Download - Ch. 5 - The Periodic Table
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Ch. 5 - The Periodic Table
I. History of the Periodic TableMendeleev
Mosely
Periodic Law
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A. Dmitri Mendeleev
Dmitri Mendeleev (1869, Russian)
• Organized elements by
increasing atomic mass.
• Predicted the existence of
undiscovered elements.
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B. Henry Mosely
Henry Mosely (1913, British)
• Organized elements by
increasing atomic number.
• Fixed problems in Mendeleev’s
arrangement.
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Properties of elements repeat in a predictable way when atomic numbers are used to arrange elements into groups.
C. Periodic Law
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Key Concept
How is the modern periodic table organized?
In the modern periodic table, elements are arranged by increasing number of protons.
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Ch. 5 - The Periodic Table
II. OrganizationMetallic Character
Rows & Columns
Table Sections
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A. Metallic Character
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4 5
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Metals Nonmetals Metalloids
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A. Metallic Character
The majority of the elements on the periodic table are classified as metals.
• Metals are elements that are good conductors of electric current and heat.
• Except for mercury, metals are solid at room temperature.
• Most metals are solids. • Many metals are ductile;
that is, they can be bent.
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A. Metallic Character
Nonmetals generally have properties opposite to those of metals.
• Nonmetals are elements that are poor conductors of heat and electric current.
• Nonmetals have low boiling points – many nonmetals are gases at room temperature.
• Nonmetals that are solids at room temperature tend to be brittle. If they are hit with a hammer, they shatter or crumble.
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A. Metallic Character
Metalloid elements are located on the periodic table between metals and nonmetals.
• Metalloids are elements with properties that fall between those of metals and nonmetals.
• For example, a metalloid’s ability to conduct electric current varies with temperature. Silicon (Si) and Germanium (Ge) are good insulators at low temperatures and good conductors at high temperatures.
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B. Rows and Columns
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2
3
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Representative Elements Transition Metals
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B. Rows and Columns
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Group (Family) Period
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Each column in the periodic table is called a Group or Family.
• The elements in a group have the same number of valence electrons, so members of the same group in the periodic table have similar chemical properties.
• This pattern of repeating properties is the periodic law.
B. Rows and Columns
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Each column in the periodic table of elements is a Group.Elements in group 1 have _1_ valence electron.Elements in group 2 have _2_ valence electrons.Elements in group 13 have _3_ valence electrons.Elements in group 14 have _4_ valence electrons.Elements in group 15 have _5_ valence electrons.Elements in group 16 have _6_ valence electrons.Elements in group 17 have _7_ valence electrons.Elements in group 18 have _8_ valence electrons.
B. Rows and Columns
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Each row in the table of elements is a Period.• Elements in period _1_ have one energy level.• Elements in period _2_ have two energy levels.• Elements in period _3_ have three energy levels.• Elements in period _4_ have four energy levels.• Elements in period _5_ have five energy levels.• Elements in period _6_ have six energy levels.• Elements in period _7_ have seven energy levels.
Horizontally Into Periods
B. Rows and Columns
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The Periodic Table
III. Periodic TrendsTerms
Dot Diagrams
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There are four pieces of information for each element.
1. _______________
2. _______________
3. _______________
4. ______________
Review
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Periodic Law
• Properties of elements repeat
periodically when the elements
are arranged by increasing
atomic number.
A. Terms
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A. Terms
Valence Electrons
• e- in the outermost energy level
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A. Terms Group # = # of valence e- (except He)
• Families have similar chemical characteristics. Period # = # of energy levels
1A
2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
8A
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B. Dot Diagrams
Dots represent the valence e-. Ex.: Sodium Ex.: Chlorine