lalghat, Navghat, and Chandpole area. The

sewage from these sewers used to flow by reaping up to Jhatwadi by a pump-house located

at Chandpole (ridgeline) from where it was gravitating to Hathipole through 400 mm diameter

gravity sewers.

The existing sewerage system spreads in 13 wards out of 55 wards of Municipal area of

Udaipur i.e. ward nos. 22, 33 to 37, 42 to 47 & 50 with an outfall of 800mm diameter at

Manwa Kheda at a distance of 4.5 Km from City. Besides this UIT Udiapur took the

execution of sewerage project to protect lake Pichola from pollution. Accordingly an

extensive sewerage system was laid in localities surrounding it at an expenditure of Rs. 12

crores under the technical guidance of NEERI. After execution of the project the existing

pumping station at Chandpole has been abandoned and the entire sewerage generated from

the area Mallatalai, Haridasji Ki Magri, Ambamata Scheme, Raja Colony, Yadav Kachi Basti,

Bagore Ki Haveli, Purohit Ji Ki Haveli, Brampole, Gangor Ghat, Lalghat, Gadia Deora etc.

gravitate to Hathipole through 800mm dia sewer line from where it is carried by existing

sewer line already functional from Hathipole to Manwa Kheda. In this project one pumping

station had to be constructed near Hanuman Temple in Ambamataa area because of low

lying area such as Yadav Kachi Basti, Ambavgarh, part of Ambamata scheme etc. Under

this project the main sewer line runs from Mallatalai to Hathipole via Chandpole. The sewer

line is telescopic with starting dia meter of 500mm to 800mm at Hathipole. Part of this sewer

line has been laid in the bed of Lake Pichola. The ductile Iron (800mm) pipe line has been

laid in the lake bed. Along with a network of 24 Km sewer line laid under NEERI Project

about 3400 sewer house connection have been done simultaneously.

6.3.1 Sewerage System constructed by PHED

Initially PHED introduced the sewerage system in the city and they constructed sewerage

network for 84.2 Ha area in the walled city. The total length of the network is 24 km. The

Operation and Maintenance (O&M) of the sewerage system is being looked after by the

Udaipur Municipal Council (UMC). The colonies or areas served by the PHED scheme are

listed below.



84

Chand Pol Area

Shivaji Nagar

Ganesh Ghati

Shakti nagar

Bhupal Wadi

Ashok Nagar

Delhi Gate

Subhash Nagar

Hathi Pol

Hiran Magri Sector-3

The trunk sewer of the above sewerage system

starts at Suraj Pol and drains into River Ahar at

Manwakheda. The sewage from the above area

is being discharged in to the river without any treatment. The size of pipes in the sewerage

system ranges from 150 mm to 300 mm and the size of the trunk main ranges from 400 mm

to 800 mm.

S.NO. Size and Pipe Material of the Sewer Line Length of Sewer(m)

1 150 mm Diameter sewer pipe lines 12289



4 300 mm Diameter R.C.C sewer pipe lines 173

5 400 mm Diameter R.C.C class NP2 sewer pipe lines 1260




Total Length of The Sewers Laid by PHED 21339

Source : PHED Department ,Udaipur



85



86

6.3.2 Sewerage system constructed by UIT

The Udaipur Improvement Trust (UIT) built sewerage system for the following areas around

the lakes in the year 2005, to avoid untreated sewage being discharged in to the lakes. The

sewerage network built under this scheme is primarily along the internal roads in older parts

of the City. Main areas covered by the above scheme are as follows.

Hari Das Ji Ki Magri

Ambamata

Malla Tallai

Brahm Pol Area

Amber Mata

Brahm Pol Magri

Amber Garh

Left side area of Rang Sagar lake

Guni Dayal Marg

Naga Magri

S.NO. Size and Pipe Material of the Sewer Line Length of the Sewer(m)

1 150 mm Diameter S.W sewer pipe lines 15552











Total Length of The Sewers Laid by UIT 23556


UIT constructed the sewerage system in two phases. In first phase, it covered an area of

144 Ha around the lakes, which includes the colonies like Ambamataa, Chandpole, city



87

palace area, fateh palace area etc. In the second phase UIT covered an area of 212 Ha

which includes the colonies like malla thalai, ekalavya colony, Raza colony, Amar Nagar,

Kaimi Ekta Nagar, Pragati Nagar etc. There are total 17 Sewage Pumping and Lifting

Stations and the length of the pumping mains is 6.9 km. The existing trunk line from

Hathipole to Manwa Khera is not sufficient to bear the heavy load of sewage from these

areas. Hence UIT, laid a parallel trunk line of 8 km length from Hathipole to Manwa khera

treatment plant site. In Manwa Khera , Hindustan Zinc Limited (HZL) assured to construct a

sewage treatment plant of 20 MLD capacity.

6.3.3 Pumping Stations and Lifting Stations in the existing system

There are total 17 Sewage Pumping and Lifting stations for the entire network. Among these,

5 are constructed in phase 1 under UIT and 12 are in Phase 2.

6.3.4 Pumping Station near Amba Mata Bridge

The sewage from three directions joins to this lift station and is conveyed through 200 mm

diameter pumping main of 200 m long laid along the bridge and the sewage pumping main is

connected to 700 mm diameter trunk sewer at Amba Mata Pol.In total, there are 5 pumps

installed in the Amba Mata pumping station but, only one pump is in working condition.

TABLE: 2.3: Pump details at the pumping station near Amba Mata Bridge:

S.NO. Details of Pumps Capacity (m3/hr) Head (m) Status of the Pump

1 Jasco make 15 H.P Pump 145 12 Not Working

2 Jasco make 10 H.P Pump 90 12 In working condition





The single pump which is in operation could not cope with the inflow and hence the sewage

is overflowing into the nearby water body.

6.3.5 Pumping Station (PS) Near Chand Pol

This Pumping Station (PS) is constructed during the period 1976-1985 by PHED. The

sewerage system from Lal Ghat, Nav Ghat area and adjoining area is connected to this

pumping station from where, sewage is pumped to Hathi Pole through 400 mm diameter and

500m long (R.C.C Hume pipe class P1) pumping main. The lift station consists of four

numbers of 12.5 HP submersible pumps at 12m head out of which only two pumps are in



88

working condition. The inadequate operation of the pump leads to the overflow of sewage

into Swaroop Sager Lake.

6.3.6 Pumping Station at Gadiya Devra

This Pumping Station (PS) near Gadiya Devra has only one pump of 3 H.P Presently the

pump is not in working condition. The sewage from the manhole overflows into Pichole Lake.

6.3.7 Lift Station near Naganagri Ramdwera

This Lift Station (LS) or manhole pumping station has only one submersible pump of 3 H.P is

installed at manhole (Node Ref 472) with electrical panel box. This lift station is not in

working condition and sewage from the manhole overflows in to Pichole Lake in front of Lake

Palace.

6.3.8 Lift Station near Maharaja Ghat

This Lift Station (LS) consist of one submersible pump of 3 H.P installed in the manhole

itself, which is not in working condition. Sewage from the manhole overflows in to the Pichole

Lake, behind hotel Leela Palace.

TABLE: 2.4: Existing Pumping and lift station details in Udaipur:

S.N. Location Details of Pumps Head (mts) Status of the pumps

1 Pumping Station Near

Amba Mata Bridge

One 15HP pumps, two

10HP pumps & two

5HP pumps

12 One 5HP pump in working

condition

2 Pumping Station (PS)

Near Chand Pol

Four 12.5 HP pumps 12 Two pumps are in working

condition

3 Lift Station at Gadiya

Devra

One submersible pump

of 3HP

- Not working–Sewerage

directly leaking into Pichola

lake

4 Lift Station near

Naganagri Ramdwera


of 3HP


leaking into Pichola lake

infront of City Palace

5 Lift Station Near

Maharaja Ghat


of 3HP


leaking into Pichola lake

behind Leela Palace

Source: PHED Department, Udaipur



89

6.4 DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE

The entire sewage generated in the city finds its way to Ahar River through 800mm

diameter outfall sewer at Manwa Kheda village. Congested parts of the city areas have

extensive network of surface water drains, to which wastewater from houses (including water

closets) is directly connected. The surface water drains ultimately discharge into lakes

causing lake pollution. There has been an arrangement to collect and convey sewage from

community septic tanks at various locations up to nearest natural or constructed drains.

There is a proposal of STP near Ahar River by HZL for treating the sewer from the areas

where sewer lines are constructed by UIT in phase 1 and phase 2.

6.4.1 Existing Trunk Line

The existing trunk sewer starts at Mallatallai with 500mm diameter. The alignment of the

trunk sewer passes through Brahmpole Marg, Swaroop Sager Lake and Hathi Pol. The

diameter of the trunk sewer increases from 500mm to 700mm at Jethion-Ki-Bari and

continues with the same diameter up to Brahmpole Gate where, the size of the trunk

increases to 800mm and continues up to Hathi Pol. The above trunk line joins another trunk

line laid in 1971 by PHED, which goes all the way up to Manwa Kheda

6.4.2 Pumping and Lifting Stations

Sewage pumping stations are normally required to remove / lift wastes from areas which

cannot be served hydraulically by gravity sewers. In certain situations however, a gravity

sewer system can be utilized, but only at the expense of deep trench excavation, jacking,

boring or tunnelling. As from the existing scenario, many pumps in the pumping stations are

not working which are causing contamination and letting sewerage flow directly into the lake.

Table 6.1: Issues in existing Pumping and Lifting Stations

S.N. Location Status of the pumps Issues



90

1 Pumping Station Near

Amba Mata Bridge

1 pump out of 5 pumps in

working condition

Sewerage directly leaking into Pichola

lake

2 Pumping Station (PS)

Near Chand Pol

2 pumps out of 4 are in

working condition

Sewerage directly leaking into Pichola

lake

3 Lift Station at Gadiya

Devra

Not working Sewerage directly leaking into Pichola

lake

4 Lift Station near

Naganagri Ramdwera

Not working Sewerage leaking into Pichola lake

infront of City Palace

5 Lift Station Near

Maharaja Ghat

Not working Sewerage leaking into Pichola lake

behind Leela Palace

Source: Analysis


Sewage collection system

Major deficiencies in the existing sewage collection system are listed below.

Inadequate coverage

The sewage collection system is not laid to cover all areas of the city. In fact it does not fully

cover even the areas for which branch and main sewers have been laid.

House Connections

Except the area in which UIT has laid sewer lines does not have house connections, without

which the sewer lines cannot function properly. Only about 3600 old sewer connections exist

in the entire city as against 88,857 households as per census 2011.

Sewage treatment plant

There is no sewage treatment system in the city. The trunk line from the old city area is

falling in the River Ahar in Manw khera village. There is a proposal of STP with 20 MLD

capacity near Ahar River by HZL for treating the sewer from the areas where sewer lines are

constructed by UIT in phase 1 and phase 2.

6.6 FUTURE REQUIREMENT

The existing sewer covered area in the city is only 4.4 sqkm out of the total area of 64 sqkm

in the Udaipur Municipal Corporation. The approximate length of the existing network is 95

km feeder lines, 6.9 km pumping mains and 8 km long trunk lines. Hence CSP should cover

the rest of the 60 sqkm area as well as the developed area outside the corporation limit.

Here CSP is proposing a sewerage network of 832 km length in which 583km lines are

within the corporation limit and 249 km are outside the corporation boundary.



91

Table 6.2: Existing and Proposed Sewer Lines

6.6.1 Waste Water Management

The wastewater (sewage) or black water generation for future has been calculated at 80% of

the water demand. The water demand for this purpose has been calculated at the rate of

135 lpcd. Additionally the institutional and fire demand and the unaccounted losses for water

have also been considered for calculations the water demand as per the CPHEEO.

