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FCBAT
FCBAT
Elektrochemische Speicher für Regenerative Energien und
NetzlastmanagementJürgen Garche
www.fcbat.eu
FCBAT
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FCBAT
• Motivation
• Batterien• Ni-Cd• Blei• Na-Hochtemperatur• Li-Ionen• Redox-Flow• Metall-Luft
• Zusammenfassung
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FCBAT
18 mrd. t Bleibatterie
Ø
Load and Wind Power in East Germany
Source:Vattenfall
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FCBAT
18 mrd. t Bleibatterie (40 TWh 2050)
Ø
Load and Wind Power in East Germany
Source:Vattenfall
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FCBAT
~5-10 kW ~50-100 kW >200 kW >0,5 MW >1 MW
Home Community Industrial Renewable Frequency Reg. Spinning Res.
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FCBAT
direct indirect indirectx=0 x=2 x>2
x: Energy change steps
Electrical Energy Storage
Supercap Batterie BZ
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FCBAT
direct indirect indirectx=0 x=2 x>2
x: Energy change steps
Electrical Energy Storage
Supercap Batterie BZ
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FCBAT
Different Battery Chemistries
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FCBAT
Demand Efficiency
CostA - Investment costB - Operating costC - Specific costs (€/kWhthroughput) = f(A, B, life time)
Spec. Power (W/kg)
Spec. Energy (Wh/kg)
Foot print ( ~ Wh/l)
Self discharge
Operating temperature
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FCBAT
Demand Efficiency
CostA - Investment costB - Operating costC - Specific costs (€/kWhthroughput) = f(A, B, life time)
Spec. Power (W/kg)
Spec. Energy (Wh/kg)
Foot print ( ~ Wh/l)
Self discharge
Operating temperature
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FCBAT
Redox-Flow
Li-Systems
- Redox-Flow- Li-Ion- Na-S, Na-NiCl2- Lead-Acid- Ni-Cd
Favorits Stationary Storage
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FCBAT
Redox-Flow
Li-Systems
- Redox- Flow- Li-Ion- Na-S, Na-NiCl2- Lead-Acid- Ni-Cd
Favorits Stationary Storage
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FCBAT
13.760 Zellen (Saft SBH 920)4 parallele Reihen 1 Reihe: 3 440 Zellen in Serie10 Zellen in einem Modul.Nennspannung: 5.000 V Kapazität: 3.680 Ah Masse: 1.300 kg
Lebensdauer: 10-25 Jahren
Golden Valley Electric AssociationFairbanks (US, Alaska), bis -50 °C
27 MW – 15 min; 6,75 MWh
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FCBAT
Redox-Flow
Li-Systems
- Redox- Flow- Li-Ion- Na-S, Na-NiCl2
- Lead-Acid- Ni-Cd
Favorits Stationary Storage
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FCBAT
Spezifische Energie: 25 – 40 Wh/kgSpezifische Leistung: 100 – 150 W/kgLebensdauer zyklisch: ca. 5-7 JahreEnergieeffizienz: ca. 80 %Selbstentladung: ca. 3 %/mArbeitstemperatur: -25 °C … +45 °CKosten: 150 – 300 EUR/kWh
Lead-Acid Battery
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FCBAT
Demand
Efficiency Investment cost
Lifetime
LAB + ++ -
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FCBAT
Examples 1/2 Utilizer Rating
PmaxW5h
Application Commis-sioning
Electric Utility HammermühleSelters, Deutschland
400 kW/750 kWh
peak load lopping 1980
HAGEN Batterie AGBerlin, Germany
500 kW/7 Mwh
load levelling 1985
BEWAGBerlin, Germany
17 MW/14 Mwh
load frequency control,instantanenous reserve
1986
Kansal Electric PowerCompany, Tatsumi, Japan
1 MW/4 Mwh
multi-functions demoplant
1986
Delco Remy, General MotorsMuncle, IN, USA
300 kW/600 kWh
peak and lopping
Crescent Electric MemberCoop. Statesville, NC, USA
500 kW/500 kWh
peak load lopping 1987
Southern California EdisonChino, CA, USA
10 MW/40 Mwh
multi-functions demoplant
1988
Vaal Reefs, GoldmineSouth Africa
4 MW/7,4 Mwh
peak load lopping,reserve power supply,power factor control
1988
Johnson Controls/HumboldtFoundry, Milwaukee, WI, USA
300 kW600 kWh
peak load lopping 1989
San Diego TrolleySan Diego, CA, USA
200 kW/400 kWh
peak load lopping 1992
e.g.
