Download - Blood review
What are the six parts to the circulatory system?
Blood ArteriesHeart
Veins Capillaries Lymphatic System
Blood is the main of the body.
transport medium
Blood is considered the most important factor in maintaining balance or .
homeostasis
Blood transports this gas from the lungs to the cells of the body.
oxygen
Blood transports this gas from the cells of the body to the lungs.
carbon dioxide
Blood transports these calorie containing substances from the digestive tract to the
cells of the body.
nutrients
Blood transports these remnants of metabolism from the cells of the body to
the liver & kidneys.
waste products
Blood transports this important liquid from the digestive tract to the cells of the body.
water
Blood transports this cellular component to fight infection.
white blood cells
Blood transports these immunoglobulins to fight infection.
antibodies
Blood transports this non-nutrient protein which helps to form clots and begin
healing.
Fibrinogen/fibrin
Blood transports these cellular fragments which help to form clots and begin healing.
platelets
Blood transports these from theirproduction sites to target sites
elsewhere in the body.
hormones
Blood transports this product of muscular contraction from the muscles of the body to
the surface of the skin & the lungs.
heat
Blood transports this in the form of HCO3-1
ions which allow the body to resist pH changes.
buffering system
Blood is made up of solid particles and fluid. The solid particles are (1) , (2) , and (3) .
(1) red blood cells(2) white blood cells
(3) platelets
The three solid particles or “cellular” components of blood are commonly called the .
formed elements
The average volume of blood for a man is approximately _____ liters or _________
pints.
~ 5 liters or
10–12 pints
The average volume of blood for a woman is approximately _____ liters or _________
pints.
~ 4.5 liters or
9–11 pints
Red blood cells (RBC) are also called:
erythrocytes
White blood cells (WBC) are also called:
leukocytes
Platelets are also called:
thrombocytes
What is the main function of red blood cells?
Transport oxygen and
carbon dioxide
What is the main function of the white blood cells?
Fight infection
What is the main function of the platelets?
Hemostasis meaning “the stoppage of
bleeding”or
to clot blood
The percentage of the total volume that these packed red cells occupy is called the:
hematocrit
The normal hematocrit percentage ranges from (1) to (1) % within both genders with an average of (2) %.
(1) 42 to 48%
(2) 45%
The straw-colored liquid portion of blood is called:
plasma
The layer of blood after centrifugation that contains the white blood cells and
platelets.
buffy coat
What are all the red blood cells collected together after centrifugation called?
packed red cells
This substance makes up 90 – 92 % of plasma volume:
Water (H2O)
Seven percent of plasma volume is made up from the:
“Non-nutrient” Proteins
This is the largest fraction of thenon-nutrient proteins.
Albumin
Albumin accounts for about what percent of the total non-nutrient protein.
Albumin proteins are formed where?
60%
liver
The main function of albumin is in the regulation of the of
the blood.
osmotic pressure
Osmotic pressure can be translated or thought of as:
The water that does not pass back into the bloodstream by osmosis is recovered by the
.
“water” pressure
lymphatic system
These are the second largest fraction of the non-nutrient proteins.
Globulins
Globulin proteins account for about what percent of the total non-nutrient proteins of
the blood?
36%
Alpha globulin
There are three primary types of globulin proteins. These are:
Beta globulinGamma globulin
Alpha and Beta globulins are formed in the (1) and aid in the (2) in the blood.
(1) liver
(2) transportation of lipids
Gamma globulins are produced in the _____________ ______________.
lymph nodes
Gamma globulins are the proteins that function as ________________________
or _________________.
immunoglobulins or antibodies.
The general name given to the “fat” carrying globulin protein molecules in plasma are called
Lipoproteins
These lipoprotein carriers transport dietary fats to muscles and adipose tissue.
ChylomicronsThese are measured as what in a blood test?
triglycerides
These lipoproteins transport triglycerides that are made from excess carbohydrates in
the diet from the liver to adipose tissue.
Very Low-density Lipoproteins
(VLDL’s)
These lipoproteins are the main cholesterol carriers in the body.
Low-density Lipoproteins
(LDL’s)
Low-density Lipoproteins or LDL’s are also commonly called what?
