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Chapter One: The Beginnings of
Civilization
Chapter One: The Beginnings of
Civilization
Cultures and Values, 6th Ed.Cunningham and Reich
Cultures and Values, 6th Ed.Cunningham and Reich
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Defining “Civilized”Defining “Civilized”
• Urban life: permanent constructions • System of regulatory government• Class distinction (wealth and
occupation)
• Tools/skills --> production/trade• Written communication• Shared system of religious belief
** Not a value judgment! **
• Urban life: permanent constructions • System of regulatory government• Class distinction (wealth and
occupation)
• Tools/skills --> production/trade• Written communication• Shared system of religious belief
** Not a value judgment! **
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Origins of Western Civilization
Origins of Western Civilization
• Paleolithic World View (Old Stone Age)
• Circa 15,000 B.C.E.
• Ramapithecus – earliest form of hominid
• Homo Erectus – first direct ancestors• Homo Sapiens (Humans)
• Dominated by geography and climate• Food and shelter
• Paleolithic World View (Old Stone Age)
• Circa 15,000 B.C.E.
• Ramapithecus – earliest form of hominid
• Homo Erectus – first direct ancestors• Homo Sapiens (Humans)
• Dominated by geography and climate• Food and shelter
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Origins of Western Civilization
Origins of Western Civilization
• Art• Cave paintings of Lascaux and Altamira
(fig. 1.1)• Venus of Willendorf (Austria) (fig. 1.2)
• Religion• Neanderthals• First to bury their dead carefully and
place funerary offerings in the grave
• Art• Cave paintings of Lascaux and Altamira
(fig. 1.1)• Venus of Willendorf (Austria) (fig. 1.2)
• Religion• Neanderthals• First to bury their dead carefully and
place funerary offerings in the grave
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Origins of Western Civilization
Origins of Western Civilization
• Neolithic Civilizations (Late Stone Age)• Domestication of animals• Cultivation of vegetation• Community• War / Weaponry• War began as a way to raid communities’
stores of grain and food
• Pottery invented 5000 B.C.E.• Metal came soon after• 1st copper Copper + Tin = Bronze
• Neolithic Civilizations (Late Stone Age)• Domestication of animals• Cultivation of vegetation• Community• War / Weaponry• War began as a way to raid communities’
stores of grain and food
• Pottery invented 5000 B.C.E.• Metal came soon after• 1st copper Copper + Tin = Bronze
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The Bronze Age (3000-1000 B.C.E.)
The Bronze Age (3000-1000 B.C.E.)
• Large scale architecture• Fortified settlements
• Mesopotamia – 2 periods:• Sumerian (3500-2350 B.C.E.)• Semitic (2350-612 B.C.E.)
• Egypt• Aegean Cultures
• Large scale architecture• Fortified settlements
• Mesopotamia – 2 periods:• Sumerian (3500-2350 B.C.E.)• Semitic (2350-612 B.C.E.)
• Egypt• Aegean Cultures
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Sumerian CultureSumerian Culture• Agricultural/Urban settlements• “Fertile Crescent”• Between Tigris and Euphrates rivers
• Writing/record-keeping: Cuneiform• First system of writing• Picture signs – pictographs• Able to trade and keep records• (fig. 1.3)
• Agricultural/Urban settlements• “Fertile Crescent”• Between Tigris and Euphrates rivers
• Writing/record-keeping: Cuneiform• First system of writing• Picture signs – pictographs• Able to trade and keep records• (fig. 1.3)
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Sumerian CultureSumerian Culture
• Shared system of religious belief• Temple was central focus• Gods were manifest in natural
phenomena • Holidays were linked to seasons
• Civil ruler / Religious rulers• Priests held governing power• Built better temples and dug more canals
• Shared system of religious belief• Temple was central focus• Gods were manifest in natural
phenomena • Holidays were linked to seasons
• Civil ruler / Religious rulers• Priests held governing power• Built better temples and dug more canals
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Epic of GilgameshEpic of Gilgamesh• Gilgamesh ruled at Uruk c. 2700
B.C.E.• Sumerian ruler
• Composed in Sumerian (2000 B.C.E.) on cuneiform tablets
• Pessimistic work - Saw life as a continual struggle that would end in death
• Gilgamesh ruled at Uruk c. 2700 B.C.E.• Sumerian ruler
• Composed in Sumerian (2000 B.C.E.) on cuneiform tablets
• Pessimistic work - Saw life as a continual struggle that would end in death
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Epic of GilgameshEpic of Gilgamesh
• Asserts universal questions about human existence• Is all human achievement futile in the
face of death?• Is there a purpose to human existence?• If so, how can it be discovered?
