Chapter 29 Reading Quiz

1. About how many species of plants inhabit earth today?

2. What are the two generations in the “alternation of generations”?

3. What structure made of waxes coats most land plant’s leaves?

4. What is the purpose of the structure in #3?

5. Which vascular tissue transports water & minerals?

1. List the characteristics that distinguish plants from organisms in the other

kingdoms.

Plants:• Are multicellular photosynthetic

eukaryotic autotrophs• have cell walls with cellulose• Store food as starch

2. Diagram a generalized plant life cycle indicating which generation is

sporophyte/gametophyte, which individuals are haploid/diploid, where

meiosis occurs and where mitosis occurs.

3. Describe four major periods of plant evolution that opened new adaptive zones

on land.

1. 475 million years ago origin of plants from aquatic ancestors (green algae)

2. 400 million years ago diversification of seedless vascular plants

3. 360 million years ago origin of seed plants

4. 130 million years ago beginning of the flowering plants

4. Distinguish between the categories division and phylum.

• Division is the same as phylum, but in plants• For example: in plants the taxonomic order is

Kingdom Division (instead of Phylum)

Class Order

Family Genus Species

5. Using the classification scheme presented in the text, list the plant divisions; give the common name for each; and categorize them into nonvascular, vascular seedless

and vascular seed plants.

Nonvascular• Bryophyta mosses• Hepatophyta liverworts• Anthocerophyta hornwortsSeedless Vascular• Lycophyta lycophytes• Sphenophyta horsetails• Pterophyta ferns

continued…

#5 continued…

Vascular seeds1. Gymnosperms• Coniferophyta conifers• Cycadophyta cycads• Ginkgophyta ginkgoes• Gnetophyta gnetae2. Angiosperms• Anthophyta flowering plants

6. Provide evidence to defend the position that plants evolved from green algae.

Homologies in:• Cell wall composition (cellulose)• Structure and pigmentation of

chloroplasts• Biochemical similarity showing a

genetic relationship

7. Describe three adaptations that made bryophytes’ move onto land possible.

1. Waxy cuticles (prevents dessication, or drying out on land)

2. Protection of gametes (seed coat, tough membranes)

3. Protection of developing embryos

8. Explain how bryophytes are still tied to water.

• They still need water to reproduce – flagellated sperm swim to egg

• No vascular tissue to carry water – must happen through diffusion, capillary action, and cytoplasmic streaming

9. List and distinguish among the three divisions of Bryophytes.

Bryophyta the mosses• Rhizoids grip ground• have stem & leaflike structuresHepatophyta the liverworts• Bodies divided into lobes• Can reproduce asexually from gemmaeAnthocerophyta the hornworts• Sporophyte is horn-shaped• Cells have one large chloroplast• Most closely related to vascular plants

10. Diagram the life cycle of a moss including gamete production, fertilization,

and spore production.

1. Separate male and female gametophytes with antheridia and archegonia

2. Sperm swims to archegonium and fertilizes egg

3. Diploid zygote divides by mitosis and develops into an embryonic sporophyte

4. Sporophyte grows from archegonium and remains attached

5. Top of sporophyte is sporangium where meiosis occurs and haploid spores develop – spores scatter

6. Spores germinate by mitotic development

7. Haploid protonema continue to grow and differentiate eventually forming sexually mature gametophytes, completing the life cycle

11. Compare environmental conditions faced by algae in an aquatic environment and plants in a terrestrial environment.

Obvious issues:

• Algae live in water; don’t need vascular tissue or seeds

• Plants live on land where it’s dry; need seeds and vascular tissue to survive most effectively

12. Provide evidence that suggests the division Bryophyta is a phylogenetic

branch separate from vascular plants.

• The life cycle is different the haploid gametophyte is the dominant generation in mosses and other bryophytes; the sporophytes are smaller and depend on the gametophyte for water and nutrients

13. Describe six adaptations of vascular plants, including modifications of the life cycle and modifications of the sporophyte that have

contributed to their success on land. 1. Regional specialization of the plant body

(roots, stems, leaves)2. Structural support – lignin embedded into

cellulose3. Vascular system – xylem (water) and phloem

(food)4. Pollen – eliminated need for water to

transport gametes5. Seeds6. Increased dominance of diploid sporophyte

14. List and distinguish among the three extant (not extinct) divisions of seedless

vascular plants.

Lycophyta the club mosses and ground pines• Rhizomes and true leavesSphenophyta the horsetails• Live in damp locations with flagellated sperm• Are homosporous with a conspicuous

sporophyte• Have free-living gametophytesPterophyta about 12,000 species of ferns• Dominant sporophyte, homosporous, free-living

gametophyte• Water needed for fertilization

15. Distinguish between homosporous and heterosporous.

• Homosporous - produces a single type of spore- each spore develops into a plant with both sex organs

• Heterosporous - produces 2 types of spores1. Megaspores – female with archegonia2. Microspores – male with antheridia

16. Distinguish among spore, sporophyte, sporophyll, and sporangium.

Spore – haploid cell that produces the gametophyte

Sporophyte – multicellular diploid form resulting from the union of gametes; produces spores

Sporophyll – where sporangia are found – leaves that are specialized for reproduction

Sporangium – capsule in which meiosis occurs and haploid spores develop

17. Diagram the life cycle of a fern including spore production, gamete

production and fertilization.

• Spore production in sporangium from the sporophyte

• Gamete production from the antheridium and archegonium on the gametophyte

• Fertilization egg (n) + sperm (n) becomes zygote (2n) and grows to become new sporophyte

18. Point out the major life cycle differences between mosses and ferns.

sporophyte is dominant in ferns, not in mosses

Spores are protected by sporopollenin in ferns, not mosses

19. Describe how coal is formed and during which geological period the most

extensive coal beds were produced.

happened in the Carboniferous period- organic rubble of the seedless plants accumulated as peat- later it was covered by the sea and sediments, heat and pressure transformed the peat into coal

The End!