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Body Organization
Anatomy Terminology and Tissues
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Caduceus (kuh-DOO-see-us)
Staff with two entwined snakes and two wings at the top, symbolizing a physician.
The Greek god Hermes (“Mercury”), who served as herald and messenger to the other gods, carried a winged staff entwined with two snakes.
Used as a medical symbol by commercial companies (drug companies) and military.
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Staff of Asclepius (a-SKLEEP-ee-us)
The staff of Asclepius, the god of healing, had one snake and no wings.
This is the symbol used by the American Medical Association.
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ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY BY SYSTEMS
Integumentary Musculoskeletal Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular system Lymphatic Respiratory Gastrointestinal (Digestive) Renal (urinary) Reproductive Embryology
During the semester, we will study Anatomy by these systems:
But, before we can study these systems, you need the following introductory lecture.
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Body Planes
Frontal (Coronal) Sagittal Transverse
Sagittal plane
Para-Sagittal plane
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Body Planes and Sections
Frontal (coronal) plane
– Lies vertically and divides body or organ into anterior and posterior parts.
Sagittal plane
– Divides right from left side of body or organ Midsagittal (median) plane
– Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline and divides body into EQUAL right and left sides
Parasagittal plane
– Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline and divides body into UNEQUAL right and left sides
Transverse plane Divides body or organ into superior-inferior parts7
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Movements in the Body Planes
Frontal (coronal) plane motion– Frontal plane motion is that of washing a
window in front of you. Sagittal plane motion
– Sagittal plane motion is that of rubbing your palms together in front of you.
Transverse plane motion– Transverse plane motion is that of polishing a
coffee table.
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Body Planes and Sections
Figure 1.5 9
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Banana Sectioned into Planes
Figure 1.6
Sagittal plane
Transverse plane
Frontal plane
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Body Regions
Axial Region (down midline of body) Appendicular Region (limbs)
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Body Cavities
Figure 1.8a 12
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Body Cavities
Figure 1.8b 13
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REGIONS OF THE BODY
1. Axial Region (Goes down midline of the body)– a) Head– b) Neck– c) Trunk (has 3 parts)
1) Thorax (chest area). Above diaphragm. Contains heart and lungs.– Pectoral Region (chest)– Costal ( rib) margin
2) Abdomen (not called the stomach!). Contains the digestive organs
Lumbar region (low back)• Gluteal region (buttocks)
3) Pelvis (covered by the G-String) Contains urinary, and reproductive organs
Inguinal region (Groin)
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REGIONS OF THE BODY
2. Appendicular Region (limbs) a) Upper Limbs
1) Axilla (armpit)2) Arm (Brachium): shoulder to elbow
Antecubital fossa (inside of elbow, where blood is drawn)3) Forearm (elbow to wrist). Don’t confuse with arm!4) Wrist5) Hand: 5 digits:
4 fingers with 3 phalanges each; thumb with 2 phalanges; Pollex: Thumb
Palmar surface: Palm
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Cubital fossa: inside of elbow
Cubit is a unit of length: from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger
About 18 inches
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REGIONS OF THE BODY
2. Appendicular Region (limbs)b) Lower Limbs
1) Thigh (hip to knee). Don’t confuse with leg!2) Leg (knee to ankle).
Calf (back of the leg)Popliteal region (behind knee)
3) Ankle4) Foot: 5 digits
Hallux: big toePlantar surface: sole of foot
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Regional Terms (not on the quiz or test)
Figure 1.4a 18
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Figure 1.4b
Regional Terms (not on the quiz or test)
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Anatomical Position
The body standing erect, facing forward, feet together, toes pointed anteriorly, hands at one’s side, fingers pointing inferiorly, and palms facing forward.
Once the body is in this position (or imagined to be in this position,) the positional terms can be used correctly.
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Anatomical Position
Figure 1.3
Anatomical PositionThe person is standing up straightThe palms face anteriorlyThe knees, elbow, and neck are straight (not bent)The toes point anteriorly, but the fingers point inferiorly
Left and Right: yours or the patient’s?
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Positional Terms
These are terms used to describe the position of certain structures on the body.
Note: These are “relative terms.” This means that these words are usually used in relating the position of one body structure to another. You can’t say, “He is shorter”. You have to say, “He is shorter than John”.
Incorrect: the nose is medial Correct: the nose is medial to the ears
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Positional Terms
Anterior/Ventral: towards the front of the body (includes palms and soles) Posterior/Dorsal: towards the back of the body Superior: towards the head Inferior: towards the feet Medial (NOT MIDDLE): towards the midline of body Lateral: away from the midline of the body Superficial (external): toward the external environment Deep (internal): towards the most internal part of the body Proximal: towards the heart Distal: away from the heart Supine: Laying on one’s back Prone: Laying on one’s stomach
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Sample questions
Skin is ____ to the muscles. Bones are _____ to the muscles. The nose is _____ to the ears. The shoulders are _____ to the elbows. The wrists are ____ to the elbows. The upper extremities are ____ to the
abdomen. The thumb is ______ to the pinky.
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Sample questions
Skin is superficial to the muscles. Bones are deep to the muscles. The nose is anterior (or medial) to the ears. The shoulders are proximal (or superior) to the
elbows. The wrists are distal (or inferior) to the elbows. The upper extremities are lateral to the abdomen. The thumb is lateral to the pinky.
