Download - Chapter 4: Ecosystems, Ecology, and Food Webs Doug Friedman, Jane Beiner, Shayna Benavidez
Chapter 4: Ecosystems, Chapter 4: Ecosystems, Ecology, and Food WebsEcology, and Food Webs
Doug Friedman, Jane Beiner, Shayna Benavidez
Article I: Ecology & LifeArticle I: Ecology & Life
EcologyEcology
Ecology in Greek is “house or place to live”Study between organisms & their
environmentExamining how organisms interact with
their environment
OrganismsOrganisms
Forms of Life which can be classified into species
5-100 million species, most are insects and microorganisms
About 1.8 million named
Wild & Domesticated SpeciesWild & Domesticated Species
Wild A species that lives in
its natural environment (where it’s ancestors lived)
Domestic A species that was
removed from its natural environment and placed in an environment that supports the needs and wants of HUMANS
Some Words to KnowSome Words to Know
Populations– Organisms that are part
of the same species and live in the same area of space
Genetic Diversity– Each different
organism has a different genetic make-up
Habitat– The place where a
population lives. Each one can very in size and place.
Biological Community– A population that
consists of a variety of species that live in a particular place.
One more WordOne more Word
Ecosystem– A community of different species interacting
with other species & their non-living environment
Natural or Artificial
LIFE!LIFE!
Living things are made up of one or more calls containing DNA
DNA is the instructions for making new cells and amino acids
Metabolism– Chemical reaction that capture and transform
matter and energy from the environment to supply the organism
More LIFEMore LIFE
Homeostasis– Maintains optimal conditions despite changes
to the environmentReproduction
– Asexual Single cell division, or self fertilization
– Sexual Organisms exchange gametes and fertilize the ova
to create offspring.
Article II: Earth’s Life-Support Article II: Earth’s Life-Support SystemsSystems
LayersLayers
Core– Fe and Trace N– Solid & Liquid
Mantle– Fe, Si, O, Mg– Solid and Liquid
Responsible for continental drift
Crust– Fossil Fuels– Where we life
SpheresSpheres
Lithosphere– Upper mantle and crust
Atmosphere– Thin envelope of air around the lithosphere
Bio-Ecosphere– Biotic and Abiotic Habitats
What is Needed to Sustain What is Needed to Sustain Life?Life?
One way flow of energy– EX: Sunlight through feeding cycles, then into
environment and eventually back out as infrared rays
Cycle of Matter and NutrientsGravity
CyclesCycles
Carbon– CO2 from the atmosphere and earth’s water.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Phosphorus– DNA transfers
Nitrogen– Atmospheric N to the soil, helps with amino acids
Water– Storage, evaporation, precipitation, runoff
Oxygen
Open or Closed?Open or Closed?
Closed– ENERGY is exchanged with the environment
(earth)
Open– ENERGY and MATTER is exchanged with the
environment (animals)
The SunThe Sun
PhotosynthesisCO2 + H2O + sunlight C6H12O6 + O2
Earth gets 1 billionth of the sun’s energy28% is reflected into space.023% gets absorbed by plants
Article III: Ecosystem Article III: Ecosystem ConceptsConcepts
IntroIntro
Biomes– Large Regions Characterized by features
Basic Zones– Land– Ecotone (transition)– Aquatic
Components of an EcosystemComponents of an Ecosystem
“tics”– Biotic
Living part of ecosystem
– Abiotic Non-living part of ecosystem
ABIOTICABIOTICExamples
• Air• Water• Nutrients• Solar Energy• Precipitation• Wind• Altitude• Latitude• Frequency of Fire• Nature of Soil• Water Currents• Concentrations
Laws and FactorsLaws and Factors
Law of Tolerance– The existence, abundance,
and distribution of a species in an ecosystem are determined by whether the levels of one or more physical or chemical factors fall within the range tolerated by that species
Limiting Factor Principle– Too much or too little
of any abiotic factor can prevent growth of a species
BIOTICBIOTIC
Autotrophs-Producers– Photosynthesis– Chemosysthesis
Heterotrophs-Consumers– Herbivores-Primary– Carnivores-Secondary-Tertiary– Scavengers
eat already dead animals
ContinuedContinued
Decomposers– Break down dead organisms into nutrients– Detritivors
eat dead animals
– Bacteria– Fungi
GOAL OF ALL PRODUCERS GOAL OF ALL PRODUCERS & CONSUMERS& CONSUMERS
Aerobic RespirationC6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O +ENERGYENERGY
Article IV: Food Webs and Article IV: Food Webs and Energy Flow in EcosystemsEnergy Flow in Ecosystems
A few DefinitionsA few Definitions
Trophic Level– Feeding level
Biomass– Dry weight which is not counted with water
because water is not a source of energy– Only small amounts of what is eaten is actually
converted into biomass
ENERGYENERGY
Some energy is lost from trophic level to trophic level
5-20% of energy is transferred from level to level The more trophic levels the greater cumulative
loss of flow (pyramid of energy flow)– The energy flow triangle shows earth could support
more people if we ate grains instead of grazing animals
ENERGY (ct’d)ENERGY (ct’d)
There energy loss is so large we can only support 4-5 trophic levels
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP):– The rate it takes ecosystems to convert solar energy
into chemical energy as biomass
Net Primary Productivity (NPP):– It is what is left of the biomass after the organism has
used parts of it to stay alive, and reproduce
ENERGY (ct’d)ENERGY (ct’d)
NPP is available to other organisms as food The earth’s total NPP is the upper limit
determining the planets carrying capacity for all species
Most Productivity:– Estuaries– Swamps– Marshes– Tropical Rain Forest
ENERGY (ct’d)ENERGY (ct’d)
Least Productive:– Open Ocean– Tundra– Desert
59% of NPP from Land, 41% of NPP from Water Open ocean contributes a lot to NPP but
phytoplankton is not reasonably harvestable HUMANS waste 27% of potential NPP and 40%
of actual
TATS ALLTATS ALL