Table 6.3: Sewage Generation

Year Population Water Demand Sewage Generation

Nos MLD MLD

2013 4,68,904 84.19 67.352

2021 5,41,219 97.18 77.744

2031 6,41,457 115.17 92.136

2041 7,55,736 135.69 108.552

Source: Analysis

Accordingly @ 80 lpcd, for the projected population of 5.41 lakhs for year 2021, the sewage

produced will be to the tune of 77.74 MLD and for 2031 it will be 92.13 MLD, and 2041 it will

be 108.55. As per the projected population of 2041, the capacity of the STP should be

atleast 125 MLD by considering 15 percent extra population for efficient service delivery. A

20 MLD STP has been proposed UIT in Manwa Khera village near the Ahar River.

Works proposed to be taken up for design period 2041

For providing sanitation facilities in the city and to prevent pollution of lakes it is proposed to

2% 7%

91%

UNDER PHED

UNDER UIT

UNDER CSP

CONSTRUCTION LENGTH OF FEEDER LINES

UNDER PHED 21.33

UNDER UIT 60

UNDER CSP 832



92

provide sewerage network in entire present development and projected development area

irrespective of municipal boundaries for the year 2041. This will involve laying of about 1000

km network of sewer lines of sizes 200 mm to 1600mm and about 1,50,000 household

connections and around 20,000 institutional and commercial connections. The sewage

treatment plant of total treatment capacity of 125 MLD can be constructed in phased

manner. Modular treatment plant of 20 MLD capacities can be built in the first instance and

another module of same capacity can be added later on as per the requirement. A special

emphasis shall have to be plan to the work of sewer house connection which is the key of

success of the sewerage system. For this activity an extensive IEC campaign shall have to

take up to motivate the people and help of NGO shall be required. It is also proposed to

employ a design supervision consultant to prepare DPR and supervision of the work.

6.6.2 Demand and Gap in Waste Water Management

In Udaipur, there is no Sewage Treatment plant for management of waste water. But there is

a proposal of STP near Ahar River in Manwa Khera village of 20 MLD capacity under UIT. In

the present situation, there is a need of STP with at least 14 MLD capacity if all the waste

water are brought to the STP. Since the proposed STP is located in the North Western part

of the city, there must be a STP in the southern part of the city for reducing the loads in the

sewer lines. The capacity of the STP should be augmented gradually by decades and it

should be 19 MLD capacity by 2021, 24 MLD by 2031 and 30 MLD capacity by 2041.

Table 6.4: STP Proposals

Year PROPOSED BY

CAPACITY of STP

SEWAGE GENERATION in MLD

CAPACITY DEMAND

GAP

2013 UIT 20 67.352 77 57

2021 CSP 60 77.744 89 9

2031 CSP 20 92.136 106 6

2041 CSP 25 108.552 125 0

Source: Analysis

In the current situation, the proposed STP by the UIT would be enough to treat the sewage

generated, which is located near Ahar River in Manva Kheda village in the eastern part of

the city. In future the STPs should be proposed as per the projected sewage generation at

various places. The location should be identified in consultation with UIT, Nagar Nigam and

PHED.

The treated effluent (treated water) can be used for non-potable use such as gardening, car

washing, decorative pools and fountains in parks, toilet flushing etc.



93

6.7 FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION

INVESTEMENT PLAN MACRO -LEVEL

Table 6.5:Investement Plan Macro Level

SL NO. INDICATOR BENCHMARK

PRESENT

SITUATION

OTHER PROJECTS TARGETS

TO BE

ACHIEVED

FUND

REQUIREMENT

(Rs. IN Crore)

SOURCE

CMC GoR GoI

20% 10% 70%

100% 9% 91%

1

Coverage of

sewerage

network (in km) 914 82 832 0 0 0

2 STP 125 MLD 20 105 MLD

INVESTEMENT PLAN MICRO -LEVEL

Table 6.6:Investment Plan Micro Level

SL

NO. PARTICULARS TOTAL FUND

2013-2014 - 50% 2014-2015 - 50%

CMC GoR GoI CMC GoR GoI

20% 10% 70% 20% 10% 70%



94

1

Determination of

water need index,

Reuse of treated

effluent

2

Provision for

connecting existing

toilets to UGD

proposed by RUIDP

3

Annual O&M Cost of

STP sewerage

network/pumping

station

4

Purchase of vaccum

suction units

5

Administrative

charges/consultancy

charges

TOTAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



95


Table 6.7: Strategies and Time Frame


Cleaning of sewer should be undertaken through modern suction machines. The

operation will be quick and without damage to the skin of the sewer lines.

Proper storm water sewerage system of the town should be laid

For chocked sewer lines/ de-silting, special permission may be granted to engage the

sewer helpers through muster rolls as per requirement and advance arrangement of

LOC for making payment to labor immediately on completion of job be made.

The labor contractor may be got enlisted through the cooperative L&C Society. So that

on requirement of labor could be arranged through the contractor.

For getting the unauthorized sewer connections regularized, the procedure may be

simplified.

6.7.3 Best Practice

Institutional Strengthening for Programme Implementation: Capacity building

measures need be taken in the form of information dissemination among the poor and

slum dwellers about the importance of safe disposal facilities. While such mediums like

audio-visual communication shall be adopted for the purpose, community gatherings

and meetings shall also be given importance. Since the new programmes are envisaged

towards community participation in operation and maintenance, such measures will

strengthen the institutional setup.

O&M Plan - Adoption of an O&M Plan and Schedule, including options of using the

S. No. Strategy 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

1 Asset Management Plan

2 Rehabilitation of Old Network

System

3 UGD for un-sewered areas

4 Network Converge for Slum

Household



96

private sector for O&M (e.g. management contract).

Asset Management Plan - To address the condition assessment and the performance

of sewerage system assets, it is necessary that an asset management plan be prepared

for the assets of sewerage system in the town.

Mapping & GIS - To address the issue of system rehabilitation, mapping and

establishing a GIS system is pertinent to detail out system location, characteristics, age

and condition. This would enable identifying dilapidated sections of the network and

those that require replacement.

Tariff Revision - Future capital investments on system up-gradation being imminent,

the tariff structure shall be revised from time to time to enable cost recovery and to

service the additional debt from the capital investments.

Performance Monitoring- It is important to monitor the performance of the sector over

the years for better service delivery and consumer satisfaction.



97

Chapter 7 : WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT

The wastewater (sewage) generation for future has been calculated at 80% of the water

demand. The water demand for this purpose has been calculated at the rate of 135 lpcd.

Additionally the institutional and fire demand and the unaccounted losses for water have also

been considered for calculations the water demand as per the CPHEEO2.

Presently the total amount of waste water generated into the city is 67.3 MLD. It includes the

waste water generated from domestic, institutional and other activities performed in the city.

7.1 SANITATION MODELS/TECHNOLOGIES

7.1.1 Wet and Dry Sanitation

All sanitation technologies can be described as being either ‗wet‘ or ‗dry‘: Wet technologies

require water to flush faeces. Most urban sanitation in India is ‗wet‘, involving some form

of flush toilet connected to a leach pit, septic tank or sewer.

Dry technologies do not use water for flushing. They include a range of different types

of traditional pit latrines, ventilated improved pits, as well as contemporary designs

that promote the safe reuse of excreta

Pit latrines are rarely used in India, though in recent years some small-scale initiatives

have promoted ecological sanitation (known as Ecosan), a form of dry sanitation that

involves the separation of faeces and urine at source and the reuse of treated excreta. In

principle, Ecosan has some important advantages including (a) reduced water demand

for flushing; (b) reduced wastewater management problems (no black water production);

and(c) improved nutrient recycling, particularly the nutrients in urine.

2 For fire : 0.1xsqrt of P/1000 (CPHEEO norm); Unaccounted water losses upto 15% (CPHEEO norm)



98

Dry systems are always on-site; cistern flush toilets will require wastewater to be

transported off-site unless there is sufficient land to provide a fairly extensive drain

field, which will not normally be the case in urban areas. Both on-site and offsite options are

normally viable for pour flush toilets.

7.1.2 On-Site and Off-Site Sanitation Systems

Sanitation systems may be:

On-site, retaining wastes in the vicinity of the toilet in a pit, tank or vault.

Off-site, removing wastes from the vicinity of the toilet for disposal elsewhere.

Hybrid, retaining solids close to the latrine but removing liquids for off-site

disposal elsewhere.

Table 7.1: Type of Waste generated in different disposal process

Type Source

Faecal Sludge Pit latrine and leach pit

Septage Septic tank

Black water Water closet

Domestic Sewage Sludge and black water mixed together

Sludge (grey water) Personal washing, laundry, cooking and cleaning

7.1.3 Types of Toilets

Household Toilets are toilets used only by a single household, typically a single

family or extended family. However, facilities classified as ―household toilets‖ often serve

very large households, or they may be regularly used by neighbours. So the Boundary

between household toilets and shared toilets is not clear-cut.

Shared Toilets are toilets shared between a group of households in a single building

or plot. This can cover very different situations: for example, a toilet shared by 20 tenant

families each occupying one room in a large building; or a toilet shared by 3 related families

living within a single plot or compound.



99

Public Toilets (PTs) in Commercial Areas like markets, to and bus stations, etc are

located in areas characterised by high economic activity open anybody for use. Sulabh

complex and pay and use toilets in urban areas – falls in this category of private and NGO

operations in PTs operation.

Community-Managed Toilets (CMTs) are usually in low density slum locations,

sometimes there is a commercial market yard close by but the distinctive feature is that there

exists a slum dwelling community that uses and manages such toilets.

7.1.4 Level of Sanitation and Service Provisions:

There are three potential levels of service for toilets: household, shared or communal

(public). Determining which level to provide is a critical step in the technology

selection process. Residents would prefer to have a household latrine but this is not

always possible, for a variety of reasons including affordability, land tenure restrictions or a

lack of space. Where household toilets cannot be provided, alternative options will have to

be explored and locations identified for any new facilities.

Service Type Key Provisions

1. Household

The immediate access, convenience, and privacy offered by household sanitation will mean



100

that this option will be the preferred option for residents.

Main concerns

On-site sanitation systems- Affordability and reliable servicing

Off-site treatment-Cost of installing a network of sewerage and treatment

2. Shared

In areas where there is not enough space for individual household latrines, the sharing of

latrines between several families may provide a useful solution. The ownership of the

latrines generally belongs to one of the houses, the owner of all the houses, or else

ownership is shared between the households. Costs of pit emptying and other repairs can be

included in the rent, but this can cause problems if the owner does not live there.

Alternatively, residents can collaborate to clean the latrine and collect money to get it

emptied when necessary.

3. Community

Community toilets are usually constructed in low income residential areas and slums to cater

to the local community who would otherwise have no access to sanitation. Provided these

are managed well and maintained, this system can be effective in meeting the needs of the

local community and promoting improved public health.

4. Public

Public latrines are provided for use for the general public in places such as bus stands,

markets, and other facilities, which have a large throughput of people. One of the success

stories of sanitation in India has been the public latrines developed by the organization

Sulabh International.

7.1.5 On-Site or Off-Site Disposal:

All forms of wet sanitation produce black water which has a high oxygen demand and

may also contain high concentrations of pathogens.

Options for dealing with black water are:

On-site disposal to a leach pit or drain field.

On-site disposal to a septic tank with soak away or drain field.

On-site retention of solids in an interceptor tank combined with off-site disposal

of settled waste water (hybrid system).

Off-site disposal of black water via sewerage.

The choice made between these options will depend on a number of factors including:



101

The quantity of wastewater produced;

Soil type, groundwater depth and topography;

Housing density and available space;

The source of water; and

The presence of sewers and drainage channels into which local sewers might

discharge.

Figure 7.1: Option for collection and drainage of waste water



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Figure 7.2: Type of toilets and estimates of water consumption

7.2 TECHNICAL OPTIONS

On-Site Sanitation

Pour flush toilet with single leach pit

Pour flush toilet with double leach pit

Septic tank

Community toilet block

Waste Transportation

Dislodging trucks

Conventional sewerage

Shallow sewerage

Conventional sewerage

Wastewater and Faecal Sludge Treatment

Oxidation ditch

Rotating biological contactors

Anaerobic baffled reactor

Reed beds

Waste stabilization ponds

Activated sludge process

Biological trickling filter

Fluidized aerated bed reactor

Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Upflow anaerobic filter



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Duckweed ponds

7.2.1 On-Site Sanitation Technologies

a) Pour flush toilet with single leach pit

Description: Excreta can be stored longer prior to removal Excreta is flushed into a pit by

pouring one or three litresof water. Pour flush toilets have a water seal to reduce odor

and insect problems. Underground pit normally lined with open-jointed brickwork to enable

water to percolate Pit can be under the latrine superstructure or can be offset so as to

enable access for dislodging.

