iiiiii ch. 6 - the periodic table & periodic law i. development of the modern periodic table (p....
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A. Mendeleev yDeduced elements existed, but were undiscovered elements, their properties could be predictedTRANSCRIPT
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I II III
Ch. 6 - The Periodic Table & Periodic Law
I. Development of the Modern Periodic Table(p. 174 - 181)
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A. MendeleevDmitri Mendeleev (1869, Russian)
Organized elements by increasing atomic mass
Elements with similar properties were grouped together
There were some discrepancies
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A. Mendeleev Deduced elements existed, but were
undiscovered elements, their properties could be predicted
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B. MoseleyHenry Moseley (1913, British)
Organized elements by increasing atomic number
Resolved discrepancies in Mendeleev’s arrangement
This is the way the periodic table is arranged today!
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C. Modern Periodic Table
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Group (Family)Period
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1. Groups/FamiliesVertical columns of periodic tableEach group contains elements with similar
chemical & physical properties (same amount of valence electrons in each column)
2 numbering systems exist: Groups # I through VIII with ea. # followed by A or B• A groups are Main Group Elements (s&p electrons)• B groups are Transition Elements (d electrons) Numbered 1 to 18 from left to right
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2. PeriodsHorizontal rows of periodic table
Periods are numbered top to bottom from 1 to 7
Elements in same period have similarities in energy levels, but not properties
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Main Group ElementsTransition MetalsInner Transition Metals
3. Blocks
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3. Blocks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Lanthanides - part of period 6
Actinides - part of period 7
Overall Configuration
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I II III
II. Classification of theElements(pages 182-186)
Ch. 6 - The Periodic Table
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A. Metallic Character
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
MetalsNonmetalsMetalloids
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1. MetalsGood conductors of heat and electricityFound in Groups 1 & 2, middle of table in
3-12 and some on right side of tableHave luster, are ductile and malleableMetallic properties increase as you go
from left to right across a period
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a. Alkali MetalsGroup 1(IA)1 Valence electronVery reactive, form metal oxides
(ex: Li2O)Electron configuration
ns1
Lowest melting pointsForm 1+ ion: Cations
Examples: Li, Na, K
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b. Alkaline Earth MetalsGroup 2 (IIA)2 valence electronsReactive (not as reactive as alkali metals) form
metal oxides (ex: MgO)Electron Configuration
ns2
Form 2+ ionsCations
Examples: Be, Mg, Ca, etc
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c. Transition MetalsGroups 3 – 12 (IB – VIIIB) Reactive (not as reactive as Groups 1 or 2), can
be free elements Highest melting pointsElectron Configuration
ns2(n-1)dx where x is column in d-blockForm variable valence state ionsAlways form Cations
Examples: Co, Fe, Pt, etc
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3. MetalloidsSometimes called semiconductorsForm the “stairstep” between metals and
nonmetalsHave properties of both metals and
nonmetalsExamples: B, Si, Sb, Te, As, Ge, Po, At
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2. NonmetalsNot good conductorsUsually brittle solids or gases (1 liquid Br)Found on right side of periodic table –
AND hydrogenHydrogen is it’s own group, reacts rapidly
with oxygen & other elements (has 1 valence electron)
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Nonmetal Groups/FamiliesBoron Group: IIIA typically 3 valence
electrons, also mix of metalloids and metalsCarbon Group: IVA typically 4 valence
electrons, also has metal and metalloidsNitrogen Group: VA typically 5 valence
electrons, also has metals & metalloidsOxygen Group: VIA typically 6 valence
electrons, also contains metalloids
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a. HalogensGroup 17 (VIIA)Very reactiveElectron configuration
ns2np5
Form 1- ions – 1 electron short of noble gas configuration
Typically form salts (NaCl)Anions
Examples: F, Cl, Br, etc
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b. Noble GasesGroup 18 (VIIIA)Unreactive, inert, “noble”, stableElectron configuration
ns2np6 full energy level Have an octet or 8 valence e-
Have a 0 charge, no ionsHelium is stable with 1s2, a duetExamples: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, etc
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I II III
III. Periodic Trends(p. 187-194)
Ch. 6 - The Periodic Table
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 5 10 15 20Atomic Number
Atom
ic R
adiu
s (p
m)
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Periodic LawWhen elements are arranged in order of
increasing atomic #, elements with similar chemical and physical properties appear at regular intervals.