• “The quest of Gilgamesh is the basic human search.” p.8
• Asserts universal questions about human existence• Is all human achievement futile in the
face of death?• Is there a purpose to human existence?• If so, how can it be discovered?
• “The quest of Gilgamesh is the basic human search.” p.8
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Semitic CultureSemitic Culture• Akkadian Period• King Sargon and descendants (2350-2150 B.C.E.)
• Focus on HUMAN achievement• Less submission to the gods• See Fig. 1.5 on page 8 – shows pride and self-
confidence
• Gutian invasion / return to tradition • Akkadian rule ended• Ziggurats – chief buildings, had religious
significance• Emphasis on religion (see Fig. 1.8)
• Akkadian Period• King Sargon and descendants (2350-2150 B.C.E.)
• Focus on HUMAN achievement• Less submission to the gods• See Fig. 1.5 on page 8 – shows pride and self-
confidence
• Gutian invasion / return to tradition • Akkadian rule ended• Ziggurats – chief buildings, had religious
significance• Emphasis on religion (see Fig. 1.8)
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Semitic CultureSemitic Culture
• Babylonian Legacy• King Hammurabi• Authored the Code of Hammurabi• Law code that attempted to achieve social
justice by legislation • Fig. 1.9 – Stele of Hammurabi• Many provisions deal with familial
relationships• Look at the examples on page 9
• Babylonian Legacy• King Hammurabi• Authored the Code of Hammurabi• Law code that attempted to achieve social
justice by legislation • Fig. 1.9 – Stele of Hammurabi• Many provisions deal with familial
relationships• Look at the examples on page 9
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Semitic CultureSemitic Culture
• Assyrians• Culmination of Mesopotamian culture• Art was often religious, but also
contained scenes of battles and hunting expeditions
• Assyrians• Culmination of Mesopotamian culture• Art was often religious, but also
contained scenes of battles and hunting expeditions
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Fall of MesopotamiaFall of Mesopotamia
• Medes• Nomadic warriors• Conquered Nineveh in 612 B.C.E.• Conquered and absorbed by Persians
• Persians• Nomadic warriors• Conquered by Alexander the Great
(330 B.C.E.)
• Medes• Nomadic warriors• Conquered Nineveh in 612 B.C.E.• Conquered and absorbed by Persians
• Persians• Nomadic warriors• Conquered by Alexander the Great
(330 B.C.E.)
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Fall of MesopotamiaFall of Mesopotamia
• Mesopotamia never equaled Egyptian achievements in the arts
• They DID form independent city-states
• Evolved an enlightened view of human relationships (i.e., Code of Hammurabi)
• Mesopotamia never equaled Egyptian achievements in the arts
• They DID form independent city-states
• Evolved an enlightened view of human relationships (i.e., Code of Hammurabi)
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Ancient EgyptAncient Egypt• Lower Egypt: delta of the Nile• Upper Egypt: more isolated from
foreign contacts• Manetho’s History of Egypt• 31 dynasties / 4 groups:• Old Kingdom (2700 B.C.E.)• Middle Kingdom (1990 B.C.E.)• New Kingdom (1570 B.C.E.)• Late Period (1185-500 B.C.E.)
• Lower Egypt: delta of the Nile• Upper Egypt: more isolated from
foreign contacts• Manetho’s History of Egypt• 31 dynasties / 4 groups:• Old Kingdom (2700 B.C.E.)• Middle Kingdom (1990 B.C.E.)• New Kingdom (1570 B.C.E.)• Late Period (1185-500 B.C.E.)