Applicability: Single leach pits are a simple and relatively inexpensive with

widespread application in urban areas with hygienic faecal sludge collection and

treatment service. Leach pits are appropriate when water use is at least 25 litresper capita

per day. Impermeable soils such as clay or rock preclude the use of leach pits. Care should

be taken when using leach pits in situations where groundwater is used for water supply.

A minimum distance of 10 meters should be allowed between a leach pit and a shallow

well.

Operation and Maintenance Requirements: Once the pit is full, it must be desludged.

The methods used should

prevent operators or cleaners

from coming into contact with

fecal material. The undigested

and unstabilized sludge must be

treated and disposed of safely.

Additional Infrastructure or

Treatment Requirements:

Periodically, sludge must be

collected and treated prior to

reuse or disposal.

Collection methods need to be hygienic, preventing contact between workers and faeces.

Limitations and Risks

The widespread practice of manual desludging of excreta and its indiscriminate

disposal presents a major health risk.

Pollution of groundwater is likely if the bottom of the pit is less than 2 meters above the

groundwater table and people collect drinking water from shallow wells located close to



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pits.

Deeper groundwater may also become contaminated if the underlying ground is fissured

rock.

There are many instances where pits work well initially but problems arise later

when water use increases. In this situation, residents often connect their toilets to the

surface water drainage system.

Leach pits are not normally designed to cater for Sullage water, nevertheless it is

sometimes discharged to pits and can result in overflowing, causing nuisance and

a potential health hazard close to houses.

Management Arrangements: Responsibility for maintenance rests primarily with the

householder, who will need to pay a private or public service provider to remove the pit

contents and transport off-site for treatment and disposal.

Links to other technologies: Pit emptying and faecal sludge treatment.

b) Pour Flush Toilet with Double Leach Pit

Description: Digested sludge can be used as a fertilizer

or soil conditioner without further treatment. Two

underground chambers are provided to hold faecal

matter. These are normally offset from the toilet and

should be at least 1 meter apart. A single pipe leads

from the toilet to a small diversion chamber, from

which separate pipes lead to the two underground

chambers. The pits should be lined with open-jointed

brickwork, similar to the single pit design. Each pit

should be designed to hold at least 12 months‘

accumulation of faecal sludge.

Blackwater is discharged to one chamber until it is full of faecal sludge. Discharge is

then switched to the second chamber. Just before the second chamber is full of fecal

sludge, the contents of the first pit are dug out. During the time of storage, digestion should

ensure that it is odorless and free of pathogens.

Applicability:

In low- to medium-density areas, particularly per urban areas, where there is space on

or immediately outside the plot to install the pits and where the digested sludge

can be applied to local fields and/or gardens as a fertilizer and soil conditioner. This

technology has been widely used in the Government of India‘s Integrated Low Cost



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Sanitation Scheme (ILCS).

Where water use is in the range 30–50 litresper capita per day meter vertical distance

between the bottom of the pit and the water table.

Constraints for single leach pits relating to impermeable soils and the proximity of

wells and tube wells also apply to double leach pits.

Operation and Maintenance Requirements:

The pits must be used alternately and the diversion chamber must be

accessible so that flow can be diverted between chambers.

Wastewater should never be diverted back to the first chamber before digested

sludge has been removed from it.

Additional Infrastructure or Treatment Requirements: If digested material cannot be

used in local fields and gardens, provision will have to be made for transportation to

areas outside the city for reuse on agricultural land.

c) Septic Tank

Description: A septic tank is a buried chamber that collects and stores domestic

wastewater (usually both blackwater and Sullage) and treats organic waste under

anaerobic conditions.

Effluent from septic tanks should be discharged to an on-site infiltration system

(soak away or drain field) or a small-bore sewerage system, or be treated on-

site before discharge into surface water. In practice, many septic tanks discharge

pathogenic effluent directly into open drains, posing a public health risk.

The standard septic tank design incorporates two chambers. Some septic tank

designs adopted in India have three chambers. Most of the treatment takes

place in the first chamber.

A well-managed septic tank will remove about 50–60 percent of the biological load in

the wastewater.

Applicability:

Septic tanks are widely used to provide partial treatment of wastewater from

individual homes, clusters of houses or institutional buildings where there is no

sewerage network.

Appropriate in per urban settlements or less dense urban areas due to the fact

that they do not require any centralized infrastructure.

Normally associated with pucca[permanent] houses for middle and higher

income households.



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For soak ways to function, soil conditions must be suitable for infiltration of

effluent from septic tanks. A micro wetland can help through increased evapo-

transpiration losses and moisture uptake. Sullage must not be discharged into a

septic tank.

Mode of operation:

Solids settle in the tank and digest anaerobically. This

reduces sludge volume

and enables wastewater to infiltrate into the ground

without clogging the leaching system.

Sludge settles in the tank and digests anaerobically

over time, releasing methane and other gases.

Operation and Maintenance Requirements: Septage must

be removed from septic tanks and transported off-site for

treatment prior to disposal.

Additional Infrastructure:

Septic tank desludging.

Septage treatment.

Limitations and Risks:

The biggest disadvantages of septic tanks are the cost and space requirements

for the soak away or drain field. The leaching system is often not constructed

and common practice is to discharge effluent directly into an open drain.

Septic tanks often receive too much wastewater. As a result, the retention time

in the septic tank is insufficient and the soak away becomes hydraulically

overloaded. This means that the septic tanks needs to be desludged regularly,

but more commonly the householder bypasses the soak away and connects the

overflow directly to a surface water drain.

Shock loadings and disturbance of settling zones caused by large inflows

(typically from Sullage discharges) can affect the efficiency of the septic tank and

cause excess solids to flow into the soak away.

Performance monitoring of septic tanks is rarely undertaken and regulation to control

private sludging operators is problematic.

Management Arrangements:

Responsibility for operation and maintenance lies with the owner of the



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property.

Municipal utility or private contractors are required for desludging of septic

tanks and to ensure safe disposal of septage at a treatment plant.

d) Communal Toilet Block:

Description:

A communal toilet block is a shared facility provided for a group of residents or

anentire settlement.

Pour flush technology is generally used though dry ‗ecological sanitation‘

(Ecosan) toilet blocks have been piloted in a few locations. Washing facilities are

sometimes included in the block.

Applicability: There are two situations where a communal toilet block is appropriate:

Communal toilet blocks are used primarily in low-income informal and illegal settlements

where house connections are too expensive or nonviable due to a lack of space and/or land

tenure problems.

Public toilet blocks are provided for occasional use by the general public in places

such as markets, train stations or other public areas where there is a considerable

number of people passing by.

Operation and Maintenance Requirements: Operation and maintenance requirements

depend upon the technology adopted. If the facility discharges into a sewer, then the

operation and maintenance requirements will primarily concern keeping the toilet block

clean; and (b) If the toilet block has on-site wastewater collection and treatment then

the operation and maintenance burden (including desludging) will be higher.

Additional Infrastructure or Treatment Requirements: Toilets blocks either discharge to

a sewer or into a septic tank—potentially

with additional on-site treatment depending on the discharge or reuse requirements.


The main risk is that the municipality (or contracted operator) does not

maintain the block adequately so that it becomes unsanitary and falls into

disuse.

People may be deterred by the user charge and the facility is underused.

Reliable water and electricity supplies are essential, but not always available.

Women and children may not use the facility if found unsafe

Management Arrangements: A range of management options are possible depending

upon whether the toilet block is communal or public. Communal blocks are commonly



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managed by the municipality, a nongovernment organization (NGO) or a community

based organization with NGO support.

Examples of Successful Community Toilets:

Sulabh International pioneered the nongovernment organization-managed toilet

block in India and operates facilities in many cities. CBOs and NGOs such as

SPARC and Shelter Associates have promoted community management of toilet

blocks in Mumbai and Pune. The approach adopted by SPARC was incorporated

into a World Bank-funded project in Mumbai. Under this program the typical per

seat cost was Rs80,000 and the toilet block included water supply, overhead tank,

electricity, septic tank, and a caretaker‘s room.

BORDA and its nongovernment organization partners (including FEDINA,

EXNORA)have promoted community managed toilet blocks in Bangalore and other

cities. These are successfully managed by community-based organizations but

require ongoing support to help with technical issues, especially where there is

on-site treatment.

In New Delhi, the municipal bodies have piloted the involvement of private

entrepreneurs via Build, Operate, and Transfer contracts. A novel feature of the

contracts is that the operators are allowed to use the road-facing walls of the

premises as advertising space. This enables them to generate substantial revenues.

7.2.2 Off Site Wastewater Treatment Technologies:

a) Treatment: Oxidation Ditch Figure 7.3: Oxidation Ditch

Description:

An activated sludge

treatment process with a long

solids retention time to improve

the efficiency of pollutant removal.

Typically consists of a

single or multichannel

configuration within a ring-, oval- or horseshoe-shaped basin.

Horizontally or vertically mounted aerators ensure that the wastewater is

oxygenated and promote a circular flow of wastewater through the channel.

Applicability: Most appropriate for treatment of intermittent flows from small



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communities and isolated institutions where there is sufficient land for installation.

Mode of Operation:

Long hydraulic retention time and complete mixing

Lesser sludge than other aerobic treatment processes

Operation and maintenance requirements:

Needs a skilled wastewater engineer and electro-mechanic technician for

operation

Sludge tends to have high water content but is relatively easy to dewater

Higher power consumption than conventional activated sludge

Additional infrastructure or treatment requirements:

Needs primary sedimentation tank.

Excess biomass is removed in a clarifier and some is returned to the

oxidation ditch to maintain sufficient concentration of active biomass in the

reactor.

Excess sludge collected by the clarifier must be dewatered and treated before

disposal


Effluent suspended solids‘ concentrations are relatively high compared to

activated sludge process.

Power requirement is higher than for conventional activated sludge processes

Management Arrangements: Oxidation ditches are simpler to operate than activated

sludge plants but are considerably more complex than waste stabilization ponds.

b) Wastewater Treatment:

Figure 7.4: Rotating Biological Contactor

Description: Rotating biological

contactor consists of a series

of discs which are partially

immersed in the wastewater

and rotate slowly to allow

active bacteria to digest

dissolved organic wastes.



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Applicability:

Most effective for small communities and isolated institutions where there is

enough land for installation. it is not generally recommended for use in India.

Treats Domestic sewage, effluents, and process wastewater from biodegradable

industrial discharges can be treated by the process.

Mode of operation:

As the discs rotate, a film of biomass grows on their surface, comes into

contact with the wastewater and treats biodegradable organic matter.

Atmospheric oxygen is supplied to the bacteria in the bio-film when the discs are out

of the wastewater.

Excess biomass sloughs off the discs by the shearing forces exerted as the discs

rotate combined with the force of gravity.

Operation and maintenance: Operation and maintenance minimum, but there can

breakage of the shaft and the mechanism that turns the discs.

Additional treatment requirements:

Raw municipal wastewater should not be applied to a rotating biological

contactor.

Primary settling tanks are required for removal of grit, debris, and excessive oil or

grease prior to the rotating biological contactor process. In some cases, fine screens

(0.03–0.06 inches) may be installed.

Excess biomass is removed in a clarifier that follows the rotating biological

contactor. It then requires sludge treatment.

Limitations and Risks: Dependent upon electricity, the rotating biological contactor is prone

to failure as a result of power cuts. The shaft, discs, and motor all require

maintenance.

Management Arrangements: Skilled personnel are required for maintenance and repair.

c) Wastewater Treatment: Anaerobic Baffled Reactor(Otherwise known as Baffled

Septic Tanks.)

Description:

An anaerobic baffled reactor consists of a settling compartment with the same

dimensions as the first compartment of a conventional septic tank, followed by

a number of smaller compartments arranged in series.

After passing through the first compartment, sewage passes from bottom to top

through the remaining compartments in turn. Intensive contact between resident



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sludge and incoming liquid increases treatment efficiency.

Applicability:

Baffled reactor tank is suitable for all kind of wastewaters (including domestic) but its

efficiency increases with higher organic loadings and is therefore most appropriate

for the treatment of black water.

Suitable for small community schemes and housing developments with no

access to municipal sewerage.

Mode of operation:

Combination of physical treatment and anaerobic digestion as the incoming

wastewater passes through a blanket of suspended flocculation of active

bacterial sludge in each compartment.

Wastewater flows from bottom to top with the effect that sludge particles settle

against the upstream flow of liquid. Digestion of substances that are difficult to

degrade takes place in the upward flow baffled reactors after more easily degradable

material has been digested in the front chamber.