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NOTE
Use the term “Internal”, NOT “Interior” when referring to areas inside the body.
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Positional Terms
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Positional Terms
(Skip)
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Positional Terms
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Movement Terms
Flexion: to decrease the angle of a joint
Extension: to increase the angle of a joint, returning it to anatomical position
Hyperextension: extension beyond anatomical position
In the foot, there are special terms used instead of flexion/extension:
Dorsiflexion: flexion of the ankle joint; to raise the toes up in the air. When you stand on your heels with your toes up in the air, you are dorsiflexing your ankle joints.
Plantarflexion: extension of the ankle joint; to point the toes downward. When you stand on your toes, you are plantarflexing your ankle joints.
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Flexion and Extension
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Flexion and Extension
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Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension
ExtensionHyperextension
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Movement Terms
Abduction: to move a body part away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane, as in moving your arms out to your right and left side.
Adduction: to move a body part toward the midline of the body in the frontal plane, as in moving your arms from the an abducted position, back to your sides.
Circumduction: to move a body part in a circle
Rotation: to pivot a body part around an axis, as in shaking the head “no”
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Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction
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Movement Terms
Internal Rotation: to move a limb toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane
External Rotation: to move a limb away from the midline of the body in the transverse plane
These two terms are usually used to describe motions of the shoulder or hips.
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Internal Rotation External Rotation37
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Movement Terms
Inversion: turning the body part toward the midline of the body in the sagittal plane. Used to describe hands and feet only, although the feet cannot really turn medially in the sagittal plane because of the shape of the ankle joint.
Eversion: turning the body part away from the midline of the body in the sagittal plane. Used to describe hands and feet only, although the feet cannot really turn laterally in the sagittal plane because of the shape of the ankle joint.
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Movements of the Hand or Foot Only
Supination and Pronation are movements in three planes.
Supination– Inversion– Adduction– Dorsiflexion
Pronation – Eversion– Abduction– Plantarflexion
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Pronation Supination
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Pronation and Supination
Figure 9.6a
Pronation
Supination
Supination
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Common Confusion of POSITIONS vs. MOVEMENTS
Prone: a POSITION, not a movement; body is lying face down. Pronation: a MOVEMENT; when the palm is turned downward (in
Anatomical Position, the palm will face posterior). The foot can also be pronated; the sole turns laterally away from the body. Pronation of the foot is a tri-plane movement of plantarflexion, abduction, and eversion.
Supine: a POSITION, not a movement; body is laying on the back. Supination: a MOVEMENT; when the palm is turned upward, like
holding a bowl of soup (in Anatomical Position, the palm will face anterior). The foot can also be supinated; the sole turns medially towards the body. Supination of the foot is a tri-plane movement of dorsiflexion, adduction, and inversion.42
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Shoulder and Hip Movements
Know the difference between these movements at the shoulder and hip:
Adduction/Abduction: moving your arms/thighs away from the body laterally
Flexion/Extension: moving your arms/thighs away from the body in front of you in the sagittal plane.
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Movement Terms
Protraction – to project a body part anteriorly, such as the shoulders or jaw
Retraction – to pull a body part posteriorly
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Movement Terms
Elevation – lifting a body part superiorly Depression – lowering a body part inferiorly
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Movement Terms
Opposition – movement of the thumb to touch the tips of other fingers
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Body Cavities and Membranes
Figure 1.9a, b 47
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Body Cavities and Membranes
Figure 1.9c 48
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or Rx means “prescription”
• The "R" in "Rx" stands for the Latin word "recipe," meaning "take“.
• Those two letters were a 19th-century take on a 16th-century symbol, the letter R with a line through its slanted leg—the line signaling that the "R" is functioning as an abbreviation.
• It wasn't till the early 20th century that "Rx" came to be used as the noun we know today.
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Other Anatomy Terms
• Idiopathic– "a disease or condition the cause of which is not
known or that arises spontaneously". From Greek idios (one's own) + pathos (suffering).
• Iatrogenic– "originating from a physician" is preventable harm
resulting from medical treatment or advice to patients.
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Body parts you can use as units of measurement
• Hand span• Foot length• The distance from the tip of the thumb to the first knuckle. Previously used to measure
1 inch or 2.54cm• The distance from tip of nose to end of your thumb with your arm outstretched.
Previously used to measure a yard or 36 inches or 91.44cm. Used by ancient cloth merchants.
• The length from the point of your bent elbow to your middle fingertip. Previously used to measure a cubit or 18 inches or 46 cm. Used by Noah in building the ark and the Egyptians to build the pyramids.
• The length of rope held between two hands with the arms outstretched. Previously used to measure a fathom of 72 inches or 183cm. Used by sailors.
• The length of a single step from the heel on one foot to the heal of the other. Modern terminology has adopted the ancient Roman term of a pace, measuring around 30 inches or 760 mm. However, ancient Roman measurement for a pace was actually a double-pace or passus and was nominally the measure of a full stride from the position of the heel when it is raised from the ground to the point the same heel is set down again at the end of the step, being about 58.1 inches or 1.48 meters.
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Anatomy Learning Games• http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/webanatomy_archive/GAME/default.html
• 3D Interactive Anatomy Atlas ($40): VisibleBody.com• http://www.visiblebody.com/moviedemo/
• The Memory Book: The Classic Guide to Improving Your Memory at Work, at School, and at Play
• by Harry Lorayne (Author) , Jerry Lucas (Author)
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