CHAPTER 3: Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn

Period of the Zygote: Week 1-2

Key terms:

Ovulation; fertilization, implantation, fallopian tube; zygote, blastocyst; germ disc

Characteristics:

2 weeks duration; rapid division

Let’s look at the next slide to view

this period more closely.

PERIOD OF THE ZYGOTE

Period of the Embryo: Week 3-8Key terms:

Embryo

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Amnion and amniotic fluid

Umbilical cord

Placenta

Villi

Characteristics:

Third to eighth weeks of prenatal development

Differentiation of organs and organ systems occurs

PRENATAL STRUCTURES

Period of the Fetus: Weeks 9-38

Key Terms:

Cerebral cortex

Vernix

Age of viability

Characteristics:

From 9 weeks after conception to birth

Increase in size

Systems begin to function

Period of the FetusFetal Behavior:

Fetal movement

Behavioral maturity of sense

Changes during prenatal development

Five Steps Toward a Healthy Baby

1. Regular check-ups

2. Healthy foods

3. No alcohol or caffeinated beverages

4. Exercise

5. Adequate diet

General Risk Factors

Nutrition

Chronic stress

Mother’s age

Teratogens: Diseases, Drugs,

and Environmental Hazards

Teratogen:

Agent that causes abnormal prenatal development

Diseases passing through placenta directly or attacking at birth

Potentially dangerous drugs

Environmental hazards

Can you hear me now???

Is cell phone usage a potential

teratogen for pregnant women?

Check out Yale’s recent study…

http://www.nydailynews.com/life-

style/health/yale-study-cellphone-

pregnancy-bad-babies-health-article-

1.1039527

Let’s review the effects of teratogens

across prenatal development.

Prenatal Diagnosis & Treatment

Diagnosis

Ultrasound - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JEFh13-

qcNs

Amniocentesis –

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQQyZ8v7_C8

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=goEZ7feoZVk

PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS

Amniocentesis

Chorionic Villus Sampling

Labor and DeliveryLabor is usually divided into three stages

Let’s watch some men give it a try…

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A44oEcmDn1c&list=PL

mc_JvKoNAoqH1xNuQVMs8rLrlPn7EnYA

Stage 1

• Starts when muscles of uterus contract and ends when cervix is fully enlarged

Stage 2

• Baby is pushed through the birth canal

Stage 3

• Placenta is expelled

THREE STAGES OF LABOR

Approaches to Childbirth

Prepared childbirth

Natural childbirth

Childbirth with doula

Choice of place of birth

Approaches to Childbirth

Childbirth classes

Content

Benefits

Additional Resources:

http://www.spinningbabies.com/

Adjusting to Parenthood Reorganization of old routines

Physical and emotional reactions

Postpartum depression

Birth Complications Hypoxia

Cephalopelvic disproportion

Irregular position

Preeclampsia

Prolapsed umbilical cord

Prematurity

Low birth weight

True or False?

Infant mortality is relatively low in the United States

compared to other industrialized countries.

Let’s look at these rates around the world.

INFANT MORTALITY RATES

Assessing the Newborn Apgar score (Table 3-5)

Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

Newborns’ reflexes prepare them to interact with the

world

Survival reflexes

Protective reflexes

Foundational reflexes

Newborn States: PrimaryFour primary states

Alert inactivity

Waking activity

Crying

Three distinctive types of cries

Basic

Mad

Pain

Sleeping

Check out how to determine the 5 words all newborns

say…Dunstan Baby Language Method (Oprah Clip)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWQ51099C24

Newborn States: Sleep Developmental change in sleep-wake cycle

Types of sleep (REM/non-REM)

Co-sleeping

Perception and Learning in the

Newborn

All the basic perceptual processes are operating at birth

Newborns can see, hear, taste, smell, and feel

Newborns can also learn and remember