Download - Chapter 8: Into A New Century
1900-1930
Chapter 8: Into A New Century
Predictions/Questions
Reconstruction has ended and we are moving into the 20th Century – what will this bring for the United States? For African Americans? For women?
First in Flight
First in Flight
December 3, 1903 – The Wright brothers’ first successful flight in Kitty
Hawk, NC First flight lasted approximately 12 seconds; last flight
almost a minute Four successful flights in all that day
First in Flight
http://www.history.com/topics/wright-brothers/videos#wright-brothers-test-flight-1909
http://www.history.com/topics/wright-brothers/videos#wright-brothers-are-first-in-flight
An Age of Growth & Conflict
The new century brought flying machines, radio broadcasts, skyscrapers and electricity
Technology sped up industrial growth Towns and cities grew New schools opened New roads were built
An Age of Growth & Conflict
Social and political problems proved harder to handle
Blacks still held back by racial segregationTenant farmers/sharecroppers still struggledFactory jobs were difficultEconomy produced prosperity as well as
poverty
Textile Mills
North Carolina South’s most industrialized state Nation’s leading maker of wood furniture
Hundreds of textile mills opened Cheap labor and easy access to cotton Few textile mills were open to blacks
Growth of Industry
Growth of Industry
Business profits helped build
towns, churches, schools,
hospitals & libraries
Shaped new social class – the working
class
Increased the number of
middle-class professionals, like
lawyers, merchants &
managers
The Power of Electricity
Thomas Edison – http://www.brainpop.com/socialstudies/
famoushistoricalfigures/thomasedison/
Engineers developed machines that used river flow to produce electricity – hydroelectricity
Textile mills were powered by hydroelectricity More and more people built textile mills across region
Life as a Mill Worker
Everyone was expected to work – even young children
Mill owners built villages around plants and rented homes to workers
Provided a steadier income than sharecropping, but less independence Could issue a village curfew Could cut off electricity at any point
“Welfare Work”
“Welfare work:” Education and entertainment programs started by mill owners in villages to keep workers from moving Built community centers Sponsored brass bands, baseball teams, home economic
classes, etc Created contests that rewarded for the best-kept yard
or cutest baby
Owners wanted to develop habits and goals to make workers successful
“Welfare Work”
Do we have anything today to compare to the “welfare work” of the textile mills? What do employers or managers do today to build morale in their companies?
“Welfare Work”
Do we have anything today to compare to the “welfare work” of the textile mills? What do employers or managers do today to build morale in their companies? Gift cards Bonuses Company sports teams Trips to the highest sales numbers Reserved parking spot at work Gym memberships Company car to use
The Progressive Era
Reformers worked to make US orderly, safe and prosperous Programs to address housing and sanitation
challenges Programs to educate young people “Settlement houses” for urban families Charities to improve school and combat diseases
Government became more involved in regulating businesses and planning for growth
Regulation & Safety
Theodore Roosevelt – Started the US Forest Service Regulated big businesses by creating agencies like the
FDA Introduced income tax to pay for government agencies Created program to regulate banking
http://www.brainpop.com/socialstudies/famoushistoricalfigures/theodoreroosevelt/
Improving State Schools
Schools became the focus of NC’s Progressive reforms
Thousands of new schools were built across the state
“Graded” schooling – Students organized into grades Tested on what they learned School term expanded to 6 months
Fight Against Child Labor
Factory owners – Kept wages low Trained new generation of workers Thought they were better off working than sitting in
classroom
Progressive reformers – Damaged children’s health Denied them opportunities Would never have a chance to improve their lives
Fight Against Child Labor
1916: US Congress passed a law against hiring children under age 14
NC mill owners challenged the law Argued that parents, not government, had the right to
decide when children should workSupreme Court agreed – struck down law1938: Fair Labor Standards Act was passed
Fight Against Child Labor
Newt Gingrich: Child labor laws 'truly stupid'
http://articles.latimes.com/2011/nov/21/news/la-pn-gingrich-child-labor-20111121
Fight Against Child Labor
http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=143442
http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=141015
Fight Against Child Labor
Do the advantages of child labor outweigh the disadvantages?
Write a short paragraph outlining the pros or cons of child labor during this era.
You have 10 minutes to complete this assignment.
Separate but Unequal
Discrimination and segregationNC set up 2 public school systems, one for
blacks and one for whites Black school: “rickety, wooden structure surrounded
by a bare clay wall” White school: “school made out of brick with a well-
kept green lawn. Their playground, a wonderland of iron swings, sand slides, see-saws, crossbars, and a basketball court was barred from us by a strong 8-foot-high fence topped by barbed wire”
Jim Crow Laws
Plessy vs. Ferguson: states could legally establish “separate but equal” institutions for blacks
States followed “separate” but ignored “equal”
Laws forced blacks to ride in separate railroad cars, sit in the back of buses, couldn’t buy houses in white neighborhoods, etc.
Customs & Culture
Employers: hired whites for skilled jobs, blacks for unskilled jobs
Manners: whites called blacks by first name, blacks expected to use “ma’am” and “sir”
Blacks expected to give up bus seats to whites, and to step off the sidewalk when whites were passing
Customs & Culture
Failure to follow unwritten rules usually resulted in violence and lynching
Lynch: to seize someone believed to have committed a crime and put the person to death immediately without a trial
Lynchers took pictures of violence and set them as postcards
Revival of the Klan
Black inferiority – became a theme in national popular culture
Books/movies about noble southern whites and foolish or violent blacks became popular
The Birth of the Nation: Country’s first major feature film Controversial and popular Praised members of the KKK as heroes President Woodrow Wilson praised film
The Birth of a Nation
“The Civil War divides friends and destroys families, but that's nothing compared to the anarchy in the black-ruled South after the war”
The movie is also credited as one of the events that inspired the formation of the "second era" Ku Klux Klan at Stone Mountain, GA in the same year.