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Ancient Egyptian Culture
Ancient Egyptian Culture
• Unified and consistent• Resistant to change• Art, religion, language, and political
structure• Conservative and rooted in the past
• Worldview affected by external events
• Unified and consistent• Resistant to change• Art, religion, language, and political
structure• Conservative and rooted in the past
• Worldview affected by external events
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Political StructurePolitical Structure• Pharaoh • Head of the central government• Regarded as a living god• Exercised absolute power
• Orders depended on a large official bureaucracy
• Ordered and controlled visible world
• Priests• Preservation of religious beliefs• Divine kingship of Pharaohs• Aton-Ra (the sun god) created the world by
imposing order, pharaoh did this in the human world
• Pharaoh • Head of the central government• Regarded as a living god• Exercised absolute power
• Orders depended on a large official bureaucracy
• Ordered and controlled visible world
• Priests• Preservation of religious beliefs• Divine kingship of Pharaohs• Aton-Ra (the sun god) created the world by
imposing order, pharaoh did this in the human world
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Egyptian ReligionEgyptian Religion• Obsession with immortality / life after
death• All Egyptians were offered hope of eternal
life as a reward for a good life
• Book of the Dead – book of funeral rites and their meanings• Osiris – god who presided over ceremonies• Isis – Osiris’ wife, mourned the dead• Horus – son, symbolized spiritual afterlife
• Obsession with immortality / life after death• All Egyptians were offered hope of eternal
life as a reward for a good life
• Book of the Dead – book of funeral rites and their meanings• Osiris – god who presided over ceremonies• Isis – Osiris’ wife, mourned the dead• Horus – son, symbolized spiritual afterlife
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Egyptian ReligionEgyptian Religion
• Deities, subdeities, nature spirits• Responsible for all aspects of
existence• Inspired mythology and ritual that
affected daily life• Most art was used to honor the deities
• Deities, subdeities, nature spirits• Responsible for all aspects of
existence• Inspired mythology and ritual that
affected daily life• Most art was used to honor the deities
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Egyptian ArtEgyptian Art
• Principal function of artists: to produce images of deities• Form of worship• Standards set forth by Pharaoh
• Artists also provided temples and shrines for honoring deities
• Individual artists had little opportunity for self-expression and own ingenuity
• Principal function of artists: to produce images of deities• Form of worship• Standards set forth by Pharaoh
• Artists also provided temples and shrines for honoring deities
• Individual artists had little opportunity for self-expression and own ingenuity
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The Old KingdomThe Old Kingdom• Imhotep• First architect known to history• Built pyramid to honor his master,
the pharoah Zoser• Pyramids• Funerary monuments for pharaohs,
upper class• Guaranteed immortality for occupants
• Imhotep• First architect known to history• Built pyramid to honor his master,
the pharoah Zoser• Pyramids• Funerary monuments for pharaohs,
upper class• Guaranteed immortality for occupants
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The Old KingdomThe Old Kingdom
• Mummification• Embalming was invented• Preservation of the body was
necessary for the survival of the soul
• Mummification• Embalming was invented• Preservation of the body was
necessary for the survival of the soul
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Great Age of the Pyramid
Great Age of the Pyramid
• Pyramids at Giza (Dynasty IV) – built for 3 pharaohs:• Cheops, Chefren, Mycerinus
• Who built the pyramids?• Farmers• Slaves
• Perpetuate memories of upper classes and bear witness to lifestyle impossible without slaves
• Pyramids at Giza (Dynasty IV) – built for 3 pharaohs:• Cheops, Chefren, Mycerinus
• Who built the pyramids?• Farmers• Slaves
• Perpetuate memories of upper classes and bear witness to lifestyle impossible without slaves
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PyramidsPyramids• Constructed of limestone blocks• Quarried, ferried, cut, dragged into place
• Center chamber contained mummified body of pharaoh surrounded by treasures
• Plundered by robbers • Size drew attention• Sometimes plundered shortly after the
