Child and adult food care & food pyramid

Prepared by:Raveen Ismail

Heyman Ahmed Viyan Mourad Warveen Abid Wdyan Jondi

Objectives

At the end of the presentation the students will know:

• Difference between nutrients, nutrition, food.• food pyramid ,food groups .• The classification of foods ,nutrients . • The daily calorie intake for adults ,children .• The affect of inadequate food, nutrients intake

on our bodies . • the nursing role in (children ,adult) food care .

Introduction to nutrition

• Nutrition is the intake of food, according to the body’s dietary needs required by organisms and cells to stay alive.

• Essential nutrients include protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamins, minerals and electrolytes,.

• Normally 85% of daily energy use is from fat and carbohydrates and 15% from protein.

• Nutrition is essential for growth and development, health and wellbeing. Eating a healthy diet contributes to preventing future illness and improving quality and length of life.

What's nutrition ?

• It is a Science which investigates the metabolic &physiological responses of the body to diet .

What's food

• is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for the body. It is usually of plant or animal origin, and contains essential nutrients , such as

(carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals)

• solid• semisolid• liquid foods

primary

• fibrous,• gelatinous,

• starchy, oleaginous, crystalline, and albuminous foods.

secondary

Foods classification according to their general physical properties

Animal foods Vegetable foods

meats ,fish Shellfish, crustaceans, eggs, milk and its products, animal fats, gelatin.

cereals, vegetables proper , fruits, sugars, vegetable oils.

Foods classification according to their sources

Nitrogenous foods

• carbon ,• hydrogen ,

• oxygen ,• nitrogen

Non -nitrogenous foods

• carbon • oxygen

• hydrogen

•the majority of the animal substances belong to the nitrogenous, and the majority of vegetable substances to the non-nitrogenous group.

Food classification according to their compositions

What's nutrients

• a substance that provides nourishment essential for the maintenance of life and for growth :

for example :fish is a source of many important nutrients, including protein, vitamins, and minerals

Classification of nutrients Carbohydrates

Fats

Proteins

Water

Vitamins

Minerals

Macronutrients

Micronutrients

Function of nutrients in food

• Provide energy (carbohydrate ,fat ,protein)• Build tissue (proteins )• Regulate metabolic processes ,(water is base

of all metabolic processes .

Difference between food ,nutrients, nutrition

Nutrients Nutrition Food

• a substance that provides nourishment essential for the maintenance of life and for growth .

• Is taking in and the utilization of food substances by which growth, repair and maintenance of the body are accomplished .

• is any substance consumed to provide

nutritional support for the body

• food is a source of nutrients for e.g.. fish is a source of many important nutrients, including protein, vitamins, and minerals

•Food origin • It is usually of plant or animal origin

•Are food components for e.g. carbohydrate

•Utilizing food nutrients through process of ingestion, digestion, absorption and assimilation.

• contains nutrients for e.g. Carbohydrate

Factors affecting food intake

• Age • Emotional factors • Sensory factors • Personal Preference• Social situations • Income (poverty )• Nutritional knowledge • Intolerance & allergies

Food Security The World Food Summit of 1996 defined food security as

existing :• “when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe,

nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life”Food security is built on three pillars:• Food availability • Food access• Food use

What's food pyramid • Is an outline of what to eat each day , It is

not a rigid prescription, but a general guide that lets you choose a healthful diet that's right for you, shows a range of serving for each major group .

• The first food pyramid was published in Sweden in 1974.

What's serving ?

• The amount of food that counts as a serving.• For example If you eat one plate of rice, that

would be two servings. If you eat a smaller portion, count it as part of a serving.

Daily Calorie Intake

• Recommended daily calorie intake varies from person to person

• Calories also play a role in weight control• Calories are a measure of energy and are

commonly used to describe the energy content of foods.

Daily calories intake for adults

1600 calories

many sedentary women

some older adults.

2200 calories

active women

many sedentary men

Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding may

need somewhat more.

most children

teenage girls

2800 calories

many active men

some very active women.

teenage boys

Calories intake for children per day Girls boys Age

700 700 3 - 6 months810 810 6 - 9 months

950 950 9 - 12 months

1150 1150 1 - 2 yrs1350 1350 2 - 3 yrs1550 1550 3 - 5 yrs1750 1850 5- 7 yrs1800 2100 7- 9 yrs1950 2200 10- 11 yrs2100 2400 12- 13yrs2150 2650 14 - 15 yrs2150 2850 16- 19yrs

Factors affecting daily calories intake

• age. • Gender .• Body size (height and weight). • Physical state (pregnancy ,lactation)• Type of work (sedentary .moderate, heavy)

Poor nutrition can lead to:• reduced immunity.• increased susceptibility to disease.• impaired physical and mental development

Lack of insufficient food intake

• Protein deficiency leads to Kwashiorkor..etc

• Calories deficiency leads to Starvation, marasmus..etc

• Vitamins deficiency leads to Pellagra ,Beri Beri, scurvy, rickets ..etc.

• Minerals deficiency leads to Osteoporosis, tetany, laryngospasm ,cardiac arrhythmias ..etc.

For examples

Malnutrition Malnutrition intake of nutrients insufficient to meet daily energy requirements as a

result of inadequate food intake or improper digestion & absorption of food.

S&S• The most common symptom is a notable weight loss. For example,

those who have lost more than 10% of their body weight in the course of three months and are not dieting could be malnourished.

• Growth failure in children • Muscle wasting and lack of strength in the muscles.• Swelling of the abdomen and legs.• Increased susceptibility to infections• Skin and hair becomes dry.

Role of nurse

Assessing :

• Usual eating patterns & habits• Allergies & intolerances• Food frequency record• Brief personal & family history• Height/weight• Ideal body weight • Body mass index ( weight in kilograms over height in meters squared

– Weight/height (in m)2) and mid arm circumference. (18.5_24.9)• Manifestations of malnutrition• Social, economic, ethnic, religious factors• Other risk factors for altered nutrition

To stimulate appetite

• Relieve illness symptoms that depress appetite prior to mealtime

• Select small portions• Avoid unpleasant or uncomfortable treatments or

activity immediately before/after meals• Provide tidy, clean environment• Encourage or provide oral hygiene before mealtime• Reduce psychological stress

Role of nurse

Assisting with Meals

• Help client feed self when possible• Assist client to sit on side of bed or chair if possible• Check tray for client’s name, type of diet, & completeness• “which order would you like to eat?”• Do not rush client; allow ample time• Offer fluids every 3 or 4 mouthfuls of food if client unable to

communicate• Use adaptive feeding aids as needed• For blind person, identify placement of food as you would

describe time on a clock

Role of nurse

“The greatest wealth is Health”

References

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_guide_pyramid

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition• http://www.steroidslive.com/2009-04-10/the-

6-factors-influencing-your-daily-calorie-needs/

• http://www.livestrong.com/article/423234-why-are-calories-important/

• http://www.livestrong.com/article/32169-definition-calories/

• http://www.livestrong.com/article/299591-classification-of-food-groups/