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Chapter 30The Animal KingdomThe Deuterostomes
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Deuterostomes
• 2nd main branch of animal kingdom• Mouth second, Anus first• Radial cleavage, indeterminate
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Phylum Echinodermata
• “spiny-skinned”• Marine• Larvae – bilateral symmetry, ciliated, free-
swimming• Adult- pentaradial symmetry – 5 points
around central axis• Endoskeleton of CaCO3 plates and spines
(project)
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• Water vascular system – unique– Fluid-filled canals – locomotion, feeding, gas
exchange– Branches to tube feet – suction to surface
• Coelomic fluid – transport• Complete digestive system• No excretory organs• Nervous system – nerve rings w/ radiating
nerves about the mouth• Sexes separate – gametes, water fertilization
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Fig. 33-39
AnusStomach
Spine
Gills
Madreporite
Radialnerve
Gonads
AmpullaPodium
Tubefeet
Radial canal
Ringcanal
Central disk
Digestive glands
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Tube Feet
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6 Classes of Echinoderms
• 1. Class Crinoidea– Feather star (motile) , sea lilies (sessile)– Oral surface upper side– Arms extend upward
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Fig. 33-40d
(d) A feather star (class Crinoidea)
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• 2. Class Asteroidea– Sea stars– Body – central disk w/ 5-20 arms– Underside of arm – 100s pairs tube feet– Mouth – center, underside– Endoskeleton – calcareous plates– Gas exchange – dermal gills– Carnivorous– Slow-moving– Circulation poor coelomic fluid – bathes tissues– Excretory – diffusion across tube feet/gills
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Fig. 33-40a
(a) A sea star (class Asteroidea)
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• 3. Class Ophiuroidea– Basket star, brittle star– Resemble sea stars w/ central disk and arms– Arms – long + slender– Swim – more quickly– Tube feet – no suckers so no locomotion
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Fig. 33-40b
(b) A brittle star (class Ophiuroidea)
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• 4. Class Echinoidea– Sea urchins, sand dollars– Skeletal plates flattened + fused to form solid shell
= test– Spines on body– Tube feet + movable spines – locomotion– Calcareous teeth – graze sea floor for algae
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Fig. 33-40c
(c) A sea urchin (class Echinoidea)
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• 5. Class Holothuroidea– Sea cucumbers (size + shape cucumber)– Body – flexible, muscular sac– Mouth surrounded by circle of tentacles (modified
tube feet)– Endoskeleton reduced to microscopic plates in
body wall– Sluggish– Evisceration
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Fig. 33-40e
(e) A sea cucumber (class Holothuroidea)
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• 6. Class Concentricycloidea– Sea daisies– 2 ring canals w/ tube feet projecting from outer
ring
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Fig. 33-40f
(f) A sea daisy (class Concentricycloidea)
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Phylum Hemichordata
• “half chordate”• Bilateral w/ring of cilia around mouth• 3 part body – proboscis, collar, trunk• Like chordates – pharyngeal gill slits, dorsal
nerve cord• Like echinoderms – molecular data, similar
larvae• Acorn worms
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Phylum Chordata• Humans• 3 subphyla– Urochordata – tunicates– Cephalochordata – lancelets– Vertebrata – animals w/backbones
• Deuterostome coelomate• Bilateral symmetry• Tube w/in a tube body plan• 3 well-developed germ layers• Endoskeleton, closed circulatory system
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Unique Characteristics of Chordates(sometime in life cycle)
• 1. notochord– Dorsal longitudinal rod – firm, flexible, support
• 2. dorsal tubular nerve cord– Hollow, single
• 3. Pharyngeal slits– In embryo, form as grooves in pharyngeal region– Become gills, jaws
• 4. muscular postanal tail– On larva/embryo
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Fig. 34-3
Dorsal,hollow
nerve cord
AnusMuscular,
post-anal tail
Pharyngealslits or clefts
Notochord
Mouth
Musclesegments
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Subphylum Urochordata - tunicates
• Sea squirts• Chordate characteristics in larvae– Pharyngeal slits– Muscular tail, notochord, + dorsal tubular nerve cord
• Adult - sessile on sea bottom– Loses tail, notochord, much of nervous system– Barrel shape– Tunic = protective covering, made of cellulose