“bad” cholesterol
These lipoproteins transport the remainder of chylomicrons after they lose the
triglyceride to the liver.
High-density Lipoprotein
(HDL’s)
“good” cholesterol
High-density lipoproteins or HDL’s are also commonly called what?
This represents the smallest fraction of the major non-nutrient proteins in the
plasma of blood
Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen accounts for about what percent of the total non-nutrient proteins of the
blood?
4%
Fibrinogen precipitates out of the plasma as “ (1) ” at the site of a wound, it creates a “mesh” or “web” to which platelets and
RBC can “stick” to form a (2) .
(1) fibrin
(2) blood clot
Component of plasma made from dissolved salts that form such ions as Na+1, K+1, Ca+2,
Mg+2, Cl-1, PO4-3, F-1, and I-1.
Minerals
The mineral components when considered as dissolved salts are often called “ ”.
electrolytes
A component of plasma, such as CO2, N2, or O2, dissolved in the water of plasma and
NOT carried by R.B.C.
Dissolved Gasses
We defined these as the components of plasma that our bodies use for energy, repair, growth, etc. They are also the caloric components within our food.
Nutrients
The three (3) different types of nutrients discussed in class were:
GlucoseFatty acids
Amino acids
Glucose comes from what food source or type of food?
carbohydrates
Fatty acids come from what source or type of food (not a term used on food labels) ?
lipids
At “room temperature,” solid lipids are called what?
fats
oils
At “room temperature,” liquid lipids are called what?
Amino acids come from what food source or type of food?
proteins
A component of plasma examples of would be urea or uric acid (both from protein
metabolism), lactic acid (from anaerobic metabolism of glucose), or various ketones
(from excess fatty acid metabolism).
Metabolic Waste Products
Red blood cells are described as having a limited .
life span
How long does the average red blood cells live?
120 days or
4 months
How many red blood cells does the average human have in their body?
25 trillion
The shape of a red blood cell is described as a “ .”
biconcave discs
What advantage does the biconcave shape of the red blood cells provide?
allows for increased surface area for gas
diffusion.
In Red Blood Cells the (1) is removed to allow for more volume for
(2) .
(1) nucleus
(2) hemoglobin
Why is the nucleus removed?
Why do erythrocytes have a limited life span?
nucleus is removed
allows for greater 02 carrying capacity
The O2 carrying protein found on red blood cells that also gives blood its distinct color.
Hemoglobin (Hgb)
Hemoglobin is made from a complex protein molecule called “ (1) ”
combined with a pigment called “ (2) ” which contains what metallic element?
(1) globin(2) heme
iron
The “oxidized” form of hemoglobin which is bound with O2 and has a
“bright red” color.
Oxyhemoglobin
The form of hemoglobin that is bound with CO2 and has darker, more “burgundy”
color.
Carbaminohemoglobin
Hemoglobin bound to neither oxygen or carbon dioxide which has a “darker red”
color is called what?
Deoxyhemoglobin
What is the ratio of WBC : RBC in blood?
From 1: 700 up to1: 1000
How many different types of leukocytes are found in blood?
five
Name the five different types of leukocytes that are found in blood?
Monocytes
EosinophilsBasophils
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
One group of leukocytes is called the ,which means their cytoplasm has a “non-granular” look.
agranulocytes
granulocytes
Another group of leukocytes is called the ,which means their
cytoplasm has a “granular” look.
In red bone marrow
Monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils are produced where in the
body?
Lymphocytes are produced where in the body?
In lymph tissue
Platelets or Thrombocytes
These are actually non-nucleated cellular fragments involved in the stoppage of
bleeding.
The process of is simply defined as “the stoppage of bleeding.”
Hemostasis
Hemostasis is accomplished by the following three mechanisms:
platelet plugsvasoconstriction
blood clot formation (coagulation)
The following statement describes the formation of what? – “Activated platelets are sticky and cling to damaged tissue and each other at the edge of small wounds to
prevent further blood loss.”
platelet plug
The following statement describes what process? – “Fibrinogen precipitates out as fibrin trapping activated platelets and red blood cells in a web-like mesh forming a blood clot at the site of larger wounds.”
