The process of joining two elements togetherArticulatory system is the system of mobile and
immobile articulators brought into contact for the purpose of shaping the sounds of speech
What happens to the sound after it reaches the oral cavity
Sounds=phonemes
ARTICULATION
SOURCE FILTER THEORY OF VOWEL PRODUCTION
Voice is generated by the vocal folds and routed through the vocal tract where it is shaped into the sounds of speech
Changes in the shape and confi guration of the tongue, mandible, soft palate and other articulators govern the resonance characteristics of the vocal tract, and the resonances of the tract determine the sound of a given vowel.
When you move your tongue around in your mouth, you are changing the shape of your oral cavity, making it smaller or larger, lengthening or shortening.
Change the shape of the oral cavity= change the resonant frequency=change the sound that comes out of the mouth
Vowels- source will always be phonationConsonants- sources will include turbulence of
frication or combination of voicing and turbulence
RESONANT FREQUENCY
Say the words “he” and “who”
Share with your partner what is happening with your tongue, mandible, lips when you say each of these words.
RESONANT FREQUENCY
Share with your friend the placement of your tongue for an /s/ sound and how it changes for the /sh/ sound
Be prepared to share
PRODUCTION OF /S/ , /SH/
Speech production requires execution of an extremely well-organized and integrated sequence of neuromotor events
Say the word “Tube”Tongue elevates to alveolar ridge while simultaneously
elevating and tensing the velumAir pressure builds up behind the tongueTongue actively drops to release the pressure and produce
the /t/As it releases it quickly retracts to produce the /u/
assisted by the rounding of your lipsLips then close tightly with buildup of air pressure for the
fi nal /b/All of this happens in less than 3/10 of a second and we
don’t even think about it
SPEECH FUNCTION
Lower lip achieves a greater velocity and force than the upper lip and seems to do most of the work in lip closure
The extra force is due to the mentalis muscle
Lower lip is attached to a movable articulator- the mandible
Lower lip is capable of rapidly altering its rate of closure
Lips are amazingly resistant to interference- they adjust and accommodate to physical restraints
Experiment on bottom of p. 378 with tongue depressors
LIPS
A helperAssists the lipsChanges position for tongue movementTightly closes when necessarySupportive role of carrying the lips, tongue, and teeth
to their targets in the maxillaAdjustments are rather smallMuscles of mandibular elevation are endowed with
muscle spindles- reflexes within the jawVery important for mastication- mandible elevates,
grinds laterally and then depresses in a rhythmic fashion
For speech- mandible elevates and depresses with slight modifications, quick adjustments
MANDIBLE
It is the most important of the articulators Involved in the production of the majority of the
phonemesTongue tip elevation /t/, /d/Tongue tip depression /k/, /g/Tongue tip deviation, left and rightLateral margins relaxation /l/Tongue narrowingCentral tongue groovingRetractionProtrusionPosterior Tongue elevation /k/Tongue body depression
TONGUE
Closed for non-nasal speechOpen for nasal sounds /n/, /m/, /ng/Opens and closes in coordination with other
articulators avoiding the eff ect of nasal resonance on other phonemes
Production of high pressure consonants requires greater velopharyngeal eff ort- superior pharyngeal constrictor and uvular muscles assist /v/, /d/, /b/
Hard and soft palate are richly endowed with receptors that provide feedback concerning pressure and they facilitate or inhibit motor lingual activity
VELUM
The development of articulation is a hierarchy and based on motor controlThe infant must balance muscle tone before being
able to sitHe must sit before he can establish independent head
and neck controlWith the control of the neck muscles comes freedom
to move the mandible and tongue independentlyStarts with babbling where they just have to open and
close the mouth /m/,/b/, /p/ and vowelsProgressively increases ability to articulate more
diffi cult sounds /s/, /z/, /th/.
ARTICULATORY DEVELOPMENT
Infant size 6-8 cm from lips to vocal folds
Adult size 15-18 cm from lips to vocal folds
As the infant grows The nasopharynx enlarges and
becomes more sharply angled Oral and pharyngeal cavities
grow Tongue descends Oropharyngeal space
increases Length and depth of mandible
increases to accommodate the tongue
Reaches adult oral cavity size by age of 7-18 years.
VOCAL TRACT DEVELOPMENT
Speech is the most complex sequential motor task performed by humans
Conceptual System We must first develop the idea to be expressed The idea represents the sentence to be spoken The idea must be mapped into a syntactical system, establish
language forms acceptable to match the concept “Tomorrow is Monday” is an idea that is chosen and the words
have been chosen to fit the syntax Phonological System
Phonological rules are applied to establish the correct phoneme combinations to meet the needs of the words
“Tomorrow is Monday” is further broken down into syllables, phonemes and features of the phonemes
/T/ is a lingua-alveolar stop, voiceless sound
COORDINATED ARTICULATION
Muscle Movement system Muscles are activated to meet the needs of the feature
selection process /T/ now becomes movement of the muscles of the tongue
that will produce the lingua alveolar gesture (superior longitudinal and genioglossus muscles)
Coarticulation: Overlapping effect of one articulatory pattern on another
COORDINATED ARTICULATION