Treatment performance depends on the availability of active bacterial mass but is

normally 65 percent COD (70 percent BOD) removal.

Operation and Maintenance:

Periodic removal of sludge from the first compartment. Sludge accumulation in the

baffled compartments should be much less.

Active sludge in smaller quantity is to be left in each of the compartments to maintain

a stable treatment process.

Additional Treatment Requirements:



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Anaerobic filter to improve treatment performance at last chamber.

Reed bed or maturation pond for post treatment is necessary to eliminate

septicity and increase dissolved oxygen level before releasing into surface

water or using for irrigation.

Limitations and Risks: Operation and maintenance is easily ignored, leading to

deterioration in performance.

Management Arrangements: Easy to operate but nevertheless requires organized

technical management

Wastewater Treatment: Reed Beds: Also known as constructed wetlands, planted

horizontal gravel filters, subsurface flow wetlands or root zone treatment.

Description:

Reed beds are engineered natural

treatment systems that use fast

growing plant species to assimilate

dissolved organic impurities. A

combination of physical settlement,

photosynthesis, uptake by plants,

degradation by bacteria in the

rootzone and filtration bring about

improvement in wastewater quality.

Reed beds are for different types treatment applications. Horizontal

sub-surface flow systems are most appropriate for domestic wastewater

treatment whereas vertical flow is used for dewatering of sludge and treatment

of septage.

Reeds are planted in the media. Commonly used plants are cattails, bulrushes

and reeds, with Phragmitesaustralisbeing ideal due to its extensive root system.

Applicability:

Reed beds provide secondary and tertiary treatment and can treat a wide

range of wastewaters, septage, and faecal sludge of varying strengths and

composition.

Suitable for pre-treated (pre-settled) domestic or industrial wastewater with a COD



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content less than 150–200 mg/l (BOD 70–90 mg/l) and are generally good at

handling intermittent and variable flows.

Most common use is to provide additional or advanced treatment of

wastewater from homes, businesses, and small communities.

Mode of Operation:

Reed beds mimic the treatment that occurs in natural wetlands by relying on

plants and a combination of naturally occurring biological, chemical, and physical

processes to remove pollutants from the water.

Treatment is mostly anaerobic as the layers of media and soil remain saturated and

unexposed to the atmosphere.

Operation and Maintenance Requirements: Operation and maintenance requirements are

simple but essential to ensure system performance. Removal of excess weed, occasional

scraping of the top layer of filter media, and removal of the floating scum layer, plastic

and other debris. Insect and odor problems should not be a problem as long as the

wastewater remain sunder the gravel and sand. Otherwise insecticide spray should be used

to control mosquitoes and other insects. Inlet and outlet structures should be cleaned

periodically. The filter media will eventually become clogged and should be changed every 8

to 15 years.

Additional Treatment Requirements:

To prevent clogging of the media, wastewater must be pretreated to reduce

suspended solids. For this reason, reed beds are best used for secondary

treatment following primary treatment in a sedimentation tank, septic tank,

baffled reactor or other form of anaerobic treatment.

Sludge production is relatively low as solids are retained in or on the reed

bed.


Careful design is required to ensure that the filter media is of appropriate grain

size and quality.

Reed beds require a large amount of space, up to 5 m2 per person,

depending on conditions, and are therefore not always appropriate in urban areas.

Odor caused by ponding on the surface, blockages in inlet pipe work and

problems with drainage at the outlet can result in the development of septic

conditions in the reed bed.



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A blocked or overloaded reed bed can cause the wastewater to rise above the

surface, which may result in problems with mosquitoes or other insects.

Management Arrangements: Although the process is natural, constructed wetlands are

complex systems that require specialist knowledge and technical expertise to ensure

sustained performance.

d) Wastewater and Faecal Sludge Treatment: Waste Stabilization Ponds:

Description: There are three basic types of waste stabilization ponds and these are

normally connected in series to provide a two- or three-stage treatment process.

Anaerobic Ponds: Comparatively small and deep (3–4 m) as there is no need for

aeration. They receive raw sewage which is treated by anaerobic bacteria, while sludge

that builds up in the bottom of the pond is digested by anaerobic micro-organisms.

Facultative Ponds: Shallower (1.5–2 m) with a larger surface area than anaerobic

ponds. They consist of an aerobic zone close to the surface and a deeper, anaerobic zone.

Maturation Ponds: Shallow (1–1.2 m) with a large surface area to enable light

penetration. They receive treated effluent from the facultative pond and provide tertiary

treatment to remove turbidity, pathogens, and nutrients.

Applicability:

Waste stabilization ponds are appropriate for medium- to low-density

settlements with sufficient free space, but should not be located very close to houses

due to possible odor.

They offer a robust treatment process that can deal with a wide variety of

wastewaters of varying types and concentrations.

Ponds are particularly appropriate where pathogen removal is an important

objective of treatment.

Waste stabilization ponds may be combined with aquaculture systems

(duckweed, water hyacinth or fish production).

Mode of operation:

Treatment efficiency of high-loaded ponds with long retention times ranges from

70–95 percent BOD removal (COD removal: 65 percent to 90 percent) depending

on biodegradability of the wastewater.

Treatment efficiency increases with retention time but the number of ponds is

not of major significance (splitting one pond into two ponds may increase

performance by approximately 10 percent).



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Pond systems continue to operate well when overloaded beyond their

theoretical design loads, but they will invariably fail if they are not maintained.

Treatment in anaerobic and facultative ponds is based on microbial activity and

settlement of suspended solids and sludge, while in maturation ponds it

is achieved by solar radiation, predation by zooplankton, and the acidity

created by photosynthesis.

Operation and maintenance requirements

The commissioning of facultative ponds involves the development of algal culture and

aheavily loaded anaerobic pond may release a bad odor until a layer of scum seals the

surface.

Routine operation and maintenance with sludge removal by emptying ponds

and manually digging out the sludge or under hydrostatic pressure using pumps

mounted on rafts.

Spraying to prevent fly breeding may be required at various times of the year Additional

treatment requirements: The three-stage process is a complete treatment system. The

only additional requirement is for sludge treatment after its removal from ponds.

Limitations and risks:

Ponds require a lot of land, at least 5 m2 per person.

Under design, hydraulic short-circuiting, and poor operation and maintenance can all

reduce performance.

Possible problems related to odor and insects if the ponds are not managed properly,

or are overloaded.

Management arrangements: Performance and operation and maintenance practices need

supervision and monitoring

e) Wastewater and Faecal Sludge Treatment: Activated Sludge Process



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Description: Aeration of the wastewater, either by mechanical surface aerators or a

submerged compressed air system, to create optimal conditions for treatment. The

aeration basin is followed by a secondary clarifie (settling tank) designed to remove

suspended micro-organisms (flocs) prior to discharge. Active biomass is returned to the

aeration tank.

Applicability: Widely used for the treatment of municipal wastewater from medium to large

towns where land is scarce and power is reliable.

Mode of operation:

Vigorous aeration elevates dissolved oxygen to create optimum conditions for

aerobic bacterial growth. The bacterial population is maintained in suspension

and grows rapidly, consuming large quantities of organic matter.

A fraction of the settled microbial sludge is pumped back from the secondary

clarifier to maintain an active population of micro-organisms and an adequate

supply of biological solids for the adsorption of organic material.

Provided the reactor is well operated, a very good removal of BOD and

suspended solids can be achieved, though pathogen removal is low.

Performance is critically dependent on the performance of secondary clarifier

and the sludge settling characteristics.

Sludge production depends on the sludge retention time in the reactor (an

extended aeration process can reduce the quantity of sludge produced). Excess

sludge is removed from the secondary clarifier and pumped to a separate

sludge-handling process.




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Continuous supply of oxygen and sludge is essential; hence maintenance of the

aeration equipment and sludge pump is important.

Careful monitoring and control of concentrations of suspended sludge solids and

dissolved oxygen levels in the aeration tank is required.


Pre-treatment: There is usually a need for primary sedimentation, but in many

cases it is omitted, with only preliminary screening provided.

Post treatment: The treated effluent from the secondary clarifier may require

additional treatment depending on the discharge requirements.

Sludge production and treatment: Provision must be made to digest, dewater,

and dispose of excess sludge.


High energy consumption results in high recurring costs.

Performance is adversely affected due to interruptions in power supply, even for

short periods of time, due to impacts on aeration process and sludge

recirculation

Foaming, particularly in the winter, may adversely affect the oxygen transfer, and

hence performance.

Mixing of industrial effluent with domestic wastewater can lead to toxicity and

major malfunctioning.

Management arrangements: The activated sludge process is technically complex and

requires a highly competent and trained supervisor and workforce to be able to

operate the system effectively.

f) Wastewater Treatment: Biological Trickling Filter:

Description: An ‗attached-growth‘ system comprising a circular tank filled with a bed of

crushed aggregate, cylindrical plastic or foam blocks. Wastewater trickles vertically

through the filter and the biomass growing on the media removes organic matter

under aerobic conditions.

Applicability:

Can be used as a standalone treatment or a preliminary treatment for high

strength wastewater in combination with activated sludge process or as a post

treatment operation for UASB effluent.

Land requirement: Between 0.28 to 0.65 hectare/MLD.



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Mode of operation:

A rotating arm distributes wastewater across the surface of the filter bed.

Effluent is drained at the bottom.

Micro-organisms growing on the media break down organic material to

produce a consistent effluent quality and sludge with good settling

characteristics.

Bacteria use oxygen to convert ammonia in the effluent to nitrate and the

BOD is reduced by 65–85 percent, nitrogen by 10–20 percent, and coliform bacteria

by 60–90 percent.

Recirculation of effluent may be required to avoid low flow conditions and

reduce odor and flies.


Relatively straight forward though hydraulic loading needs to be controlled to

prevent the loss of bio-film. Clogging of screens must also be controlled.

Maintenance of the turntable is required, as well as cleaning of stone filter

media once in five or seven years or more.


Pre-treatment: Primary sedimentation is compulsory to avoid clogging of filter bed.

Post treatment: Effluent requires secondary clarification.

Sludge treatment: Excess sludge production = 0.8 kg/kg of BOD removed.

Thickening, digestion, and drying are required.


Mechanical breakdown of the distribution arm is common; ponding resulting from

blockages due to excess bio-film growth can also be a problem.



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High organic loadings can create anaerobic conditions on the filter, causing an odor

problem.

Filter flies (Psychoda) may proliferate due to inadequate filter media moisture.

Management arrangements: Low-skilled manpower requirements under technical

supervision.

g) Wastewater Treatment: Fluidized Aerated Bed (FAB) Reactor:

Description: An aerobic process in which wastewater flows vertically upwards through

a filter bed of lightweight inert media at a sufficient velocity to ‗fluidize‘ the bed. A

bacterial bio-film develops on the mediaparticles and treats

the wastewater as it passes through.

Applicability: Good for treatment of small to medium flows in congested locations. Being a

closed reactor, it is suitable for sensitive locations.

Mode of operation:

High BOD removal with effluent concentration under 10 mg /l and high

suspended solids removal with effluent concentration under 20 mg/l.

Faecal coliforms removal for a two-stage FAB.

Electrical energy requirement rather low (between 99 to 170 kWh/MLD).



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Additional treatment requirements: Secondary settling, sludge removal, thickening, and

drying. Digestion is not required as the sludge is stabilized.

Management arrangements: Straightforward operation but requires a skilled workforce.


Reliance on patented filter media.

Choking of reactor by floating plastic matter and of outlet by fluidized media.

Excess biomass growth or low hydraulic loads can result in blockages.

Long shutdowns may lead to septic conditions, and restart may involve a long

stabilization period.

Uncertain durability of media under varying climatic conditions.

h) Wastewater Treatment: Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB):

Description: Wastewater flows upwards through a blanket of flocculated biomass in a

vertical reactor containing anaerobic bacteria which break down carbonaceous organic

matter.

Applicability:

Best suited to higher strength wastewaters: blackwater and industrial wastewater,

but can also treat lower strength domestic wastewater.

Appropriate for medium-size wastewater treatment plants.

UASBs need less land than aerobic systems but require follow-up treatment to

achieve comparable performance in terms of COD/BOD removal.



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Mode of operation:

The upward motion of gas bubbles produced during anaerobic digestion causes

turbulence that enables mixing without mechanical assistance. Baffles at the top

of the reactor allow gases to escape but prevent outflow of the sludge blanket.