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 5 10 15 20
Ato
mic
Rad
ius
(pm
)
Atomic Number
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Atomic Radius size of atom
© 1998 LOGALIonization Energy
Energy required to remove an e- from a neutral atom
© 1998 LOGAL
Electronegativity
Properties of Atoms
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Shielding EffectThere is a Nuclear charge experienced by the outer (valence)
electron(s) in a multi-electron atom is due to the difference between the charge on the nucleus and the charge of the core electrons (inner electron shells). As atoms add more protons the nuclear charge increases Atoms are also adding more e- which are attracted to the p+
Results in the reduction of attractive force between the positive nucleus and the outermost electrons due to “shielding effect” of the inner electron shells(core electrons).
Periodic Trend, 1. Shielding effect increases down a group.2. Shielding effect remains constant across a period.
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Atomic Radius = ½ the distance between two identical bonded atoms
1. Atomic Radius
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Atomic Radius Increases to the LEFT and DOWN
1. Atomic Radius
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Why larger going down? Higher energy levels have larger orbitals Shielding - core e- block the attraction between the
nucleus and the valence e-
Why smaller to the right? Increased nuclear charge(total charge of protons in
nucleus) without additional shielding pulls e- in tighter
1. Atomic Radius
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The minimum energy required to remove an electron from the ground state of an isolated gaseous atom or ion. The ease with which an atom loses an e-.First Ionization Energy (IE1) = Energy required to remove one e- from a neutral atom.
Na(g) + IE1 (energy) → Na+(g) + e- ; +∆H (positive)Second Ionization Energy (IE2) = energy needed to remove a second electron, and so forth
Na+(g) + IE2 (energy) → Na2+ (g) + e- ; +∆H (positive)
2. Ionization Energy
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7
First Ionization Energy Increases UP and to the RIGHT
2. Ionization Energy
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Why does it increase up a group? The closer the e- are to the nucleus the more difficult it is to remove them Decreased shielding effect increases the positive nuclear charge
Why does it increase across a period? Atomic radius decreases
Positive nuclear charge increases pulling e- closer to the nucleus
2. Ionization Energy
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Electron Affinity
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Electron AffinityPeriodic Trend 1. Electron affinity slightly increases up a group.2. Electron affinity generally tends to increase across a period.Electron affinity increases up a groupdecreases the atomic radius taking the electrons closer to the nucleus’
positive attraction. less shielding effect increases the positive nuclear charge (+) as additional
shells are added and e- are held on tighter.Electron affinity increases across a period
atomic radius decreases effective positive nuclear charge increases steadily and the e- are
drawn closer to the nucleus making it easier to add e-
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Electron AffinityElectron affinity increases up a groupdecreases the atomic radius taking the electrons closer
to the nucleus’ positive attraction. decreasing shielding effect increases the effective
positive nuclear charge (+) as additional shells are added and e- are held on tighter.
Electron affinity increases across a period atomic radius decreases effective positive nuclear charge increases steadily
and the e- are drawn closer to the nucleus making it easier to add e- to unfilled sublevels.
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3. ElectronegativityThe measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to
attract electrons Given a value between 0 and 4, 4 being the highestTendency for an atom to attract e- closer to itself when forming a
chemical bond with another atom.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Why increase as you move right? More valence electrons, need less to fill outer shell Increased nuclear charge
Why increase as you move up? Smaller electron cloud, more pull by + nucleus
3. Electronegativity
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Which atom has the larger radius?
Be or
or Br
Examples
Ba
Ca
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Which atom has the higher 1st I.E.?
or Bi
Ba or
Examples
N
Ne
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Which element has the higher electronegativity?
Cl or
or Ca
Examples
F
Be
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B. Chemical ReactivityMetals Period - reactivity decreases as you go from left to right across a period.
Group - reactivity increases as you go down a groupReact to form bases when combined with water Non-metals Period - reactivity increases as you go from the left to the right across a period.
Group - reactivity decreases as you go down the group. React to form acids when combined with water
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C. Valence ElectronsValence Electrons
e- in the outermost s & p energy levels Stable octet: filled s & p orbitals (8e-) in one
energy level
1A2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
8A
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C. Valence ElectronsYou can use the Periodic Table to determine
the number of valence electronsEach group has the same number of valence
electrons Group #A = # of valence e- (except He)
1A2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
8A