Coagulation
One factor in determining blood types is by the presence or absence of genetically
determined (inheritable) protein molecules present in red blood cell membranes. These
proteins are called:
agglutinogen A &
agglutinogen B
antigen A &
antigen B
Agglutinogen A & agglutinogen B are also called what?
co-dominance
When present, both antigen A & antigen B are equally expressed. The equal
expression of different two alleles, where one allele is not dominant and one
recessive, is termed what?
Plasma carries (1) to the agglutinogen not carried on the cell
membrane which are actually “anti-A” and “anti-B” (2) .
(2) antibodies (1) agglutinins
Type A, B, AB, or O are the physical expression of a person’s genes which means they are .
phenotypes
genotype
The combination of alleles located on homologous chromosomes that determines a specific characteristic or trait is described
as a .
Red blood cells carry proteins on their surfaces in addition to the “A” and “B”
antigens. What was the other major protein discussed in class?
The Rhesus or
Rh factor
What are the percentages for Rh+ and Rh- in the population of the United States?
Rh+ = 85 % &
Rh- = 15 %
Which blood phenotype, in theory, could receive blood from any donor?
AB+
A person with AB+ is called a _____________ ______________.
Remember, this is because they have all factors present already so the body does not perceive anything foreign.
Universal Recipient
Which blood phenotype, in theory, could donate blood to any recipient?
O-
A person with O- is called a _______________ ________________.
Remember, this is because they have no factors present so the body cannot perceive anything foreign.
Universal Donor
homozygous
heterozygous
A person having two alleles that are the same for a trait is said to be ____________
for the trait.
A person having two alleles that are different for a trait is said to be
____________ for the trait.
The formation of blood or all types of blood cells in the living body.
Hematopoiesis
Erythropoiesis
The formation or production of red blood cells only.
The baseline production of red blood cells, which is the amount of production that normally occurs just to keep a person healthy, represents about what percent of the body’s total capacity to produce blood?
20 %
The need for new red blood cell production is monitored by receptor sites for blood oxygen concentration located in what
organs?
kidneys
Any drop in the oxygen content of the blood will cause the kidney to secrete an
enzyme that acts on a non-nutrient plasma protein to for a key hormone
called ____________________________.
erythropoietin
This is a condition characterized by a deficiency in the oxygen-carrying
component of the blood, measured in the unit volume concentrations of hemoglobin,
red blood cell volume, or red blood cell number.
Anemia
A form of anemia characterized by a decrease in the concentration of corpuscular (r.b.c.) hemoglobin.
Hypochromic anemia
A form of hypochromic anemia due to a lack of sufficient iron in one’s diet.
Iron deficiency anemia
A form of hypochromic anemia due to a loss of iron from chronic bleeding.
hemorrhagic anemia
A form of anemia in which the capacity of the bone marrow to generate red blood cells
is defective, caused by bone marrow disease or exposure to toxic agents, such as
radiation, industrial chemicals, or drugs (such as chemotherapy drugs).
Aplastic anemia
A form of anemia characterized by many large, immature and dysfunctional
erythrocytes (megaloblasts) resulting from a deficiency of vitamin B12 and/or folic
acid.
Megaloblastic anemia
A type of anemia caused when antibodies are directed against parietal cells in the
gastric glands of the stomach which produce intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor is
required for vitamin B12 absorption, so impaired absorption of vitamin B12 can
result. This is more commonly found in older adults.
Pernicious anemia
A form of anemia resulting from the destruction of red blood cells due to
abnormally high fragility caused by certain infectious agents and in certain inherited
blood disorders.
Hemolytic anemia
A chronic, often fatal inherited anemia resulting in abnormal hemoglobin which causes characteristic crescent-shaped red
blood cells that can easily rupture. This is a specific type of hemolytic anemia.
Sickle cell anemia
A genetic defect that results in synthesis of an abnormal hemoglobin molecule. The blood cells are vulnerable to mechanical
injury and die easily.
Thalassemia or
Cooley’s anemia
Moving to a high altitude region produces an increase in red blood cell production because there is a ______________ ___ ____________ ___________.
Reduction in atmospheric oxygen
In creasing the number of red blood cells in the body either through natural or artificial means is called _________ ___________.
blood doping