No external energy requirements in the reactor, thereby the process is not

vulnerable to power cuts.

Can bring down BOD of domestic wastewater to 70–100 mg/l and suspended solids

as low as 50–100 mg/l, but removal of nitrogen and bacteria is poor.


Pre-treatment: Screening and degritting but no other form of primary treatment is

required.

Post treatment: Like other anaerobic treatment technologies, UASBs only

provide partial treatment and rarely meet discharge standards unless

appropriate post-treatment is provided. As yet, only a waste stabilization pond

system has been found to be an appropriate post treatment option.

Sludge production and treatment: Relatively low sludge production with good

dewatering characteristics. Requires thickening, drying, and safe disposal.


Careful monitoring and control of the reactor sludge levels and sludge

withdrawal.

Frequent cleaning or desludging of distribution or division boxes and influent pipes.

Removal of scum and floating material from the settling zone.

Control of the flow rate is difficult for small units.

Prevent mixing of industrial effluents with toxic elements and sulfates or

sulfides.

Management arrangements: Skilled supervision during start-up and for control of

biomass levels in the reactor.


Long start-up and high initial oxygen demand of effluent during this period

may cause oxygen depletion in receiving water bodies.

Sensitive to seasonal temperature variations and low removal efficiency in

winter.

Release of corrosive and odorous hydrogen sulfide and ammonia in the air.



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i) Wastewater Treatment: Up flow Anaerobic Filter: Also known as fixed bed or

fixed film reactor.

Description:

Anaerobic filters provide additional treatment by bringing wastewater into contact

with active bacteria attached to media as the wastewater flows upwards through the

filter.

Filter material, such as gravel, rocks, cinder or specially formed plastic pieces

provide additional surface area for bacteria to form a slime.

Applicability: Appropriate for treating effluent from septic tanks (individual or

shared/communal) in areas where infiltration is not possible due to low soil permeability,

high water table and/or lack of space.

Mode of operation:

There is no physical

straining of particulates;

non-settle able and

dissolved solids are

removed through close

contact with a surplus of

active bacterial mass.

May be operated as

down flow or Up flow

systems. Up flow is

generally preferred as

there is less risk of

washing out active bacteria, but cleaning of the filter is easier with the down flow

system.

Treatment quality (when combined with pretreatment) can be as high as 80 percent

BOD removal.

Operation and maintenance:

Active sludge (for example, from septic tanks) should be added to the filter

before starting continuous operation.

The bacterial film gradually thickens and must eventually be removed. This is usually

done by back-washing with wastewater.

Additional treatment requirements: The filter should be preceded by a septic tank.




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Lack of attention to maintenance results in blockage of the filter. In addition, the

perforations of the distribution pipe at the bottom of the filter get clogged easily.

On average, 25–30 percent of the total filter mass may be inactive due to

clogging.

While a cinder or rock filter may not block completely, reduced treatment

efficiency is indicative of clogging in some parts.

A sand or gravel filter may block completely due to smaller pore size resulting in

backup of wastewater into the septic tank.

Management arrangements: Responsibility will normally lie with the manager of the

property served.

j) Wastewater Treatment: Duckweed Ponds:

Description:

Duckweed (Lemnaceae) is a small, floating, and fast growing aquatic plant that

grows vigorously in pretreated wastewater to produce a protein-rich biomass.

Duckweed-based pond systems take nutrients from wastewater and produce a highly

nutritious feed for fish, poultry or livestock. Fish yields may be two to three times

higher than in conventional ponds.

Applicability:

Appropriate for treating low strength domestic wastewater or as a polishing

treatment after primary sedimentation.

Requires a considerable amount of land (5–10 m2 per person for 7- or 20-day

retention period).

Best suited for rural and semi urban settlements.

Mode of operation:

Duckweed-based systems are a modification of conventional lagoon technology

with the pond functioning as a facultative lagoon. Deeper layers are anaerobic.

Duckweed grows rapidly and is harvested for use as a mulch or natural soil

enricher. Harvesting promotes growth and removal of nutrients and dissolved carbon

from the wastewater.

Algal growth is suppressed by duckweed due to competition for sunlight and nutrients

and possibly secretion of organic substances.

Duckweed suppresses mosquito breeding by forming a mat over the water

surface.




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Relatively simple maintenance: Frequent duckweed harvesting from the surface

to ensure productivity, prevention of other vegetative growth, and control of

wave action using bamboo or similar vegetation.

The pond needs desludging every two or three years.

Additional infrastructure or treatment requirements: Pre-treatment required if used as

part of a wastewater treatment process. This often takes the form of a waste

stabilization pond but other forms of treatment can be used.


Low pathogen removal due to reduced light penetration.

Duckweed dies in cold weather.

If flows are not adequately controlled, duckweed can flow out with the effluent.

Treatment capacity may be lost during floods.

Management arrangements: Technical and commercial skills are needed for the

production, marketing, and sale of dried duckweed for animal or fish feed if this is to

succeed as a microenterprise.

7.3 REFERENCE

Reference to relevant Indian Standards and Codes of Practice notified by the Bureau of

Indian Standards for sanitation:

The most relevant include the following:

• IS 1172:1993 – Basic requirements for water supply, drainage, and sanitation.

• IS 12314:1987 – Code of Practice for sanitation with leach pits for rural communities?

• IS 2470(Part 1):1985 – Code of Practice for installation of septic tank: design criteria

and construction.

• IS 2470(Part 2):1985 – Code of Practice for installation of septic tank secondary

treatment and disposal of septic tank effluent.

• IS 9872:1981 – Precast concrete septic tanks.

• IS 5611:1987 – Code of Practice for waste stabilization ponds (facultative type).

• IS 10261:1982 – Requirements for settling tanks (clarifier equipment) for wastewater

treatment?

• IS 13496:1992 – General requirements for suction machines for cleaning sewers,

manholes and so on



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Chapter 8 : SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

8.1 INTRODUCTION

Solid waste Management is an obligatory function of Municipal Council of Udaipur. However,

this service is not properly performed, resulting in problems of health, sanitation and

environmental degradation. The major draw backs in the management of solid waste in the

city are;

Lack of sanitary workers

Lack of collection efficiency

Improper choice of technology

Improper site of solid waste

Lack of trained manpower

Poor public participation and cooperation

Udaipur city is not an exception and different from other cities in terms of solid waste

management. With the growth of population and huge influx of the tourists in the town, the

problem of solid waste is increasing day by day.

The city on an average generates about 231 metric tons of solid wastes daily which includes

domestic waste, waste from commercial establishments, waste from institutions and waste

from street sweeping. At present out of total generation of 231 metric tons, UMC claims 120

metric tons waste is collected and disposed off daily.

8.2 ADMINISTRATION

Present waste management services in Udaipur are provided by UMC. Health Officer, Chief

Sanitary Inspector, Sanitary Inspector, Jamadar, Supervisor, Garrage Supt. & sweepers are

deployed under Municipal Commissioner. Cleaning work of a ward is looked after by

administration through staff deployed at ward level.

Less than 50 % of municipal solid waste is actually collected and transported. Collection and

transportation is being done in open vehicle creating an ugly look and littering on travelled

road. Proper landfill site has not been developed by UMC. Presently it is crudely dumped at

Teetardi and in Baleecha near Savina in the southern part of the city. Transfer and transport

of waste, involving deployment of vehicles and provision of garages and workshop facility is

available and responsibility of transport wing. Total number of sweepers involved in Solid

Waste Management stands at 1469 against the total beat of 2799 and the remaining 1330

posts are vaccant. The total posts work out to 5.9 workers per thousand residents. This is



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higher than the range of 2-3 workers / 1000 residents prevalent in other Indian cities.

8.3 SOLID WASTE QUANTITIES

The source of solid waste generated in the city are

1. Residential and Commercial area

2. Slum area

3. Vegetable / fruits mobile vans

4. Hotel / Restaurants

5. Dead bodies of cattle and cattle-dung.

6. Construction / Demolition

7. Medical establishments

8. Industries

Quantity of waste generated is assumed to be 300g. per capita in residential areas. The

average solid waste generated per capita per day in various households depending on

income levels is given in the following table.

Table 8.1: Category Wise Waste Generation Per Capita

S. No. Category Sub- category Average Solid Waste generated per capita/day

1

Residential Waste High income Group 0.19 Kg

Middle income Group 0.26 Kg

Low income Group 0.35 Kg

2 Commercial Waste 7000 Commercial Establishments

0.5 Kg

3 Hotels and Restaurant Waste

120 hotels supported by 8 lakh tourists

5 MT

4 Hospital waste Bio-medical waste from 135 Hospitals with 3000 beds (approx).

5 MT

5 Industrial Waste 1800 industries (approx) 45- 65 MT

6 Vegetable/ fruit market 8 15-20 T

Source: UMC

Table 8.2: Solid waste Composition

S. No Type Vegetable Markets

Commercial Area

Residential Area

LIG HIG MIG

1 Compostable 61.9% 44.1% 52.5 % 54.5 % 49.3 %

2 Silt 27% 18.7% 0 0 0

3 Plastic 2.5% 13.3% 14.3 % 18 % 16.7 %

4 Paper 6.1% 8.9% 0 0 0

5 Cloth 1.1% 6.7% 0 0 0

6 Glass 1.4% 8.3% 0 0 0

7 Others 0 0 33.2 % 27.5 % 34 %

Total 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 %



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Source: RUIDP Estimates

8.4 EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

No decentralization for management of waste has been instituted by City administration.

Solid waste management has not received adequate attention from civic authorities though a

large amount of money is spent every year under health budget.

The population of Udaipur city, according to 2011 census is 4.51 Lakh and the current

population is 4.68 lakh. The average waste generated in the city is 300 grams per capita per

day thus the total waste generated in Udaipur is 231 MT per day. Udaipur Municipal

Corporation (UMC) looks after collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste. There

are 55 wards in the city and the total area of the city is 64 sq km.

CATEGORIES in KG in MT Percentage

Domestic 140671 140.67 60

Commercial 75025 75.02 32

Institutional 14067 14.07 6

Waste From Street Sweeping And Parks 1172 1.17 2

Total Solid Waste Generated In A Day 230935 230.93 100

Source: Analysis

8.5 DOMESTIC WASTE

Domestic waste is generated at the household level and varies from town to town and at an

average, range between 200 to 500 gm. As per the standards, a town like Udaipur will

generate 300 gms of solid waste per head per day. Thus this domestic sector will generate

140.67 Metric Tonne solid waste per day with the current population of 4,68,904 (in the year

2013). It comprises of maximum of organic material like vegetable waste, papers, cloths etc

which can be easily disposed. The household wastes includes a small percentage of

61.90%

27%

2.50% 6.10%

1.10%

1.40% Compostable

Silt

Plastic

Paper

Cloth

Glass

Others

44.10%

18.70%

13.30%

8.90%

6.70% 8.30% 0

Compostable

Silt

Plastic

Paper

Cloth

Glass

Others

Figure 8.1: Composition of Waste (Veg. Market) and in commercial centre



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inorganic materials like metals and plastics.

8.6 COMMERCIAL WASTE

The commercial waste includes the waste from hotels and eating establishments, shops,

trading units, small street traders, etc. The daily waste generated is about 75.02 MT, which

is 32 percent of the total waste generated in the town. It mainly comprises of paper, plastics

and other in-organics, which are finding their way to the disposal yard along with the

domestic waste.

8.7 WASTE FROM OTHER INSTITUTIONS

The waste from offices, schools, colleges etc mainly comprised of paper and plastic wastes.

The total generation of waste from these institutions is 14.04 MT per day.

8.8 WASTE FROM STREET SWEEPING

The street sweeping is practiced in every major streets in the city. These wastes include the

dried leaves, papers, plastics etc. The quantity wastes from streets are around 1.17 metric

tonne per day.

8.9 HAZARDOUS WASTE

The hazardous wastes include the biomedical wastes from hospitals and clinics, nursing

homes, medical research laboratories. The components of biomedical wastes are;

(i) Human anatomical waste (tissues, organs, body parts etc.),

(ii) Animal waste (as above, generated during research/experimentation, from veterinary

hospitals etc.),

(iii) Microbiology and biotechnology waste, such as, laboratory cultures, micro-organisms,

human and animal cell cultures, toxins etc.,

(iv) Waste sharps, such as, hypodermic needles, syringes, scalpels, broken glass etc.,

(v) discarded medicines and cyto-toxic drugs

(vi) soiled waste, such as dressing, bandages, plaster casts, material contaminated with

blood etc.,

(vii) Solid waste (disposable items like tubes, catheters etc. excluding sharps),

(viii) Liquid waste generated from any of the infected areas,

(ix) Incineration ash,

(x) chemical waste.



