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CENTURY REVIEWPART I1453- 1555
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RENAISSANCE
• Italy was first to experience Renaissance
• Reasons:
Geography Urbanization Social factors Political variety
• Education
Latin and Greek• Trade Routes
• Printing press
Spread humanist ideas
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HUMANISM• New self- consciousness regarding human beings
• Humanism:
Secularism Classics Individualism Power (Machiavelli)
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HUMANIST WRITERS
1. Petrarch
Father of humanism
2. Machiavelli
The Prince
3. Castiglione
Book of the Courtier
4. Lorenzo de Medici
Civic humanism
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HUMANIST ARTISTS• Common techniques used by artists:
Perspective Naturalism subject matter Order and symmetry
• Artists begin gaining notoriety
1. Donatello:
David first full size statue cast in bronze
2. Brunelleschi:
Il Duomo
3. Da Vinci:
Mona Lisa, Last Supper
4. Michelangelo:
Sistine Chapel
5. Raphael:
School of Athens
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WOMEN AND THE RENAISSANCE• Patrons of the Arts
• Notable female humanists:
1. Christine de Pisan First feminist
2. Isabella d’ Este Diplomat Established school for girls Wrote letter of literary quality
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RENAISSANCE POLITICS• Variety of govts.
Florence= despotism Medici Milan= military dictatorship Visconti Papal states= despotism Papacy Venice= Republic Merchant families/ Doge Naples= feudalism Ferdinand of Aragon
• Balance of Power
Peace of Lodi (1454)
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NORTHERN RENAISSANCE• Strong in Low Countries (Belgium and Netherlands)
France, England, Germany.
• Emphasized Christian readings
Bible Writings of early church fathers
• Christian Humanism
• Spread through printing press
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CHRISTIAN HUMANISM• Critical of Church abuses
• Hoped to maintain unity through reformation
• Notable Christian Humanists:
1. Erasmus Praise of Folly
2. More Utopia
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PROTESTANT REFORMATION• Christian Humanism
• Causes:
Indulgences- buying offices Simony- selling church offices Nepotism- giving offices to relatives Pluralism- holding multiple offices Absenteeism- Not living in region where office is held
• Notable Reformers:
1. Martin Luther
2. John Calvin
3. Ulrich Zwingli
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MARTIN LUTHER• German
• Theology:
Sola scriptura- Bible only authority Sola fide- salvation comes from faith Sola gratia- salvation comes from God’s grace
• Publications:
On the Freedom of the Christian On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church An Address to the Nobility of the German Nation German translation of the Bible
• Major Events:
95 Thesis Peasants Revolt Diet of Woms
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JOHN CALVIN• French, Swiss leader
• Theology:
Predestination Ecclesiastical Ordinances
• Publications
Institutes of the Christian Religion
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ULRICH ZWINGLI• Zurich
• Theology:
Transubstantiation• Major Events:
Marburg Colloquy Killed during the Swiss Civil War
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CONSEQUENCES OF REFORMATION
Social:
Family was the center of social life
Women earned limited rights (divorce and education)
Literacy for both boys and girls
Protestant work ethic capitalism
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ENGLISH REFORMATION• Henry VIII
• Cause:
Divorce from Catherine of Aragon wasn’t granted by the pope• Consequences:
Act of Supremacy- King as the head of the Catholic Church in England Act of Succession- legitimate offspring are those conceived w/ Anne
Boleyn• Religious Reforms:
Act of Succession Henry VIII Six Articles Henry VIII Book of Common Prayer Edward VI Act of Uniformity Edward VI Elizabethan Settlement Elizabeth I
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COUNTER- REFORMATION
• New Religious Orders
Ignatious Loyola Jesuits Teresa of Avila Carmelites
• Council of Trent
Eliminated church abuses Better education for priests No compromise on religious doctrine Clerical celibacy Importance of good works Authority of papacy Transubstantiation
• Roman Inquisition Index of Forbidden Books
• Baroque Art
Bernini
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EARLY MONARCHIES• England, France, Russia, Spain
• Centralized govts.
Taxes Controlling the aristocracy Codified laws Control warfare Early bureaucracy Religious control