Download - Chapter 5: Memory Slides prepared by
Chapter 5:Memory
Slides prepared by Randall E. Osborne, Texas State University-San Marcos,
adapted by Dr Mark Forshaw, Staffordshire University, UK
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The Structure and Processes of Memory
• Memory• Encoding• Storage• Retrieval
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Memory Structure
• Memory storage• Sensory memory store
– iconic memory– echoic memory
• Short-term (working) memory• Long-term storage
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Short-term Memory
• Short-term (working) memory
• Rehearsal• Chunking (normal
limit of seven chunks)
• Working memory (active)
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Long-term Memory• Long-term memory
store• Anterograde
amnesia (no memory forward)
• Retrograde amnesia (no memories backward)
• Hippocampus
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Remembering throughEncoding: Transferring
Perceptions into Memories
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Encoding• Memory is not a
recording device• Elaborative
encoding• Levels of
processing– semantic judgments– rhyme judgments– visual judgments
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Visual Imagery Encoding
• Visual imagery• Simonides
– Greek poet perfected visual imagery encoding
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Orgnizational Encoding
• Organizational encoding– noticing
relationships– creating categories– conceptual groups
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Storage: Maintaining Memories over Time
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Memories in the Brain• NMDA receptor
– flow of information from one neuron to another
• NMDA receptors become activated:– “sending” neuron releases
glutamate– “receiving” neuron excited
• Long-term potentiation (LTP) results– enhanced neural processing
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Retrieval: Bringing Memories to Mind
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Retrieval Cues• Retrieval cues - reinstating the past• Encoding specificity principle
– Cues work best when they re-create the conditions in which the information was first encoded
• State-dependent retrieval– Recalling information learned when drunk is easier when
drunk again
• Transfer-appropriate processing• Trying to recall (frontal lobes) and actually recalling
(hippocampus) are different
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Multiple Forms of Memory
• Implicit memory• Explicit memory• Procedural
memory• Semantic memory• Episodic memory• Priming
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Multiple Forms of Memory
• Priming– hippocampal region less active than
other forms of memory– frontal and occipital lobes active
during initial exposure (priming) but less active on second exposure
– priming potentially “saves” processing time
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Multiple Forms of Memory
• Semantic memory• Episodic memory
– mental time travel
• Do animals have episodic memory?
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Forgetting
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Forgetting• Transience
– forgetting with the passage of time
• Hermann Ebbinghaus– nonsense syllables
• Retroactive interference
• Proactive interference
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Forgetting
• Blocking• Tip-of-the-
tongue experience– More likely
as we age
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Answers
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• 1. Vendetta, 2. Amulet, 3. Obsidian, 4. Cartographer, 5. Cuckold, 6. Scarab, 7. Caduceus, 8. Riga, 9. Hospice, 10. Anachronism
Forgetting• Absentmindedness
– lapse in attention that results in memory failure
• Prospective memory– Remembering to do things in the future
• Amnesia– Retrograde and anterograde
• Ageing and Memory– Few of us remember early childhood well– As we age, processing speeds and efficiencies
decline
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Metamemory
• Knowing what you know and feeling of knowing
• Misattributions• Suggestibility• Intrusion Errors• Persistence
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Forgetting
• Memory misattribution– primary cause of eyewitness misidentifications– Explains déjà vu
• Source monitoring– Internal, external or reality based: checking on
yourself
• False recognition– can be reduced with distinctive information
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Forgetting
• Bias• Consistency bias• Change bias
– exaggerate difference in how we feel now versus then
• Egocentric bias– self-enhancing
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Forgetting• Suggestibility
– Inserting external information into one’s own memories
– No easy way of knowing how many of our ‘personal’ memories have been ‘tainted’ this way
• Elizabeth Loftus– misleading details: leading questions, e.g. the
barn in the video of a sports car– Fabricating entire episodes: ‘remembering’ being
lost in a shopping centre that never happened
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Persistence: Failing to Forget
• Persistence– Intrusive memories of things we wish we could
forget
• Flashbulb memories– vivid both visually and emotionally– Occurs in Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• Role of amygdala
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Memory Failures: Schacter’s Seven Sins of Memory
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Seven Sins of Memory
• Transience• Absentmindedness• Blocking• Memory misattribution• Suggestibility• Bias• Persistence
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Seven Sins of Memory
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