burial chamber had been sealed
• Constructed of limestone blocks• Quarried, ferried, cut, dragged into place
• Center chamber contained mummified body of pharaoh surrounded by treasures
• Plundered by robbers • Size drew attention• Sometimes plundered shortly after the
burial chamber had been sealed
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Chefren’s SphinxChefren’s Sphinx
• Created as the guardian for Chefren’s tomb at Giza
• Adopted as a divine symbol of the mysterious and enigmatic (Greeks)• Greek art frequently uses the sphinx
as a motif• Also appears in Greek mythology
• Created as the guardian for Chefren’s tomb at Giza
• Adopted as a divine symbol of the mysterious and enigmatic (Greeks)• Greek art frequently uses the sphinx
as a motif• Also appears in Greek mythology
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Art of the Old KingdomArt of the Old Kingdom• Reflects confidence and certainty• Old Kingdom represented a golden
age• Idealized realism (see Fig. 1.13)• Portraits of the concept of divine
power, not the actual person
• Conceptual, symbolic
• Reflects confidence and certainty• Old Kingdom represented a golden
age• Idealized realism (see Fig. 1.13)• Portraits of the concept of divine
power, not the actual person
• Conceptual, symbolic
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Art of the Middle Kingdom
Art of the Middle Kingdom
• Loss of trust in divine providence• Artists attempted to recapture lofty
serenity of Old Kingdom• Troubled spirit captured in weight and
somber expressions (Fig. 1.14, pg. 16)
• Loss of trust in divine providence• Artists attempted to recapture lofty
serenity of Old Kingdom• Troubled spirit captured in weight and
somber expressions (Fig. 1.14, pg. 16)
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The New KingdomThe New Kingdom• Artistic traditions continued• Conceptual – depicted the idea rather
than actual appearance• Pharaoh Amenhotep IV/ “Akhenaton”• Massive religious/political reform• Replaced numberless deities with one,
the sun god, Aton• He moved the capital to Tel el-Amarna
to escape the influence of the priests
• Artistic traditions continued• Conceptual – depicted the idea rather
than actual appearance• Pharaoh Amenhotep IV/ “Akhenaton”• Massive religious/political reform• Replaced numberless deities with one,
the sun god, Aton• He moved the capital to Tel el-Amarna
to escape the influence of the priests
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The New KingdomThe New Kingdom• Tel el-Amarna Art• Light and natural • Physical characteristics are depicted in detail• Scenes are relaxed and even humorous
• Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and Three of the Their Children• Queen Nefertiti (Figs. 1.15 & 1.16)
• Tutankhamen – Akhenaton’s succesor • Best known for treasures found in his
undisturbed tomb (Fig. 1.17, p. 18)• Howard Carter (1922-1923)• Discovered intact sarcophagus (Fig. 1.18)
• Tel el-Amarna Art• Light and natural • Physical characteristics are depicted in detail• Scenes are relaxed and even humorous
• Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and Three of the Their Children• Queen Nefertiti (Figs. 1.15 & 1.16)
• Tutankhamen – Akhenaton’s succesor • Best known for treasures found in his
undisturbed tomb (Fig. 1.17, p. 18)• Howard Carter (1922-1923)• Discovered intact sarcophagus (Fig. 1.18)
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The Late PeriodThe Late Period
• Artists revisited earlier period styles• Recapture realism, volume• Return to pyramid-shaped tombs• Fig. 1.19, p. 19
• Artists revisited earlier period styles• Recapture realism, volume• Return to pyramid-shaped tombs• Fig. 1.19, p. 19
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Aegean CultureAegean Culture• Aegean civilization sprung up in the
Bronze Age and disappeared around 1100 B.C.E.
• Crete• Minoans• King Minos / Knossos - *see myth
summary on p. 20
• Mainland Greece• Mycenaeans
• Aegean civilization sprung up in the Bronze Age and disappeared around 1100 B.C.E.
• Crete• Minoans• King Minos / Knossos - *see myth
summary on p. 20
• Mainland Greece• Mycenaeans
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Aegean CultureAegean Culture• Cyclades Islands• Little is known about the Cycladic people• Bronze tools• Imaginative/humorous pottery (Fig. 1.20, p.
20)• Marble statues/idols• Produced in large quantities• Many times buried with the dead• Usually female• Purpose of idols remains uncertain
• Cyclades Islands• Little is known about the Cycladic people• Bronze tools• Imaginative/humorous pottery (Fig. 1.20, p.
