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Bloody Ground: The Civil War
Chapter 13
Civil War
Northerners War of the Rebellion
Southerners War Between the States
Border States
MO, KY, MD, DE, WV WV broke away – state in 1863
Significance population
manufacturing
Ohio River
Lincoln & the Border States MD – martial law
sent troops
war NOT fought over slavery
Brothers’ War
“Mountain Whites”
Border States brothers on both sides
John Crittenden
Lincoln’s in-laws
Armies
Army of the Potomac – Union Gen. Irvin McDowell
Army of Northern Virginia – Conf. Gen. Robert E. Lee
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Ninety Day War
Lincoln believed it would be short
Union Army not prepared
Southern Advantages
defensive war
North had to WIN!
high morale
talented officers
many “bred” to fight
Southern Disadvantages
few factories
shortages
lack of food
poor transportation
ECONOMY – King Cotton??
Northern Advantages
ECONOMY
strong navy
population
Northern Disadvantages
less prepared for military life
lack of strong, able commanders
Who had the Advantage?
Northern advantages outweighed South
South’s chances good What if …?
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Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)
McDowell vs. Beauregard
Gen. Irvin McDowell P.G.T. Beauregard
Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)
July 21, 1861
Grand Affair – politicians, spectators
chaos ensued
Gen. Thomas Jackson “stone wall”
Union defeat Lincoln called for
1 million men
General George McClellan
“Young Napoleon”
Great abilities
Arrogant attitude Perfectionist
Lincoln said he had “the slows”
Peninsula Campaign
McClellan
Water attack toward Richmond Spring 1862
Yorktown
Seven Days’ Battles (June 26-July 2) Jackson – Shenandoah Valley
Lee counterattacked 20,000 casualties
10,000 Union casualties
McClellan replaced by John Pope
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New Union Strategy
Total War complete blockade
free the slaves
divide the South
capture Richmond
engage enemy’s main strength
2nd Battle of Bull Run
Aug. 29-30, 1862 Lee defeated Pope
Pope replaced by McClellan
Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg)
Lee invaded Maryland various reasons
Battle – Sept. 17, 1862 Confederate plans discovered
McClellan prepared
Significance of Battle bloodiest single-day of fighting
26,000 casualties• 6000 US troops at D-Day
“Bloody Lane”
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Results of Battle
a draw – Lee retreated
McClellan replaced by Ambrose Burnside
Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation – Sept. 22
War in the West
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Ulysses S. Grant Forts Henry &
Donelson
“Unconditional Surrender”
secured KY
Battle of Shiloh
April 6-7, 1862 surprise attack on Grant
Union victory
Lincoln pleased
Demands for Grant’s removal
Mississippi River
Adm. David Farragut seized New Orleans
– Spring 1862
closed large part of Miss. River
Total War
Troops for War South
Early stages – volunteersApril 1862 – draft
ages 18-45
Problems substitutes slaveowners’ exemption
“rich man’s war, poor man’s fight”
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North
Early stages – volunteers 90% of army
1863 - Draft “3 Hundred Dollar Men”
NYC draft riots – 1863
Wartime Liberties
Limitations suspended habeas corpus
15,000 imprisoned
martial law
Women and the War
Jobs
Bazaars to raise money
Involvement in the War Soldiers
Spies
US Sanitary Commission clothing
food
medicine
Nursing Dr. Elizabeth
Blackwell
Clara Barton Am. Red Cross
Dorothea Dix
Sally Tompkins Confederate
rank of Captain
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Economic Policies
National Banking System – 1863 currency
bonds
NorthInternal Improvements
transcontinental RR chartered in 1862
Union Pacific, Central Pacific
1862 Homestead Act 160 acres
Industries
food, guns, clothes
Chicago RR – new lines
stockyards
1. Revenue - taxes excise & income taxes
1861 Tariff
20% of war costs
Raising Money
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2. Sold bonds - $2.6 billion 65% of war costs
3. Greenbacks $450 million
15% of costs
South
run by state gov’tsDavis Administration
shipyards, armories, textile mills controlled natural resources
resentment and resistance
SouthRevenue
taxes – less than 5%• states’ rights?
bonds - $400 million (35%)
Blue backed currency - $1 billion
Problems in South
food prices soared – riots
some refused to accept currency
army seized goods, supplies
North – 80%
South – 9000%
Inflation
The Turning Point: 1863
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Emancipation
antislavery Republicans free slaves and restore the Union
Lincoln refused
Lincoln – “union” most important
“Contrabands”
May 1861 – 3 runaways camp of Gen. Benjamin Butler
Butler – “contraband”
1000s more
Confiscation Act – Aug. 1861 seize all property
Radical Republicans Sumner, Chase, Stevens
June 1862 – slavery outlawed in federal territories
slavery ended in D.C.