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At present 0.4-0.5 MT of bio-medical waste is generated in the city. An organization ‗named

En-Vision Enviro-Engineers Pvt Ltd‘ is responsible for collection, transportation and disposal

of bio-medical waste. 4 Hospitals, 12 Dispensaries, 3 Health care centres and 1200 private

clinics are registered with the organization. The waste is segregated at source into Red

(Plastics), Yellow (Cotton, Body parts, Blood), Blue (Syringe, blades, metals) and Black

(General Waste) bins at the source. The organization has 4 vehicles for transportation of

waste to the site in Umrada where the waste is incinerated. The hospitals are charged

Rs.85/bed/month (Govt) and Rs. 100/bed/month as user charges.

8.10 INDUSTRIAL WASTE

30 MT of industrial waste is generated in the city per day. A private organization ‗Ramkey‘ is

involved with collection, transportation and disposal of industrial waste. Udaipur has

industrial areas towards the eastern and northern side. The industries mainly deal with stone

cutting and marble. The waste from industries is collected every alternate day and it is

transported to Mewar Industrial area where it is processed.

8.11 COLLECTION SYSTEM

Waste from Residential and commercial areas constitute 60% and 32% respectively of the

total waste generated in the city (231 MT/day). The city is divided into 10 sectors for the

purposes of SWM. Each sector consists of 4-6 wards. The population of each sector is

approximately 35 to 50 thousand. The sectors in the old city area are smaller and consist of

lesser population. At present, the UMC collects waste from only 26 of the 55 wards.

Remaining 29 wards are serviced by the private contractors hired by the UMC. Map 2 shows

the wards serviced by the UMC workers and by private contractors. 1600 workers are

involved in the collection of waste, out of which 650 are under UMC and rest 950 are hired

by the private contractors.

Only 50% of the waste gets collected on a day to day basis. The workers are engaged in two



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shifts, first from 6:00 AM to 10:00 AM and second, from 2 PM to 5 PM. At present waste in

residential and commercial areas is thrown on the streets by the residents or shopkeepers.

The street sweeper responsible for that area sweeps the road and thus collects the garbage.

Waste is collected by handcarts and rickshaws. There are 500 handcarts and 58 rickshaws

at city level. The garbage is collected in containers put up at colony level. There are 400

containers at the city level, each of capacity 18 cum. The city streets are divided in beats

where street sweeping of 1 beat is responsibility of 1 sweeper. 1 beat is equal to 250 m.

Collection of waste near the lakes is done by the National Lake Conservation Project

(NLCP)‘s trucks.

UMC is responsible for transportation of waste from various containers in the city to the

disposal site in Teetardi and Baleecha. Both these sites are not Sanitary Landfill (SLF) Sites

but plain dumping grounds. The below map shows the location of Teetardi which is 7.3 km

from the city and has an area of 19 Ha and Baleecha which is 8.3 km from the city and has

an area of 54 Ha.



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Figure 8.2: : Location of Dust Bins and Solid waste dumping site



132



133

8.11.1 Work Force

MCU have 900 sweepers and another 100 for supervisory categories. There is a deployment

for 3 nos. private contractors entrusted with cleaning and disposal on monthly contractual

agreement. The details are not available.

There is one sweeper per 1100m of road length.

There is a sweeper for every 435 people.

There is a container per 1840 people.

There is expenditure of Rs.230 per citizen for SWM services.

The cost for collection and disposal works out to be Rs.2045 / MT.

Table 8.3: Details of Manpower and Equipment

SWEEPERS 1469 (1330 vacant)

VEHICELS 50 + 5

CONATINERS 400 + (170 proposed)

Source: UMC-2014

There is high absenteeism and low productivity of workers, partly due to public attitude and

habits; roads are not tidy as expected. Just additional employment of people at this level

would not improve the situation. The number of vehicles in use for present practice of

transportation and disposal of SWM are given in following table.

Table 8.4: SWM Vehicles

S. No. Type of Vehicle No. Use

1 Truck 10 Secondary Collection

2 Dumper 12 Secondary Collection



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3 Mini Trucks 3 Secondary Collection

4 Front Loader 6 Secondary Collection

5 Tempo 5 Construction purpose

6 Tractors 3 Secondary Collection

7 Excavator 2

Total 41

Source: RUIDP Estimates

8.11.2 Street sweeping and Solid Waste Collection

Primary collection of solid waste is done through street and road sweeping as door to door

collection system is not prevalent in Udaipur except for a few colonies. It is observed that

only 0.5 percent of the total population is served by house-to-house collection through a

private contractor or a NGO, Astha. The debris contains not only municipal solid waste but

also demolition waste and silt removed from drains.

Table 8.5: Existing SWM system in the City



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8.12 GAP ANALYSIS

Deficiency in the system

In Udaipur Municipal Corporation the door to door collection is not practicing. So most of the

people are putting waste in the nearby dustbins placed by UMC. But this activity is not

practiced everywhere, where the containers might be located little far away. Around 20 to 30

percentage of the households are throwing the waste in nearby open land and in roads.

Since the secondary collection is not done in regular intervals, the animals and birds are

attracted by these wastes in the containers. These creatures will drag out the waste and

make the surrounding ugly. In this situation also people are reluctant to approach the

dustbins.

Deficiency in work force

(1330 vacant posts)

• The coverage of whole city is not possible

Absence of scientific disposal system

• Leads to pollution in surface and underground water.

• Leads to air pollution

• Leads to soil degradation



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PARTICULARS NOS

SANITARY WORKERS 1469

NEW RECRUITMENT UNDER PROCESS 1330

EXISTING CONTAINERS 400

- SANCTIONED TO BUY BY UMC 170

EXISTING VEHICLES 50

-SANCTIONED TO BUY 5

LANDFILL SITES 2

Source: Analysis

9.1 PROPOSALS UNDER CSP

Under CSP, it is planned to establish twin dustbin system in each household. These are

provided for put bio degradable waste and non-bio degradable separately. This practice of

separation of waste in the source itself will be easier for treatment plants. The size of the

container should be 14 litre. For the collection of waste from hotels and restaurants, it

planned to provide 0.5 cubic metre volume containers. There is proposal for procurement of

new and modern vehicles for transporting the waste from the containers to treatment plants.

The waste should be treated as against the present landfills. The UMC can generate income

from these treatment plants.

WASTE BINS - 2 PER HOUSEHOLD (14 LITRE) 177800

WASTE BINS TO HOTELS AND RESTAURENTS (2 EACH) 0.5 CUBIC METRE 2000

INSTALLATION OF NEW CONTAINERS (4.5 CUBIC METRE) 60

PROCUREMENT OF NEW VEHICLES

COMPOSTING PLANT AT TEETARDI OR\ BIO-GAS PLANT

WASTE RECYCLE PLANT AT BALEECHA

. Source: Analysis



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Figure 9.1: Containers Proposed in UMC and in OG area



138

9.2 FUTURE WASTE GENERATION

By considering the present generation of waste (300 gm per capita per day)in the city, it is

assumed that by 2041 the total waste generation in the city will be 231 MT per day in 2041

and the Bio degradable waste will be 119 MT per day

TOTAL SOLID WASTE GENERATION IN TONNE BIO-DEGRADABLE WASTE (32% of total)

YEAR PER DAY PER MONTH PER YEAR PER DAY PER MONTH PER YEAR

2013 231 6930 83160 74 2218 26611

2021 267 7997 95958 85 2559 30707

2031 316 9478 113730 101 3033 36394

2041 372 11166 133992 119 3573 42877

Source: Analysis

9.3 WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

The solid waste generated in the city is composed of papers, metals, plastics, vegetable

wastes etc. This waste can be broadly classified as Debris, Recyclable waste, bio-

degradable waste and the waste should go for landfill site.

Income Generation from Waste

The debris, which is 16% of the total solid waste generated, can be used in construction of

roads, bridges and buildings. The Nagar Palika can sell this debris and generate revenue

from this waste.

16%

10%

32%

42%

Debris

Recyclable waste

Bio-degradable waste

Landfill



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Composting plant

Compost is organic matter that has been decomposed and recycled as a fertilizer and soil

amendment. Compost is a key ingredient in organic farming. At the simplest level, the

process of composting simply requires making a heap of wetted organic matter (leaves,

"green" food waste) and waiting for the materials to break down into humus after a period of

weeks or months. Modern, methodical composting is a multi-step, closely monitored process

with measured inputs of water, air, and carbon- and nitrogen-rich materials. The

decomposition process is aided by shredding the plant matter, adding water and ensuring

proper aeration by regularly turning the mixture. Worms and fungi further break up the

material. Aerobic bacteria manage the chemical process by converting the inputs into

heat, carbon dioxide and ammonium. The ammonium is further converted by bacteria into

plant-nourishing nitrites and nitrates through the process of nitrification.



140

Compost can be rich in nutrients. It is used in gardens, landscaping, horticulture,

and agriculture. The compost itself is beneficial for the land in many ways, including as a soil

conditioner, a fertilizer, addition of vital humus or humic acids, and as a natural pesticide for

soil. In ecosystems, compost is useful for erosion control, land and stream reclamation,

wetland construction, and as landfill cover. Organic ingredients intended for composting can

alternatively be used to generate biogas through anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion is

fast overtaking composting in some parts of the world (especially central Europe) as a

primary means of down cycling waste organic matter.

Income from Composting

The waste generated in the city is 231 MT per day, out of this the bio-degradable waste is 74

MT (32%). Bio-manure or Bio-fertilizer can be generated from this biodegradable waste by

decaying it. The current market price of Bio manure is Rs.3000 Tonne. If Nagar Nigam is

selling this waste, a sum of Rs. 33,000 per day can be earned.

Total Waste Generated 231 MT

Bio degradable waste per day 74 MT

Bio manure from the waste (15%) 11.25 MT

Estimated market price of compost per Tonne INR 3000

Estimated income generation per day from compost for 75.02 MT INR 33,000

Annual Income generation from waste (4927.5 MT) 1.21CRORE

Source: Analysis



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Bio Gas plant

A biogas plant is an anaerobic digester that produces biogas from bio-degradable waste

such as plant waste and animal waste. Biogas is a type of biofuel created via anaerobic, or

oxygen-free, digestion of organic matter by bacteria. A biogas plant is composed of a

digester and a gas holder.

The digester is an airtight container in which the waste is dumped and decomposed, and the

gas holder is a tank that harnesses the gases emitted by the slurry. Bacteria within the

digester tank breaks down the waste and, as it decomposes, gases such as carbon

monoxide, methane, hydrogen, and nitrogen, are released. Through a pressurized system,

the gas holder conducts the flow of these gases upward into a hole in its drum. The hole is

specially designed to allow gases to pass freely into the holder while prohibiting any gases

from escaping back into the digester. In a controlled environment, the gases are later

combusted, or reacted, with oxygen to create an energy source for such processes as

heating and lighting.

Salient features of Bio Gas Plant

1. For treating a given amount of organic waste about twice the amount of water is

required.

2. The total volume of digestion chamber should be at least four times greater than the

volume of generated garbage.

3. Area required for treatment plant is approximately 600sqm per tonne of solid waste.



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4. 1 MT of organic waste will approximately generate 300 cubic feet of methane gas.

5. 1 kwh of electricity can be generated from 2.5 cubic feet of methane gas.

Income generation from Bio Gas Plant

A considerable income can be generated from the Bio gas/Methane gas which is the

produce of the plant. Approximately 4050 cubic feet of methane gas can be generated from

the total waste collected in CMC. The gas can be used as cooking fuel in households. The

gas can be used for electricity generation. Approximately 1 kwh electricity can be generated

from 2.5 cubic feet of methane gas. As per this standard, around 1,620 kwh electricity can

be produced per day and 48,600 kwh per month. This much quantity of electricity is sufficient

for around 324 households having average consumption of 150 units per month.

