CHAPTER 24 THE WORLD WAR LOOMS

SECTION 1DICTATORS THREATEN WORLD PEACE

Big Idea

• The U.S. remains isolated from the world affairs as economic and political factors lead to the rise of nationalist/fascist/totalitarian leaders in the Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Spain.

Europe after Treaty of Versailles

Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia

• The Failure of Versailles

• Treaty of Versailles caused anger and resentment

• Germans felt it wasn’t fair nor secure – they took the blame for the entire war and were stripped of overseas colonies and border territories

• Problems not solved by Weimar Republic (democratic government in Germany post- WWI)

• With no democratic traditions, many countries turned to authoritarian leaders to solve social and economic problems

• Joseph Stalin • Took over the Soviet Union (Communist) in 1924.

• Agriculture and Industrial growth were economic goals

• Abolished all privately owned farms.

• 2nd Largest Industrial Power

• 8-13 million people died

Stalin’s Crimes

• Mass Starvation– Tens of Millions

• Mass Murder (Purges)– 500,000-1 million

Communism

• A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common

• Actual ownership belongs to community or state

• Francisco Franco • Spanish General, who repelled against Spanish republic. Civil War broke out. 500,000 people died. Franco gains victory in 1939. Became Spain’s fascist dictator.

• Totalitarian

• Benito Mussolini

• Government with complete control over citizens. Individuals have no rights.

• Took control in Italy. Great speaker and appealed to the people as a strong leader.

• Fascism

• Black Shirts

• Il Duce

• Stressed nationalism and placed the interests of the state above those individuals.

• Thousands of supporters who marched to Rome

• Mussolini called himself Il Duce or “the leader” he achieved efficiency but crushed all opposition making Italy a totalitarian state

Adolf Hitler

Facts• WWI veteran• Leader of the Nationalist

Socialist Party• Nazis for short• Became Chancellor in

Germany in 1933• Installed brutal dictatorship

• Adolf Hitler

• Nazism

• Jobless soldier after WWI. Quickly became a leader due to his powerful speeches.

• the German brand of fascism, was based on extreme nationalism and racism.

• Racial Purification

• Inferior races (Untermensch)

• Chancellor (prime minister)

• Germans & Aryans (blue eyed, blond haired) should be master race.

• Jews, Slavs, & all nonwhites were to serve the Aryans

• Appointed in 1933, dismantled the democratic Weimar Republic. Create more living space.

• Japan

• League of Nations

• Military leaders shared Hitler’s belief in needing more living space. Seized control of Manchuria (Chinese province) in 1931.

• Condemned Japan, but no action taken. Japan drops out.

• Germany

• Italy

• Pulls out in 1933. • 1935, builds up military

(violation of the Treaty of Versailles)

• 1936, sent troops into Rhineland (demilitarized zone)

• 1936 invaded Ethiopia, independent African country.

The United States Responds Cautiously

• Neutrality Acts• 1935• 1936• 1937

• first two acts outlawed arms sales or loans to nations at war. Third act extended the ban on arms sales and loans to nations engaged in civil wars.

• FDR reacts • Japan launches new attack on China in 1937

• Sent arms and supplies to China cause War was not declared on China.

• FDR met with a lot of criticism because of his actions of trying to lead country into a war.

SECTION 2

WAR IN EUROPE

AUSTRIA AND CZECHOSLAVAKIA FALL

• Austria

• Sudetenland

• German troops march into Austria unopposed on March 12, 1938. Majority of 6 million people were German

• Western border region of Czechoslovakia.

• Neville Chamberlain

• Munich Agreement

• British prime minister met with Hitler along with French premier.

• Promised to protect Czechoslovakia.

• September 30, 1938- Sudetenland over to Germany without a single shot

• Hitler said it would be last territorial demand

• Winston Churchill

• Appeasement

• Chamberlain’s political rival was not happy about Munich agreement.

• Giving up principles to pacify an aggressor.

The German Offensive Begins

• Czechoslovakia

• Poland

• March 15, 1939, Germany takes over rest of country.

• Large German speaking population, eastern neighbor of Soviet Union, aided by France and Britain

• Nonaggression pact

• Blitzkrieg

• Germany & Soviet Union agree not to attack one another. Also decided to divide Poland between them.

• Lightning War. Fast tanks, powerful aircraft. Surprise and quickly crush the enemy. September 1, 1939 in Poland. 2 Days later France & Britain declare war.

• Phony War

• Next

• 3 weeks and Poland ceased to exist. WWII had begun.

• French & British troops sit on Maginot Line staring at Germans, German troops sit at the Siegfried Line staring back

• By April 9, 1940, Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium & Luxembourg

France and Britain Fight on

• Fall of France

• Charles de Gaulle

• June 22, 1940, with help from Italy as they attacked from the south.

• French general, fled to England. Set up a government in exile.

• Battle of Britain • 2,000 German planes bomb London for 2 weeks straight

• Britain used a Radar system to shoot down planes. 185 on Sept 15 of 1940,

• Hitler calls off invasion• Both countries continue

to bomb one another.

SECTION 3

THE HOLOCAUST

THE PERSECUTION BEGINS

• April 7, 1933

• Holocaust

• Hitler orders all “non Aryans” be removed from government jobs. This is first the move against Jews

• 11 million people across Europe killed, more than half were Jews

• Scapegoat

• Nuremberg Laws

• Star of David

• Jews were blamed for all the problems that Germany had (economy & WWI)

• 1935, stripped Jews from citizenship, jobs, & property

• Jews had to wear this bright yellow star on clothes so they can be identified

• Kristallnacht • November 9-10, 1938, Nazi troops attacked Jewish businesses, homes, & synagogues across Germany.

• 100 killed, hundreds injured, 30,000 arrested, hundred of synagogues were burned

• Nazi’s blamed Jews for the destruction

• Refugees

• Ship of St. Louis

• France 40,000• Britain 80,000• Palestine 30,000• U.S. 100,000

• German ocean liner with 943 passengers. Coast Guard prevented ship from docking in Miami and was forced back to Europe

HITLER’S “FINAL SOLUTION”

• Genocide • In 1939, a deliberate & systematic killing of an entire population. Only ¼ of Jews left in Germany, but millions more in territories occupied by Hitler

• Enemies of the state • Gypsies- Inferior race• Freemasons- supporters

of the Jewish conspiracy to rule the world

• Jehovah’s Witnesses-refused to join German army and salute Hitler

• Germans- homosexuals, mentally ill, physically disabled, & incurably ill

• Nazi Death Squads

• Ghettos

• Hitler’s elite Nazi “security squandrons (SS)” rounded up jews in Poland and shot them on the spot.

• Jews sent into overcrowded cities in Poland; barbed wire & stone walls

• Concentration camps • Warehouse for undesirable

• Hunger, humiliation, work that almost always ended in death

• Overcrowded barracks shared meager meals.

• Inmates worked dawn to dusk, 7 days a week till they collapsed.

• Those who were weak were killed.

THE FINAL STAGE

• Poison Gas • Built 6 death camps in Poland

• Each camp had several huge gas chambers in which 12,000 people could be killed a day

AUSCHWITZ

• Auschwitz • Prisoners separated into 2 groups (workers & would be killed)

• Belongings left behind and would get later

• Group that was being killed was led to gas chamber, told they were going to shower and handed a bar of soap each

• Cyanide Gas • Used to kill the inmates while cheerful music played.

• Some were buried in mass graves

• Crematoriums were used at some camps as well to burn the dead and living

• 6 million Jews died in the death camps

SECTION 4

AMERICA MOVES TOWARD WAR

U.S. MUSTERS ITS FORCES

• Cash and Carry

• Possibly too late

• Sept. 1939, Roosevelt persuaded Congress to allow warring nations to buy U.S. arms as long as they paid cash and transported them in their own ships

• France falls in summer of 1940 & Britain under attack

• Axis Powers

• Roosevelt Responds

• Germany, Italy, & Japan (the Triparite Pact) sign a mutual defense treaty.

• Each nation agreed to come to defense if either nation was attacked by U.S.

• Sends Britain 500,000 rifles, 80,000 machine guns, traded 50 old destroyers for military bases in Caribbean and Newfoundland

• Building U.S. defense • Congress increases spending on defense

• Selective Training and Service Act- 16 million men between 21-35 were registered. 1 million drafted but for 1 year only in Western Hemisphere.

• Roosevelt runs for 3rd Term

• He wins 55% of the vote. Republican nominee Wendell Wilkie supported Roosevelt for aiding Britain. Very little difference so people chose who they already knew.

“The Great Arsenal of Democracy”

• Lend-Lease Plan • Late 1940, Britain had no more money for arsenal. Lend or Lease arms & other supplies to any country whose defense was vital to the United States. Isolationists once again against it but Congress passes it anyway in March of 1941.

• Supporting Stalin

• German Wolf Packs

• United States started to supply the Soviet Union after Hitler broke his agreement with Stalin and invaded the Soviet Union in June of 1941.

• U-boats & aircraft would sink ships carrying supplies. 350,000 tons in a single month. Roosevelt tells Navy to fire in self-defense.

FDR PLANS FOR WAR

• Extend the term of draftees

• Atlantic Charter

• Roosevelt asking for more terms of the draftees because he knows war is close. House of Reps passes it but only by 1 vote.

• Roosevelt meets with Churchill.

• United Nations

• Collective security• Disarmament• Self-determination• Economic cooperation• Freedom of the seasThis charter became basis of a new document called “A declaration of the United Nations”

Allies against the Axis powers. 26 Nations signed it.

• Shoot on Sight

• Pink Star• U.S. destroyer Kearny

• U.S. destroyer Reuben James

• Navy to fire on German submarines on sight after U.S. destroyer Greer was fired on by German submarine

• American Merchant ship sank off Greenland

• Was torpedoed and 11 lives lost

• Sank and more than 100 sailors killed

JAPAN ATTACKS THE UNITED STATES

• Hideki Tojo

• Japan’s Goal

• Chief of staff of Japans Army, launched invasion into China.

• Wanted to unite East Asia under Japan. Took over Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos.

• United States Protest

• Peace talks

• Cut trade off with Japan of embargoed goods, including oil.

• Tojo promised the emperor to preserve peace with America but is preparing navy to attack.

• Dec 6, 1941, Roosevelt received decoded message that Japan’s peace envoy to reject all American peace proposals

• Pearl Harbor • Dec 7, 1941, early in the morning, Japanese warplanes struck.

• 2,403 killed• 1,178 injured• 21 ships sunk or

damaged including 8 battleships

• 300 aircraft were damaged or destroyed

• Greater losses than all of WWI

• Reaction

• Isolationist

• Congress approves Roosevelt’s request to declare war on Japan the following day.

• 3 days later, Germany and Italy declare war on U.S.

• Supported an all out American effort.