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CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
ConCAAccident Causality
Preliminary Results
Alistair Gibb, Roger Haslam, Diane Gyi, Sophie Hide, Sarah Hastings
Loughborough University
Roy Duff, UMIST, Manchester
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CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
25 (of 100) incident studies
• Method covered in detail elsewhere
(Hide et al, cib W99, London, 2000)
Focus Groups
Review
Incident identification
Site inspection
Site interviews
Prelim report
Follow-up
Independent review
Analysis
Incorporation
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CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Model of Construction Accident CausationP
RO
JE
CT
BR
IEF
PR
OJ
EC
T D
ES
IGN
PR
OJ
EC
T D
EV
EL
OP
ME
NT
CONSTRUCTION PLANNING
CONSTRUCTION CONTROL
SITE CONDITION
INJ
UR
Y a
nd
/ o
r D
AM
AG
E
ENVIRONMENT
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
ENVIRONMENT
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
OPERATIVE ACTION
INC
IDE
NT
AC
CID
EN
T
CONSTRUCTIONOPERATION
Adapted from Suraji & Duff, 2000
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CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Project Type
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CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Project Phase
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CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Worker ‘trade’
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CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Incident type
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CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
IP Age
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CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
IP Experience
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CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Key aspects
• Accident investigation• Time, cost & work pressure• Management / supervision• Method statements / risk
assessments• Communication, language
& instructions• Abilities, skills transfer &
training
• Tools, equipment, materials, PPE & task execution
• Working environment, ergonomics & health
• Individual factors, motivation, culture & tradition
• Legal & contractual• Design
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CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Accident investigation
• Incorrect or insufficient detail entered in the accident book
• Insufficient exploration of peripheral factors• Concentration on blame• Assumptions on causes• Unwillingness to confront reality - method
statements veracity / non PC issues
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CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Time, cost & work pressure
• ‘Time’ not given as a cause• But clear evidence of time pressures• Even though ‘piece-work’ was not the norm• ‘Out of hours’ work on ‘job and knock’• Cost linked to time but not seen as such by
operatives
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CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Management / supervision
• Relationships varied considerably from site to site
• Some good examples of supportive, proactive management
• Some ‘them and us’ examples• Safety role seen as ‘referee’ or ‘police’• Reactive safety performance monitoring
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CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Method statements / risk assessment
• Rarely cover the incident activity
• Often ‘standard’ wording• Little consultation in
preparation• Updates done ‘after the
event’• Exact on process
sequence but imprecise on work techniques
• Assume optimal conditions• Volume, presentation &
style do not suit training or information transfer role
• Often read out or given to read as worker’s brief
• Signing to record MS issued seeks to transfer responsibility
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CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Communication, language & instructions
• Often communication breakdown - lack of consultation or information not reaching ‘at-risk’ persons
• Poor sense of common ownership• Lack of ‘English’ ability was a factor• Poor or non-existent info from manufacturers
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CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Abilities, skills transfer & training
• High dependence on core skills• Determining new-starter competence is ad-hoc• Most training is ‘sitting with nellie’• Trainers are untrained as trainers• Inductions almost completely seen as a waste
of time
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CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Tools, equipment, materials, PPE & task execution
• Not acknowledged as problems• Ad hoc purchase of tools and equipment• Poor equipment design cf other industries• Operatives reluctant to complain• No clear responsibility chain for materials,
tools or equipment
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CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
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CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Working environment, ergonomics & health
• Work environment not seen as important by most operatives and supervisors
• Acceptance of poor conditions• Housekeeping and welfare expose poor
health & safety culture• No evidence of ergonomic assessments (e.g.
manual handling)
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CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Individual factors, motivation & tradition
• Evidence of prejudice, conflict, relationships and attitude to work
• Poor morale and motivation endemic• Strong ‘macho’ culture pervades• ‘That’s just the way things are done’
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CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Design issues
• Surprisingly, design problems were rarely raised by IPs
• There are so many other obvious proximal causes that design doesn’t seem to be considered
• Design of tools and equipment IS a key issue but not normally considered as design
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CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Conclusions
• Accident investigation• Time, cost & work pressure• Management / supervision• Method statements / risk
assessments• Communication, language
& instructions• Abilities, skills transfer &
training
• Tools, equipment, materials, PPE & task execution
• Working environment, ergonomics & health
• Individual factors, motivation, culture & tradition
• Legal & contractual• Design
The following factors influence accident causality: