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LEARNING TARGETS After studying this chapter you should be able to:
1. Show how the religious reformation and dynastic rivalries further divided the people of Europe at a time when greater unity seemed desirable.
2. Describe how royal centralization increased the unity and power of Spain, France, and England.
3. Understand how state policies with regard to economic growth and military reorganization, warfare, and diplomacy enabled northern European countries to move ahead of Spain.
4. Analyze the relationships among climate change, human-induced environmental change, and social change in Europe.
5. Understand the ways in which witch-hunts, the Scientific Revolution, and the Enlightenment reflected different European views of the natural world and of human society.
VOCABULARY
Term Definition Where
Renaissance
papacy
indulgence
Protestant Reformation
Catholic Reformation
witch-hunt
Scientific Revolution
joint-stock company
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stock exchange
gentry
Little Ice Age
deforestation
Holy Roman Empire
Habsburg
English Civil War
Versailles
balance of power
Term Definition Where
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CULTURE AND IDEAS Add specific information detailing the causes and effects of changing cultures and ideas.
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Enlightenment Ideas Develop
Martin Luther Challenges the Church
Witch Hunts
Europeans Study the Writings of the Greeks and Romans
These new ideas were suppressed by Protestant and Catholic Leaders
Cause Effect
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SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LIFE
Roles in Society? Changes During This Period?
The Bourgeoisie
Peasants and Laborers
Women and Family
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POLITICAL INNOVATIONS What forces unified and separated states in the early 16th century?
Compare the Monarchies in England and France
How did warfare change in the 15th and 16th Centuries?
England France
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Just a couple of things to remember during this time period in Europe:
• The religious reformations combined with the Scientific Revolution led the way for the Enlightenment, an age of reason, and the movement to apply newly discovered natural laws to social behavior.
• Foreign and domestic trade spawned rapid growth in European cities and the rise of a wealthy commercial class, with Amsterdam in the Netherlands the most vivid example. Agricultural improvements increased production but the Little Ice Age and increased mining of forests caused more difficulties for the poor.
• The Holy Roman Empire declined in strength from religious fragmentation while Spain and France increased centralized power. The English increased naval power and established direct taxation and a central bank, making the nation stronger financially than other European powers.
REFLECT Write a thesis paragraph for an essay answering each of the following questions.
In what different ways did climate change and environmental degradation affect European societies during the period 1500–1750?
Compare the long-term political effects of the Protestant Reformation on France, Spain, and England.
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What role did governments play in the development of the Western European economy?
What factors spurred technological development during this period? Were there particular conditions that favored technological innovation for some groups over others?
Analyze and discuss the significance of the differences between absolutism and constitutionalism.
In what ways did the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment challenge the intellectual and political status quo in early modern Europe?
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