20)• Marble statues/idols• Produced in large quantities• Many times buried with the dead• Usually female• Purpose of idols remains uncertain
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The Bronze Age in CreteThe Bronze Age in Crete• Arthur Evans, 1894-1900• Excavated at Knossos• Found throne room of King Minos• Confirmed legendary accounts of Cretan
prosperity and power
• Early Minoan• Increasing growth• Contacts with Egypt and Mesopotamia• Scattered Towns
• Arthur Evans, 1894-1900• Excavated at Knossos• Found throne room of King Minos• Confirmed legendary accounts of Cretan
prosperity and power
• Early Minoan• Increasing growth• Contacts with Egypt and Mesopotamia• Scattered Towns
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Middle Minoan, circa 2000 B.C.E.
Middle Minoan, circa 2000 B.C.E.
• Evolution of large urban centers• Generally called palaces• Function was more than royal family
home• Knossos best know center (Fig. 1.22,
1.24)
• Art = lively and colorful • Painted pottery, superb jewelry (Fig.
1.25)
• Evolution of large urban centers• Generally called palaces• Function was more than royal family
home• Knossos best know center (Fig. 1.22,
1.24)
• Art = lively and colorful • Painted pottery, superb jewelry (Fig.
1.25)
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Middle Minoan, circa 2000 B.C.E.
Middle Minoan, circa 2000 B.C.E.
• Little interest in monumental art• Greatest works are on a small scale
• Writing system of hieroglyphic signs• Used in archives of palace for
administrative purposes
• Palaces were destroyed (c. 1700)
• Little interest in monumental art• Greatest works are on a small scale
• Writing system of hieroglyphic signs• Used in archives of palace for
administrative purposes
• Palaces were destroyed (c. 1700)
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[Image 1.22]Palace of Minos at Knossos
[Image 1.22]Palace of Minos at Knossos
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[Image 1.25]Wasp Pendant
[Image 1.25]Wasp Pendant
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Late MinoanLate Minoan• Period of rebuilding after earthquakes• High point of Minoan culture• Wall paintings – greatest treasure (Fig.
1.26, p. 24)• Spontaneity and freedom
• Religion centered upon mother goddess connected with fertility (Fig. 1.27)
• Knossos invaded and occupied by mainlanders around 1450 B.C.E.
• Period of rebuilding after earthquakes• High point of Minoan culture• Wall paintings – greatest treasure (Fig.
1.26, p. 24)• Spontaneity and freedom
• Religion centered upon mother goddess connected with fertility (Fig. 1.27)
• Knossos invaded and occupied by mainlanders around 1450 B.C.E.
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[Image 1.27]Snake Goddess
[Image 1.27]Snake Goddess
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Mycenaean CultureMycenaean Culture• Named after largest settlement, Mycenae• Heinrich Schliemann, 1870-1873• The Trojan War (1250 B.C.E.) Legends said
Mycenaeans attacked Troy• Found walls, gate of the city, gold, silver, &
bronze objects in Troy• Found Royal Grave Circle in Mycenae (Fig.
1.28)
• Strongly influenced by Minoan Culture
• Named after largest settlement, Mycenae• Heinrich Schliemann, 1870-1873• The Trojan War (1250 B.C.E.) Legends said
Mycenaeans attacked Troy• Found walls, gate of the city, gold, silver, &
bronze objects in Troy• Found Royal Grave Circle in Mycenae (Fig.
1.28)
• Strongly influenced by Minoan Culture
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[Image 1.28]Funerary Mask
[Image 1.28]Funerary Mask
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Mycenaean CultureMycenaean Culture
• Strongly influenced by Minoan Culture• Great palace complexes
• Art = preoccupied with death and war• Solemn and dignified
• Fall of the Mycenaean empire (1200 B.C.E.)• Cause of downfall unknown• Enemies? Internal strife? Natural causes?
• Strongly influenced by Minoan Culture• Great palace complexes
• Art = preoccupied with death and war• Solemn and dignified
• Fall of the Mycenaean empire (1200 B.C.E.)• Cause of downfall unknown• Enemies? Internal strife? Natural causes?