chapter 3 psy 202 - www
TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER 3: Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn
Period of the Zygote: Week 1-2
Key terms:
Ovulation; fertilization, implantation, fallopian tube; zygote, blastocyst; germ disc
Characteristics:
2 weeks duration; rapid division
Let’s look at the next slide to view
this period more closely.
PERIOD OF THE ZYGOTE
Period of the Embryo: Week 3-8Key terms:
Embryo
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
Amnion and amniotic fluid
Umbilical cord
Placenta
Villi
Characteristics:
Third to eighth weeks of prenatal development
Differentiation of organs and organ systems occurs
PRENATAL STRUCTURES
Period of the Fetus: Weeks 9-38
Key Terms:
Cerebral cortex
Vernix
Age of viability
Characteristics:
From 9 weeks after conception to birth
Increase in size
Systems begin to function
Period of the FetusFetal Behavior:
Fetal movement
Behavioral maturity of sense
Changes during prenatal development
Five Steps Toward a Healthy Baby
1. Regular check-ups
2. Healthy foods
3. No alcohol or caffeinated beverages
4. Exercise
5. Adequate diet
General Risk Factors
Nutrition
Chronic stress
Mother’s age
Teratogens: Diseases, Drugs,
and Environmental Hazards
Teratogen:
Agent that causes abnormal prenatal development
Diseases passing through placenta directly or attacking at birth
Potentially dangerous drugs
Environmental hazards
Can you hear me now???
Is cell phone usage a potential
teratogen for pregnant women?
Check out Yale’s recent study…
http://www.nydailynews.com/life-
style/health/yale-study-cellphone-
pregnancy-bad-babies-health-article-
1.1039527
Let’s review the effects of teratogens
across prenatal development.
Prenatal Diagnosis & Treatment
Diagnosis
Ultrasound - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JEFh13-
qcNs
Amniocentesis –
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQQyZ8v7_C8
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=goEZ7feoZVk
PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS
Amniocentesis
Chorionic Villus Sampling
Labor and DeliveryLabor is usually divided into three stages
Let’s watch some men give it a try…
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A44oEcmDn1c&list=PL
mc_JvKoNAoqH1xNuQVMs8rLrlPn7EnYA
Stage 1
• Starts when muscles of uterus contract and ends when cervix is fully enlarged
Stage 2
• Baby is pushed through the birth canal
Stage 3
• Placenta is expelled
THREE STAGES OF LABOR
Approaches to Childbirth
Prepared childbirth
Natural childbirth
Childbirth with doula
Choice of place of birth
Approaches to Childbirth
Childbirth classes
Content
Benefits
Additional Resources:
http://www.spinningbabies.com/
Adjusting to Parenthood Reorganization of old routines
Physical and emotional reactions
Postpartum depression
Birth Complications Hypoxia
Cephalopelvic disproportion
Irregular position
Preeclampsia
Prolapsed umbilical cord
Prematurity
Low birth weight
True or False?
Infant mortality is relatively low in the United States
compared to other industrialized countries.
Let’s look at these rates around the world.
INFANT MORTALITY RATES
Assessing the Newborn Apgar score (Table 3-5)
Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
Newborns’ reflexes prepare them to interact with the
world
Survival reflexes
Protective reflexes
Foundational reflexes
Newborn States: PrimaryFour primary states
Alert inactivity
Waking activity
Crying
Three distinctive types of cries
Basic
Mad
Pain
Sleeping
Check out how to determine the 5 words all newborns
say…Dunstan Baby Language Method (Oprah Clip)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWQ51099C24
Newborn States: Sleep Developmental change in sleep-wake cycle
Types of sleep (REM/non-REM)
Co-sleeping
Perception and Learning in the
Newborn
All the basic perceptual processes are operating at birth
Newborns can see, hear, taste, smell, and feel
Newborns can also learn and remember