PARTICULARS DAILY MONTHLY YEARLY

Generation of Organic waste in MT 74 2218 26611

Methane Gas Production in cubic feet (300 cubic feet

from 1 MT)

22,176 665,280 7,983,360

Electricity from Methane Gas in kwh (1 kwh from 2.5 c f

gas)

55,440 1,663,200 19,958,400

Revenue Generation in INR (Rs.4.65 / kwh) 257,796 7,733,880 92,806,560

Source: Analysis


S. No. Strategy 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

1 Door to Door Collection

2 Introduction of Twin Bin

System at Storage

3 Source Segregation

4 Mechanization of

Transportation

5 Fleet Management System



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6 Development of Aerobic Plant

7 Development of Scientific

Landfill Site

8 Landfill for Industrial waste


Highest priority has to be accorded for segregation & storage at source irrespective

of the area of generation so as to facilitate an organized and environmentally

acceptable waste collection, processing and disposal.

Source segregation of recyclables and biodegradable (organic waste) will not only

provide an efficient way for resource recovery, but will also substantially reduce the

pressure and pollution in landfill sites.

Implementation of ‗Door-to-door collection‘ through 100 percent privatization – In

order to achieve the above objective, a ‗Bin system of Solid Waste Storage‘ at source

is being recommended. As per this system, each of the households shall be directed

to keep separate bins/ containers for biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste

generated within their premises. The segregated waste so stored in these bins will

have to be transferred to the dumper placer provided for each area.

Source Segregation and Collection of Commercial Waste, Hotels and Market Waste

through privatization; and Source Segregation and Collection of– Construction waste

has to be stored at the premises of the construction either in skips or suitable

containers and has to be directly emptied to the notified disposal site by the

generator. Meat and fish markets should store waste in non-corrosive bins of

maximum 100-liter capacity each and transfer contents to large container to be kept

at the market just before lifting of such large containers. Slaughterhouses should

keep separate containers for animal waste and other wastes. It is also being

recommended that this system of source segregation and storage is encouraged

through community education and awareness campaigns and hence no capital

investments are envisaged in this regard.

Street Sweeping and Mopping on Daily Basis - Since further areas and eventually the

entire town is can be brought under privatization, it is considered that there would not



144

be any further requirement to induct conservancy workers. To ensure operational

efficiency of the system, the following measures are suggested. (a) Markets and

other areas of the city shall be swept at least twice a day;

Sweepings shall be collected separately as degradable and non-biodegradable

waste and deposit in containers kept at various locations and a separate crew

equipped with appropriate implements may do de-silting of larger drains.

Community Participation and Enforcement of By-laws and Waste Collection and

Handling Rules - It is recommended that the community be involved in primary

collection through segregation at household level to minimize the number of waste

handling operation. Non-biodegradable waste shall be collected separately from

premises where door to door collections are organized. Present system of primary

collection should be supplemented by introducing multi-bin carts (Push carts /

Tricycles) covering the entire area of the town.

9.4 PROPOSED SITE

At present the solid waste is dumping at two landfill sites namely Teetardi and

Baleecha. We can convert this landfill site into the scientific dumping yard. The

proposed composed plant and the bio-gas plant can be setup over there.

2: Existing Landfill site



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Chapter 10 : DRAINAGE AND STORM WATER MANAGEMENT

10.1 EXISTING STATUS

Ayar River and its tributaries drain Udaipur city. Kotra River one of the biggest tributary of

Ayar commands an extensive catchment area in the southern west part of the city. Most of

the rainwater in Kotra River pour into Pichola Lake and enter the river Ayar through Swaroop

Sager Lake and Gumania Drain. In general the undulating topography and existence of a

number of huge water bodies do not cause any drainage problem.

Most of the existing roads of the city have lined drains alongside and most part of the area

run off is discharged into the Ayar River. The city is generally free from prolonged drainage

congestion except in few places identified as problematic areas. The main drains leading to

storm water receivers are irregular and mostly unlined. The vents of the cross drainage

works are almost choked and are not functioning properly resulting sluggish flow. Moreover

the service pipes in many places crossing through drains also impede the flow. The internal

drainage network also needs to be improved in some places. An inventory of the existing

drainage lengths of the city is presented in the table below.

Table 10.1: Inventory of Existing Drainage Length

S. No. Type of drain Approx Length Condition (percentage/ effective)

1. Major Primary drains 31 km 20%

2. Major Secondary drains 1000 km 80%

Source:

The existing major drains are mostly irregular and unlined. The drains are full of weeds,

vegetation, silt and rubbish. The vents are totally choked with reduced cross sections

causing sluggish flow. The drains are insufficient to carry the runoff during storm resulting

flooding of adjacent roads and colonies. These drains carry the runoff as well as domestic

waste water from the city. Ultimately, these drains lead the total storm water and waste to

Ayar River through agricultural lands with no definite alignment. They simply follow the

contours of the land.

DEFICIENCY OF THE SYSTEM

After the major flood in the year 1973, the drains were totally damaged and in spite of major

repairs and construction of the new drains, they are working properly in the present day

situation since the existing watercourses are heavily silted and weeded resulting the

considerable reduction in cross sectional area. The drains were also found to be invariably



146

carrying sewage and sullage flow in the absence of branch and trunk sewers thereby

increasing the quantity of flow in the drains. All the major Drains terminate their journey

either in the Gumania drain, or in non-perennial Ayar River.

The major causes for this system to become ineffective are:

Haphazard expansion of the settlement.

Encroachments on the drains with unauthorized construction

Logging of drains due to uncontrolled and haphazard disposal of solid waste

Garbage into the drains

High rate of siltation.

Absence of integrated drainage network in the new layouts.

Poor motivation, lack of regulation and poor public awareness

10.2 INDUSTRIAL WASTE

There are two industrial areas namely Madri and Bhuwana. The major industrial units are

located in Madri known as Mewar Industrial Estate. It covers an area of 544.19 ha, whereas

Bhuwana covers an area of 80.62 ha. All the drains within these industrial areas are

constructed and maintained by RIICO.



147

10.3 ISSUES IN EXISTING DRAINAGE SYSTEM

The major problems in the existing system, which hinder the smooth functioning Storm Water Drainage in Udaipur, can be listed as follows:

Encroachments in various stretches

Open drains and broken slabs

Choked drains due to the dumping of solid wastes

Very narrow drains cause flooding during rainy season.

Silting and weeding of drains;

Partial/haphazard lining of drains;

Flow of sewage and disposal of solid wastes in drains.

10.4 MAJOR WATER BODIES

As already discussed in previous chapters, a large number of water bodies exist in Udaipur

such as Goverdhan Vilas Tank, Fateh Sagar, Pichola & Swaroop Sagar, Bada Madar,



148

Chhota Madar, Lakhawali Tank, Nandeshwar Badi Tank and Udaisagar. Besides these,

there are Roop Sagar, Nehla Tank, Titardi Tank & Jogi ka Talao.The detail of Major water

bodies is in following

Table 10.2: Major Water Bodies

S. No. Name Location Catchment Area (Sq km)

Capacity (Million cum)

1 Goverdhan Villas Tank Near Dungarpur Road (5 Km from city)

2.6 0.25

2 Fateh Sagar Lake Within main city 35.9 12.08

3 Pichhola & Swaroop Sagar Lake

Within main city 143.4 13.67

4 Bada Madar (Big) Udaipur–Gogunda Road (16 Km from city)

79.4 2.37

5 Chhota Madar (small) Near Bada Madar 20.5 0.85

6 Lakhawali 10 km away from city 15.4 2.07

7 Nandeshwar 12 km away from city 53.8 3.96

8 Badi tank 7 km away from city 15.4 10.47

Source:



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Table 10.3: Major Flood Prone Areas in Udaipur City

S. No. Flood Prone Area Major Reasons for flooding

1 Transport Nagar New area under development by U.I.T. Absence of outfall drains

2 Choti /Futa Talao The drain coming from Goverdhan Vilas Tank is unlined in its initial stages.

3 Gariawas The drain carries storm water form Hiran Magri to Kachhi Basti.

4 In front of DCP School Gayatrinagar,

Two drains coming from Telecommunication colony get stagnated

5 Roadways Bus stand This existing drain is a lined drain in part and is covered with no provision for maintenance

6 Delhi Gate/ LIC/ Collectorate This area is the heart of the city. The existing drain is a covered lined drain with poor maintenance.

7 Sobhagpura Abhinandan Complex

A small stretch of the drain is lined behind Bhairoji ka Temple and is totally unlined up to Abhinandan Complex.

8 Mahaveer Nagar Both the sides of the drain are encroached

9 Pancharatna Complex Originates from Neemachmata hill slope and meets Ayad through Pancharatna Complex.

10 Down Stream of Maha Satya Originates from Abhinandan Complex and is partly lined with Sidewalls in broken Condition.



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11 Both banks of Ayad River Brick kilns near Bedia causeway, Heavy silting & weeding, Encroachment and Dumping of solid waste, rubbish etc on the banks of river causes water stagnation.

12 Bohra Ganesh, Jayashree Colony, Bahubali Colony

This area is under development. Water logged is the problem due to absence of drainage system.

13 Near Savina Mutt To unlined drain meet at Savina Mutt near causeway and it is choked and water is flooded.

14 Panchawati Colony It is situated near Gumania drain which meets Ayad river near Alipura. Partially silted and solid waste is thrown from the adjacent residential areas.

10.5 CONSTRUCTION OF NEW DRAINS

1. Goverdhan Villas to Sector 13 via Krishi mandi, Gayariyawas, Nokha to Ayar River.

2. Savina Khera to Krishi mandi via Rajputana resorts.

3. Manva khera (Sector 4,5) to Ayar River.

4. Shobhag pura to Ayar via Roop sagar, Kashav Nagar, Maha sathiya.

5. CTAI College to Bhora Ganesh Temple, Ganesh Jain Hostel.

6. Kharol colony to Purana Chungi Naka, Panchratna Complex.

7. Back side of Badla to Bhuvana, Bhuvana to Ayar.

8. Fateh sagar out fall to UIT Bridge.

9. Nelha Talab to Sector 13,14.

10.6 DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR AHAR RIVER

Encroachment should be removed from both side of river bank (At least 130 feet each side).

The mason wall should be constructed on both side of riverbank. Green belt should be

developed on both side of the riverbank (each side 100 feet) parallel to the riverbank. The

cleaning of the riverbank should be properly done because the plant leaves can pollute the

water. The special type of plants (e.g. various types of flowering plants) should be

developed near the riverbank. The road should be constructed on the both sides of the

riverbank (each side 30 feet) Parallel to the riverbank.



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Chapter 11 : THE LAKE AND LAKE SYSTEM

11.1 INTRODUCTION

Udaipur is known for its several lakes and its picturesque setting. Udaipur is otherwise

known as "City of Lakes". Udaipur is dependent on its lake system, which is directly, or

indirectly the life source of the city in terms of surface water resources, tourism, and the

ecosystem at large.

11.1.1 History

In 1559 Maharana Udai Singh founded Udaipur as the secure capital of the Princely State of

Mewar after Chittor fell to Mugal Army. Udaipur is strategically located amidst a saucer

shaped basin, in the Valley of Ahar River. It is surrounded by hills of Aravali Range on all

sides. The selection of site was made in part because of its isolation and inaccessibility,

favoring its defense.

11.2 LAKE SYSTEM:

Udaipur lake system arising out of the Berach river (it is a tributary of Banas Riveer), in

which originates from the Gogunda hills lying in the (Aravalli Ranges) North West of Udaipur.

Ahar river flows towards eastwards and joins Udaisagar.

The Udaipur lake system, comprising of reservoirs/lakes Pichola (Swaroop Sagar), Fateh

Sagar, Bari ka Talab, Chhota Madar, Bada Madar, Chikalwas feeder, Lakhawali, Udai

Sagar, Vallabhnagar tank; and are primarily owned by the Water Resources Department of

Government of Rajasthan as shpown in Fig2.1

11.2.1 Pichola

It is the oldest among all the city lakes. The scenic views of Pichola reservoir is shown in

Plate 3.5. It was constructed at the time of Rana Lakha by a nomadic ‗Banjara‘ and

renovated and enlarged in 1559 A.D. by Rana Udai Singh along with the establishment of

Udaipur itself. In 1795 A.D., during the reign of Maharana Bhim Singh, incessant rainfall

destroyed the lake causing excessive floods in which half of the city was washed away.