The Birth of a Nation was used as a recruiting tool for the KKK
http://archive.org/details/dw_griffith_birth_of_a_nation
Race in Fiction
Read the two short passages on page 285.
After reading the passages, answer questions 1-5 on a sheet of notebook paper.
Answer all questions in complete sentences.
African Americans Fight Back
W.E.B. DuBois – New York City Writer and speaker Urged blacks to fight for rights
Booker T. Washington South President of Tuskegee University Urged blacks to focus on building up their institution
The North Carolina Mutual
The North Carolina Mutual – one of NC’s most prominent black institutions
Turned discrimination into an opportunity Most companies refused to sell insurance to blacks Had the entire African American market to itself
Became the largest black-owned financial institution in the nation
http://www.ncmutuallife.com/newsite/pages/about.html
“Since its beginning in 1898, North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company has grown to become one of the nation's most widely-known and successful business institutions. North Carolina Mutual is the oldest and largest African American life insurance company in the United States.”
Palmer Memorial Institute
Charlotte Hopkins Brown – one of the state’s most well-known black educators
Most whites would only donate $ if blacks were taught the “right” thing Learning to be maids, bricklayers, and farmers
Brown advertised her school as a “vocational” institution – a school that teaches a trade
Many local whites donated $ to it
The Great War
European countries began fighting over land and power
Early 1900s – separated into 2 alliances – Allies and Central Powers
War began in 1914 when an assassin murdered Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary
Europeans expected the war to be short but they were wrong
The Great War
US tried to stay out of trouble in Europe
Neutrality proved difficult US economy depended on exports to Europe European blockades made shipping dangerous
1917: German submarines began attacking US ships
President Wilson declared war – “a battle for the ideals of democracy championed by the US and Great Britain”
World War 1 Powers
Allied Powers
Central Powers
Neutral nationsPortugal
Great BritainFranceBelgiumRussia
RomaniaSerbia
MontenegroAlbaniaGreeceCyprusCorsica
United States
GermanyAustria-Hungary
ItalyBulgariaSardinia
Ottoman Empire
SpainNetherlandsSwitzerland
DenmarkNorwaySwedenIceland
North Carolina in the War
North Carolinians differed over whether the US should go to war
More than 80,000 North Carolinians served in the war More than 20,000 of those were black
Fighting = terrible experience Lived in muddy trenches Frequently attacked with poison gas Newly developed weapons such as tanks, machine guns,
fighter aircrafts, etc
World War I
Trench Warfare http://www.history.com/topics/trench-warfare/videos#t
rench-warfare
WWI firsts http://www.history.com/topics/trench-warfare/videos#
causes-of-world-war-i
Causes of WWI http://www.history.com/topics/trench-warfare/videos#
wwi-firsts
Trench Warfare
Mills and Army Camps
Men fighting in war women working in factories
Increased demand for goods increased crop prices, textile wages, and factory profits boosted economy
US Army opened 3 training camps in North Carolina Camp Greene (Charlotte) Camp Polk (Raleigh) Camp Bragg (Fort Bragg)
The Great Migration
Within 6 years, more than 300,000 African Americans left the south
From 1916-1930, over 1 million African Americans moved to the North and West
Philadelphia and New York became major destinations
Advantages: Jobs paid more Schools were better Blacks were allowed to vote
The War Ends
November 11, 1918: Germany surrendered
Woodrow Wilson – “a war to end all wars”
Treaty of Versailles – officially ended the war
The League of Nations
Meant to mediate disputes between nations, in order to prevent future wars
US Senate wanted US the remain independent of international organizations
Senate rejected Treaty of Versailles and refused to allow the US to join the League of Nations
The Roaring 20s
WWI changed American society in many ways Economic spark Wealth brought to new areas Advances in transportation and communication
Young people – loved dancing to new music, working in new jobs, and going on dates in cars
Older people – worried that the world they knew was coming to an end
“Good Roads State”
Cameron Morrison – promised to improve roads Helped pass a law that created hundreds of miles of
paved highways
NC became known as the “good roads state”
Improved roads + decreased car prices = increased car buying
“Roadhouses” = popular dance clubs along the roads
The Rise of Radio
NC’s first radio station – started in Charlotte chicken coop WBT-Charlotte still exists today
By 1920s, radio became a part of everyday life
Families gathered around radio to hear news, farm reports, dramas, comedy shows, and music
Prohibition
Drinking, selling, or making alcohol was prohibited in the US
1909: NC voted to ban alcohol
1920: States ratified the 18th Amendment, which prohibited the manufacture, sale or transportation of alcoholic beverages in the country
Prohibition
Prohibition did not stop drinking
Increased business for people who made and sold it illegally – “bootleggers”
Gangsters grew rich by buying and selling illegal alcohol
1933: States passed the 21st Amendment, which repealed the 18th Amendment
Women’s Suffrage
Many men did not think women should have the right to vote – women continued to fight for their rights
19th Amendment – gave women the right to vote
NC was not among the states to ratify the amendment
Charlotte Hawkins Brown – organized black women to register to vote