u08 memory slides
TRANSCRIPT
Memoryunit 8, modules 24-28
m24 Intro to Memory
MEMORY IS THE PERSISTENCE OF LEARNING OVER TIME, THROUGH THE STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL
OF INFORMATION.
Can you remember:
September 11, 2001?
Your first kiss?
A funeral you attended?
An embarrassing moment in your life?
FLASHBULB MEMORIES - A CLEAR
MEMORY OF AN EMOTIONALLY
SIGNIFICANT MOMENT OR EVENT
A list apart ...
ATKINSON-SHIFFRINTHREE-STAGE MODEL OF MEMORY
AmnesiaAnterograde Amnesia: inability to form new memories
Retrograde Amnesia: inability to recall events prior to brain damage
Posthypnotic amnesia
Lacunar Amnesia: inability to recall specific event
Korsakoff syndrome: alcoholism-induced amnesia
m25 Encoding
Hijacking
Leveling
nondistinctive details are left out
Sharpening
distinctive elements retained
Automatic Processing
Effortful ProcessingOR
Automatic Processing
Encode for Time, Space, and Frequency
Example of parallel processing
Cannot willingly be turned on or off
Rehearsal
Next-in-Line Effect
Spacing Effect or “distributed learning”
Effortful ProcessingEBBINGHAUS: THE
AMOUNT REMEMBERED
DEPENDS ON THE TIME SPENT LEARNING
SERIAL POSITION EFFECT
WHAT DO WE ENCODE BEST?
MEANING!
WHAT ARE THE MOST MEANINGFUL THINGS IN
LIFE?
Pop Quiz1. What was the flight attendant’s name?
2. Where was the flight headed to originally?
3. What was the pilot’s name?
4. What airlines was it?
5. Where did the hijacker want to go?
Mnemonic devicesAcronyms
Roy G Biv
HOMES
Rhyme
In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue
Chunking
2024562461
Method of loci
...
Method of loci
m26 Storage
Sensory Memory
Iconic memory
Echoic memory
short-term explicit memories
Long-term Memory
Increased serotonin sensitivity in cerebral cortex due to new receptor sites (created through CREB stimulation)
Long-term potentiation
Long-term memories
Stronger emotional experiences make for more enduring memories ...
... but prolonged stress degrades memories
IMPLICIT VS EXPLICIT MEMORIES
m27 Retrieval
RECOGNITION VS RECALL
Priming: the activation of “nearby” or associated memories.
How many of each animal did Noah have on his Ark?
Which is correct to say, “The egg yolk ARE white” or “The egg yolk IS white”?
Context and Retrieval
MOOD-CONGRUENT MEMORIES
Deja Vu ...
m28 Forgetting
Encoding failures
How many sides are on an average pencil?
Which color is at the bottom of a stoplight?
George Washington is on the front; what’s on the back of a $1 bill?
Name Santa’s reindeer.
Decay Theory
Time, and time alone, will end all of your memories
Effectively explains sensory and STM loss
Ineffectively explains forgetting from LTM
Disuse Theory
Use it or lose it
Not recalling memories leads the brain to pair down those synaptic connections
Interference/Inhibition Theory
Inability to recall or difficulty in remembering caused by too many memories interfering
Proactive: PAST learning interferes
Retroactive: PRESENT learning interferes
Amnesia
Loss of memories as a result of psychological or physiological trauma
Anterograde: no NEW memories
Retrograde: loss of OLD memories
State Dependent Learning
Not in the same state as when the learning occurred? Then difficulty in recall
Motivated Forgetting
Some things, you WANT to forget . . .
According to Freud, “repression”
Cue Dependent Forgetting
Retrieval failure due to missing cues that were present during encoding
misinformation effect
source amnesia
SO WHAT ACCOUNTS FOR THE LOW ACCURACY OF POLICE SKETCHES?