• Suspension feeders• Reproduce– Budding– Sexually - hermaphroditic
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Fig. 34-5
Tunic
Water flow
Excurrentsiphon
Atrium
An adult tunicate
Pharynxwithslits Anus
Atrium
Excurrentsiphon
Incurrentsiphonto mouth
Dorsal, hollownerve cord
Incurrentsiphon
Excurrentsiphon
Musclesegments
Notochord
Tail
Stomach
Intestine
Intestine
Esophagus
Stomach
Pharynx with slits
A tunicate larva
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Subphylum Cephalochordata – lancelets (amphioxus)
• Translucent, fish-shaped• 5-10 cm long• Pointed both ends• Chordate characteristics– Notochord, pharyngeal slits, nerve cord
• Filter feeder
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Fig. 34-4
Dorsal, hollownerve cord
Notochord
Tail
Cirri
Mouth
Pharyngeal slits
Digestive tract
Atrium
Atriopore
Segmentalmuscles
Anus
2 cm
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Subphylum Vertebrata
• Vertebral column – backbone– Skeletal axis of body– Develops around notochord– Usually – replaces notochord– Made of vertebrae (cartilage or bone segments)
• Dorsal projections of vertebrae enclose nerve cord
• Cranium – encloses + protects brain• Endoskeleton = cranium + vertebral column– Living – grows w/ animal– bone
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• Cephalization• 2 pair appendages – stability, locomotion• Closed circulatory system• Complete digestive tract• Endocrine glands – hormones• Sexes typically separate
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Vertebrates Class Agnatha – jawless fishes
• Hagfish, lampreys• No jaws or paired fins• Eel-shaped up to 1 m• smooth skin, no scales• Cartilaginous skeleton• Well-developed notochord• Many parasitic – circular sucking disk around
mouth
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Fig. 34-9
Slime glands
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Fig. 34-10
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VertebratesClass Chondrichthyes – cartilaginous fishes
• Sharks, rays, skates• Cartilage not replaced by bone• Paired jaws, 2 pair fins• Scales• Stay afloat?– No swim bladder– Swim – body shape + fins– Oil storage in liver
• Most predatory• 5-7 pair gills• Sexes separate – internal fertilization
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Fig. 34-15a
Pelvic finsPectoral fins
(a) Blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus)
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Fig. 34-15b
(b) Southern stingray (Dasyatis americana)
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Manta Ray
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Shark Eating Seal
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VertebratesClass Osteichthyes – bony fishes
• Bony skeleton, many vertebrae – support, calcium storage
• Body – overlapping bony scales• External fertilization• Stay afloat?– Swim bladder – air sac – helps regulate buoyancy– Holds up bones, muscles– Fish can hover w/o much effort
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Fig. 34-17a
(a) Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares)
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Fig. 34-17b
(b) Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris)
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Clownfish and Sea Anemone
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Coral Reef
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Fig. 34-17c
(c) Sea horse (Hippocampus ramulosus)
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Sea Horses
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Fig. 34-17d
(d) Fine-spotted moray eel (Gymnothorax dovii)
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VertebratesClass Amphibia
• Salamander, newt, frog, toad• Most live on land near water• Need water to reproduce• Metamorphosis– Larva to adult (frogs, toads) – tadpole
• Lungs, moist skin – gas exchange • 3-chambered heart
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Newt
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Fig. 34-21
(a) Order Urodela
(b) Order Anura
(c) Order Apoda
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Fig. 34-22
(c) Mating adults
(a) Tadpole
(b) During metamorphosis
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Fig. 34-23
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Vertebrates - Amniotes
• Amniotic egg – can complete life cycle on land– Keeps water environment
• Minimize water loss– Body covering – no gas exchange on surface
efficient lungs, circulatory system– Fluid reabsorbed, solid waste
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Fig. 34-25
Yolk sac
Amnioticcavitywithamnioticfluid
Chorion
Amnion
Albumen
Yolk(nutrients)
Allantois
Embryo
Shell
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VertebratesClass Reptilia