Pichola is situated in the south western part of the city at 73040‘ 2" E longitude and 24°35‘

8.5" N latitude and its east-west extent is only a little more than its north-south extent viz. 3.6

and 2.0 km respectively. Deriving its name from the village of ‗Pichholi‘ the lake is roughly

triangular in shape with its base along the palace ridge, as shown in Fig. 2.2.

It accounts for a total water-body area of around 6.96 Sq.Km. (4.56 Sq.Km at FTL)

and has gross, live and dead capacities of 13.676 mcm. 9 mcm and 4.676 mcm



152

respectively. The gauge heights above and below sill level are 3.35 m and 5.2 m

respectively. The maximum depth of the reservoir is 10.5 m at dam site. Its net catchment

area is 146 Sq.Km.

11.2.2 Pichola Watershed

The total area of this watershed is 14610.63 ha in which mainly fine loam, loam, gravelly

sandy clay loam and rocky soils are there. The parts of the watershed which have

moderately deep to deep soils generally ranging from 75 to 100 cm are under cultivation

which covers area of 5240.3 ha, with soil slope varying from 1 to 15 per cent. The infiltration

rates calculated is 1.4 to 5.2 cm/hr. Most of the remaining portion is rocky formation having

slopes varying from 30 to 50 per cent. This part of the watershed is under pasture. The area

which is under cultivation is placed under hydrologic soil group B and the area under pasture

is placed under hydrologic soil group C.

In the year 1987, the runoff from watershed was 0.19 mm which is nearly zero whereas

maximum runoff of 301.93 mm (34.54 per cent) was observed in 2005. The mean annual

runoff of thirty years was found to be 12.18 per cent. It was observed that in 1976, despite

Figure 11.2 Udaipur Lake System



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649.80 mm of rainfall, only 88.90 mm (6.88 per cent) runoff was observed, whereas in 1985

only 658.05 mm of rainfall produced 228.35 mm (29.06 per cent) of runoff. It was mainly

because runoff producing storms were few in 1976. But, in 1985, there were continuous

rainfalls of high intensities and long durations. Roy(1998) calculated 26.07 %(295.35 mm)

runoff for the year 1973.

11.2.3 Parts of Pichola

Rang Sagar:

This reservoir was constructed in 1668 A.D., has a length of 1030 m, width of 245 m and a

maximum depth of 7 meters. It is one of the smallest lakes (water spread of 0.136 sk. km.)

along the western water-front of Udaipur, providing watery connection between Pichola and

Swaroop Sagar in south to Fateh Sagar in north. Rang Sagar lake was constructed by Amar

Singh Badava and is also called ‗Amarkund‘ after him.

Swaroop Sagar:

Further southwards of Rang sagar is the ultimate part of Pichola reservoir known as

Swaroop Sagar. The reservoir Swaroop Sagar provides a waste weir for Pichola. Moreover,

Swaroop Sagar also link Pichola and Rang Sagar , with the adjoining lake Fateh Sagar,

through a canal. The canal is sometimes employed to draw water in Fateh Sagar during

monsoon when Pichola maintains a higher water level. On the eastern side of Swaroop

sagar, is a masonry dam which has become a convenient site for open defecation.

11.2.4 Govardhan Sagar

Situated at 10 km. of distance from Udaipur in south-west at 74042‘ E. longitude and 24034‘

N. latitude, it commands a gross catchment area of 1 Sqmile and is endowed with gross

capacity of about 0.255 mcm. It also receives water from Pichola through a link canal.

11.2.5 Fateh Sagar Reservoir

The reservoir Fateh Sagar (Plate ) occupies an important place in the social,

economic and cultural life of Udaipur city. The reservoir is situated on 24°36‘ 16" N latitude

and 73°40‘ 45" E longitude at 578 m altitude (above MSL) in the north western sector of the

city. This pear shaped lake was constructed as a medium sized lake in 1678 A.D. Later on,

in 1795 A.D., during the reign of Maharana Bhim Singh incessant rainfall destroyed the lake.

It was renovated in 1889 A.D. by Maharana Fateh Singh. The dam is 720 m long and about

100m wide. Fateh Sagar reservior stretches 2600 m in north-south and 1800 m in east-west

directions, covering total water spread of nearly 4.0 Sq.km (2.56 Sq km at FTL) and has a



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maximum depth of 11.5 m. It commands a total catchment area of about 43.25 Sq. km. Its

gross, live and dead capacity of 12.09 mcm, 7 mcm and 5.0 mcm respectively, evidently

lower than that of Pichola. The reservoir is mainly fed by Chikalwas (Madar) feeder, from

Madar reservoirs built across river Ahar and are located at a distance of 8 Kms north of the

reservoir. It also receives overflow of the Badi reservoir.

11.3 MORPHOMETRIC OF UDAIPUR RESERVOIRS

The watersheds of Pichola, Fateh Sagar, and Udai Sagar are located in Arawali ranges and

cover many revenue villages of Girwa, Badgaon and Gogunda Panchyat Samitees. Some

of the villages situated near the ridge lines are partly covered in the watershed. The general

slope of the wathersheds is from S-W to N-W directions. Topography is very undulating.

Important morphometric features and agriculture details of Udaipur reservoirs are shown in

Table 3.5. The Maps of Catchment area of Udaipur reservoirs is shown in annexure

Fateh Sagar Pichola Udai Sagar

Longitude 73º 40' 45" E 73º 41' 2" E 73º 49' 31"

E Latitude 24º 36' 16" N 24º 35' 8.5" N 24º 34' 41"

N Catchment

Area

43.25 Sq.Km 146.06 Sq.Km 479.00

Sq.Km Gross Capacity 12.09 mcm 13.676 mcm 31.149 mcm

Live Capacity 7.00 mcm 9.00 mcm 27.6 mcm

Water Spread 2.59 Sq.km 4.60 Sq.km 5.60 Sq.km

Depth Above

Sill

3.96 m 3.35 m 7.31 m

Depth Below

Sill

6.70 m 3.04 m 6.00 m

Gross

Command Area

(GCA)

803 ha. 258 ha. 5094 ha.

Culturable

Command Area

(CCA)

667 ha. 238 ha. 4655 ha.

Intensity of

Culture (ICA)

405 ha. 202 ha. 1947 ha.

Maximum

Irrigation

319 ha. in the year 1977-78

Water reserved for drinking

after 1986

125 ha. in the year 1978-79

Water reserved for drinking

after 1986

2510 ha. in

the year

1992-93 Table 11.1 Morphometric features & irrigation details of reservoirs

11.4 IMPORTANCE

Tourism sector is the largest contributor to Udaipur‘s economy. Udaipur lake system plays

important role in the tourism sector. Growth in tourism in Udaipur has been higher than that

of Rajasthan State. In 2005 Udaipur attracted about 15% of the total foreign tourist in the

state and 3% of the domestic tourists. Udaipur is dependent on its lake system, which is

directly, or indirectly the life source of the city in terms of surface water resources. Revenue



155

from fishing activity from the lakes is approximately 25 lakhs per annum. Lakes influences

the local climate of the Udaipur.

11.4.1 As water Resources

The water resources are the integral part of the urban system, which plays an important role

in environmental, aesthetic and climatic conditions of the Town. In case of Udaipur Lakes

are not only important for the environmental viewpoint but also significantly contribute to

economy of the town. People are depending on lakes for their livelihood in terms of tourist

inflow and fisheries. Out of various functions of the lake and water bodies, the most

important role is to maintain biodiversity and nurturing biota both the aquatic amphibious and

terrestrial flora and fauna. The Udaipur is known as the city of lakes therefore importance of

lakes and lentic water resources has been recognized from ancient time. The lakes being

source of potable water fetch due importance for its maintenance but now water front is also

invites visitors and tourists which are directly related to the economy people and town,

therefore public and Government both are looking for the sustenance of lakes. The

conservation and sustainable management of lakes and water front therefore is top priority

agenda of the State Government. The water holding capacity of important water bodies are

enlisted here for the ready reference.

11.4.2 As Tourist Centre

The Udaipur, known as city of lakes and a historical town, invite domestic and foreign

tourists, which one of the sources of income to the local people. The palaces, monuments

and witnesses of historic events present in and around town attract people to visit the

Udaipur. The valleys and water-fronts exhibits are nature‘s gift that provide ample

opportunity to the visitors to be closure to the nature. Now the tourism is the main attraction

and source of income to the local people and also to the Government. The Rajasthan

tourism department has developed facilities to attract tourist in the Udaipur. Number of

agencies both the Government and private are involved in promotion of tourism and to make

Udaipur, a prime tourist place.

11.5 ISSUES

Almost all surface water reservoirs of Udaipur are facing severe threat of nutrient rich

sedimentation because of degradation of their respective catchment areas, which are the

sources of water for the aforesaid reservoirs, and also of the potential sediments. The

changes in land use and degradation of land in the catchment area have disturbed the whole

balance of the reservoir ecosystems. The high velocity runoff, coming from barren hills,

human habitations, agricultural fields and industrial areas is damaging the reservoir



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ecosystems.

11.5.1 Waste Disposal

Untreated Sewage is being released into the lakes at 45 drain spots. The total solid waste

being dumped into the lakes is approx. 500 tons annually. Solid waste from 53 hotels and

restaurants is being dumped into the lakes. The inflow of solid waste into the lake with storm

water not only increases nutrient load but also accumulation of solid waste makes the lakes

shallow. The solid waste after decomposition releases nutrients, which increases pollution

load.

11.5.2 Drying up of Lake

Due to the inconsistency of rainfall and the degradation of the catchment area, the Lakes

become dry.

11.5.3 Siltation

The heavy siltation after deforestation has reduced the depth of the lakes to a quarter of

which it used to be 40 yrs ago. Heavy sedimentation in the lakes due to soil erosion on hill

slopes and construction waste being dumped into lakes.

11.5.4 Weeding

The excessive weed growth disturbs the biochemical cycle of lake and affects the residents

day today life. The lack of regular de-weeding makes situation more critical. The weeding

and de-weeding in lakes remain in debate among scientist and environmentalist from long

time and still questions are raised for doing or not doing weeding for the ecological

imbalances of the lakes.

11.5.5 Boating

The impact of boating is even visible with naked eyes that smear of oil is form on the water

surface of Lake. The oil spells from motorized boats using out boat engines is polluting lake

in several ways and disturbing the lake eco-system too. The concentration of oil in the water

may further increase in the summer season when Lake water level goes down.

11.5.6 Idol immersion

Idol Immersion is social, cultural and religious activity associated with Lakes and water

bodies especially in urban centers. The Udaipur lakes are not exception to this and also be

used for the idol immersion. Earlier idol immersion was being done in the lotic water

resources, which is not available nearby Udaipur city therefore people are immersing idols in

the lakes. The materials used in idol preparations are wood strips, metal sheets, cloths, over



157

and above synthetic colours. The regular input of heavy metals in one or the other forms

may lead to toxicity, otherwise metallic irons goes to food chain and accumulates in plants

and animals body. The bio accumulation process elevates the concentration of the metallic

toxicity from one trophic level to other. Lakes of Udaipur are being used for potable water

therefore, heavy metallic contamination needs to be avoided, for which idol immersion

shifting from the lakes is necessary.

11.5.7 Sewage Inflow

The Lake Pichola has settlement at 3 sites while Rang Sagar and Swaroop Sagar are

surrounded by habitation, receiving waste water and untreated sewage from the settlements

situated in the close vicinity of the Lakes. Besides the settlements about 53 hotels are

situated in the close proximity and catchment of the Pichola Lake system. The occupancy of

the hotels is estimated as 33,000 which is substantial figure to be counted in calculating in

sewage and waste water disposal to the lake. The residential population was considered

24000 with number of houses 6000.

11.5.8 Washing

The lake Pichola being situated in the city hence people are easily reaching to the lake water

for washing of cloths and bathing. Besides this washer men also washing cloths collected

from the houses, which is not only projecting poor picture but also polluting the lake. Soap,

detergents and washing powders being used in washing of cloths and utensils flow into lake

and causing water quality deterioration. On an average 200 to 300 local people are daily

taking bath and washing clothes. Apart from it washer men washing clothes collected from

people regularly in clusters at number of points within the lake.

Other problems are deforestation, Over Exploitation of Surface & Ground Water,

Eutrophication, Brick Kiln, Immersion of Idols, and Stream Flow Obstructions.

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