Emancipation Proclamation
Sept. 22, 1862 – preliminary
Jan. 1, 1863 – became official preserved if secession renounced
within 100 days
emancipation slow
Opposition
South
Democrats – “unconstitutional”
white workers
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Battle of Fredericksburg
Dec. 13, 1862
pontoon bridge across Rappahannock River
Union attacked Lee on high ground
Union army defeated
Battle of Chancellorsville
May 2-4, 1863
Joseph Hooker replaced Burnside
Lee divided his army Jackson attacked Union right flank
Plan worked - Confederate victory
Tragedy strikes Jackson shot by friendly fire
left arm amputated
died on May 10
Lee – “I have lost my right arm”
Battle of Vicksburg
siege lasted several months
Grant – victory on July 4, 1863
Port Hudson fell on July 9 complete control of Mississippi
Confederacy now divided
Battle of Gettysburg
July 1-3, 1863
George Meade replaced Hooker
Lee invaded the North again
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July 2 Meade – 90,000 men
Lee – 75,000 men
Lee attacked flanks left – Longstreet (Little Round Top)
right – Richard Ewell
Seesaw battle
July 3
Pickett’s Charge assault on Union
front lines
across open fields
major defeat
Casualties South – 28,000 (1/3 of army)
North – 23,000
Lincoln angry – Meade failed to pursue Lee
Results of Gettysburg
Results of Gettysburg “High tide of the Confederacy”
last “real” chance of winning the war
Gettysburg Address – Nov. 19, 1863
Diplomatic Results
European reactions Ruling classes – supported South
common people – supported North
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Britain
Alabama – Confederate commerce raider from Britain in 1862 sank/captured Union ships
2 more ships ordered
Charles Adams – foreign minister persuaded Britain to impound ships
Failure of King Cotton
Pre-war production - stockpiles
Union sent food to Europe
some cotton still shipped
cotton from Egypt, India
England’s war industries
Wheat and Corn Rule
North shipped to England
England refused to break blockade
might lose food supplies
The Union Victorious1864-1865
Impact of Black Troops
Union Army enlistments – nearly 200,000 2 Mass. regiments – Douglass
Involvement in War Ft. Wagner – SC (July 1863) 500 engagements 22 Cong. Medals of Honor
Casualties – 38,000 dead
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Black Troops
discrimination white officers
segregated units
support roles
paid less (threatened to leave)
fight for new social order “bottom rail on top dis time”
Grant in Charge
March 1864 – all Union armies
Lincoln – victory before election
Grant’s Successes
War in West
Vicksburg
Chattanooga, TN
willing to accept heavy casualties other commanders “conserved life”
viewed as a “butcher”
Grant Takes Action
Army of Potomac – 115,000
Lee – 75,000
“On to Richmond” May 1864 – Wilderness Campaign,
Spotsylvania
June 1864 – Cold Harbor
Petersburg
June 1864 - Grant lay siege to town RR center
trench warfare
artillery battle
Problems Arise
Jubal Early – raid near D.C.
Grant diverted troops
Gen. Philip Sheridan turn Shenandoah into a “barren
waste” for aiding Early
scorched-earth
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March to the Sea
William T. Sherman
way paved by Grant
Atlanta – Sept 1864
Election of 1864
National Union Party
Republicans and Union Democrats
Lincoln
Andrew Johnson from TN
running mate
Democrats
George McClellan
opposed emancipation
Good News for Lincoln
Atlanta fell – Sept. 1864
South began to realize their fate Mary Chestnut
Union Party said McClellan was a “peace democrat”
Results of Election
Military successes helped Lincoln Union troops voted
Lincoln won election 145 of 185 seats in House
42 of 52 seats in Senate
Led to more southern desertions
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Emancipation Begins
1864 – MD, MO freed slaves
TN, AR, LA followed suit
feared Proclamation might lose force after war
13th Amendment – January 31, 1865 sent to states for ratification
slavery nearly dead
March to the Sea
march through GA
“Total War” destroy economic
resources
60 mile wide path
Savannah
Dec. 22, 1864
Invasion of South Carolina responsible for war
Columbia burned – Feb. 1865
North Carolina
War Comes to an End
100,000 Conf. desertions South enlisted slaves - war ended too soon
April 1865 – Petersburg RR captured
Richmond captured – April 1865
Lee retreated Grant cut off Lee’s escape route
Lee’s Surrender
Appomattox Courthouse, VA
April 9, 1865
Lee surrendered to Grant
Home of Wilmer McLean
Results of War
loss of money, resources, lives
Casualties - deaths Union – 360,000
Confederacy – 260,000
South – virtually destroyed factories, RRs, farms, cities
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Cotton Kingdom Crushed
Economy collapsed
Transportation collapsed
Lack of general supplies
Resourcefulness and spirit
Consequences of the Civil War
Human Costs
Economic Costs
Intangible Costs
Political Costs
End of Slavery!