• Lizard, crocodile, turtle, snake, alligator• Amnion, leathery shall on egg reproduce w/o
water• Dry, scaly skin• 3-chambered heart– Crocs – 4 chambers
• Internal fertilization• Lungs• Excrete uric acid
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Fig. 34-27
(a) Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus)
(c) Wagler’s pit viper (Tropidolaemus wagleri)
(b) Australian thorny devil lizard (Moloch horridus)
(e) American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)
(d) Eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina)
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Marine Iguana
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Snakes Wrestle
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Fig. 34-26
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Tortoise
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Vertebrates Class Aves - birds• Feathers – light, flexible, strong - flight• Bones – fragile, light, strong, hollow• Scales on legs – (reptile ancestor)• Wings – flight, swim• Lay eggs – internal fertilization• Beak at mouth• Air sac – thin-walled extension of lungs – occupy space
between internal organs and w/in certain bones• 4 chambered heart• Digestive system – crop + gizzard• Endothermic• Excrete uric acid• Calls, songs
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Fig. 34-28
(a) Wing
(b) Bone structure
(c) Feather structure
Finger 1
Finger 2
Finger 3
Palm
Hook
VaneBarbuleBarbShaft
WristForearm
Shaft
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Fig. 34-30
(a) Emu
(b) Mallards
(c) Laysan albatrosses
(d) Barn swallows
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Flapping Geese
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Soaring Hawk
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Swans take flight
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VertebratesClass Mammalia
• Hair – insulates, protects body• Mammary glands – milk for young• Differentiation of teeth– Incisors, canines, premolars, molars
• 3 middle ear bones – vibrations• Endothermic• 4 chambered heart• Internal fertilization
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Fig. 34-31
(b) In mammals, the articular and quadrate bones are incorporated into the middle ear.
(a) In Biarmosuchus, an early synapsid, the articular and quadrate bones formed the jaw joint.
Middle ear
Temporalfenestra
Jaw joint
Eardrum
Present-day reptile Present-day mammal
Malleus (articular)
Incus (quadrate)Sound
Stapes
Inner ear
Eardrum Middle ear
Sound
Inner earStapes
Key
QuadrateArticular
SquamosalDentary
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3 Subclasses of Mammals:
• 1. Holotheria – Monotremes– Duck-billed platypus, spiny anteater (echidna)– Females lay eggs in pouch on abdomen or warm
nest– Hatch – lap up milk secreted from mammary
glands – no nipples
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Fig. 34-32
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• 2. Metatheria – Marsupials (pouched mammals)– Kangaroos, opossums, koala, wallabies, wombats– Embryo begins in mom’s uterus– born immature– Crawl to marsupium (pouch) to complete
development– Nourished by milk from mammary gland
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Fig. 34-33
(a) A young brushtail possum
(b) Long-nosed bandicoot
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Fig. 34-34
Plantigale
Marsupialmammals
Eutherianmammals
Marsupialmammals
Eutherianmammals
Marsupial mole
Flying squirrelSugar glider
Deer mouse
Mole
Tasmanian devil
Wombat
Kangaroo
Woodchuck
Patagonian cavy
Wolverine
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• 3. Eutheria – Placental mammals– Placenta – organ of exchange between embryo
and mom– Born at mature stage
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Fig. 34-36
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Bat Licking
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Bat Pollinating
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Sea Lion
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Wolves
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Gibbon
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Chimp
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Chimp
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Fig. 34-39
(e) Bonobos
(a) Gibbon
(d) Chimpanzees
(b) Orangutan
(c) Gorilla
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Placental Mammal Orders
Order• Insectivora• Chiroptera• Carnivora• Xenarthra• Rodentia• Lagomorpha
Example• Hedgehog• Bat• Wolf• Sloth• Squirrel• rabbit
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Placental Mammal Orders
Order• Primata• Perissodactyla• Artiodactyla• Proboscidea• Sirenia• Cetacea• Pinnipedia
Example • Lemur• Horse, rhino• Giraffe• Elephant• Manatee• Whale• seal