Ber
lin 1
930:
186
MW
, 62
MW
h(2
0 m
in)
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FCBAT
Examples 2/2
Puerto Rico Electric PowerAuthority, San Juan, PuertoRico
20 MW/14 Mwh
load frequency control 1993
Pacific Gas and ElectricSan Remo, CA, USA
250 kW/167 kWh
peak load lopping byregionally distributedplants
1993
Hawaii Electric Light CompanyCapital Island Hawaii
10 MW/15 Mwh
load frequency control,instantaneous reserve
1994
Pacific Gas and ElectricSev. locations, CA, USA
500 kW/1 MW(up to 4units)
peak load lopping bydistributed plants, delayof investments in thepower systems
1994
Chugach Electric Assn.Anchorage, Alaska, USA
20 MW/10 Mwh
load frequency control,instantaneous reserve
1995
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FCBAT
BEWAG17 MW / 14 MWh
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FCBAT
1,2 MW/1 h rated Lead-Acid BESS - Herne, Bocholt -
Multifunctional (peak shaving, UPS, power quality)
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FCBAT
Lead-Acid Battery Costs
Battery
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FCBAT
Examples 2
Puerto Rico Electric PowerAuthority, San Juan, PuertoRico
20 MW/14 Mwh
load frequency control 1993
Pacific Gas and ElectricSan Remo, CA, USA
250 kW/167 kWh
peak load lopping byregionally distributedplants
1993
Hawaii Electric Light CompanyCapital Island Hawaii
10 MW/15 Mwh
load frequency control,instantaneous reserve
1994
Pacific Gas and ElectricSev. locations, CA, USA
500 kW/1 MW(up to 4units)
peak load lopping bydistributed plants, delayof investments in thepower systems
1994
Chugach Electric Assn.Anchorage, Alaska, USA
20 MW/10 Mwh
load frequency control,instantaneous reserve
1995
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FCBAT
Lebensdauer zyklisch: ca. 5-7 Jahre
- Kollektorkorrosion - Aktivmassenerweichung (Partikelkontakt)
Lead-Acid Battery
Efficiency Investment cost
Lifetime
LAB + ++ -
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FCBAT
New Lead-Acid Battery Technology(Bipolar)
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FCBAT
Bipolar- Technology
-- ++
cell wall(non conductive)
path of electrons in amonopolar accumulator
monopolar configuration
e- e-
-
- +
+
cell wall (bipolar plate)(conductive)
path of electrons in abipolar accumulator
bipolar configuration
e- e-
1 2 1 2
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FCBAT
- Low internal resistance < 10 m- Highly efficient ~97% round trip
New Lead-Acid Battery Technology(Bipolar)
12V, 1 kWh
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FCBAT
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FCBAT
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FCBAT
Demand
Efficiency Investment cost
Lifetime
LAB + ++ -
Today
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FCBAT
Demand
Efficiency Investment cost
Lifetime
LAB + ++ -LAB ++ + +
TodayTomorrow
ca. 1,500 $/kWhca. 1,750 $/kW
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FCBAT
Redox-Flow
Li-Systems
- Redox- Flow- Li-Ion- Na-S, Na-NiCl2- Lead-Acid- Ni-Cd
Favorits Stationary Storage
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FCBAT
Na - High Temperature Batteries
- Na-S2Na + xS => Na2Sx
- Na-NiCl2 (ZEBRA)2Na + NiCl2 => 2NaCl + Ni
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FCBAT
Na+ - HT Batteries
Spezifische Energie: 90 - 110 Wh/kgSpezifische Leistung: 100 - 150 W/kgLebensdauer zyklisch: >10 JahreEnergieeffizienz: 90 %Selbstentladung: nur thermisch 0,01 W/Wh
(z.B. 200 W für 20 kWh Batterie)Arbeitstemperatur: ca. 300 °CKosten heute: 650 €/kWh
2020: 250 €/kWh
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FCBAT
Demand
Efficiency Investment cost
Lifetime
LAB + ++ -HT ++ - ++HT ++ ++ ++
todaytomorrow
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FCBAT
Na-S Battery – Stationary ApplicationNGK- Japan
50 kW300 kWh module
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FCBAT
Na-S Battery – Stationary Application
1 MW unit
50 kW300 kWh module x 20
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FCBAT Source: NGK
34 MW, 228 MWh17 x 2 MW
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FCBAT
Younicos 1 MW Na-S
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FCBAT
Source: NGK, K. Tanaka, IRES 2010
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FCBAT
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FCBAT
Redox-Flow
Li-Systems
- Redox- Flow- Li-Ion- Na-S, Na-NiCl2- Lead-Acid- Ni-Cd
Favorits Stationary Storage
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FCBAT
-3,04 V
- 2,71 V
- 2,92 V
15 g Na mit Wasser
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FCBAT -
Li-Systeme
Metallisches LithiumLi reagiert mit Elektrolyten (El) => Schutzschicht (SS) + Wärme
Li SS ElLi SS ElSchutzschicht
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FCBAT -
Metallisches LithiumLi reagiert mit Elektrolyten (El) => Schutzschicht (SS) + Wärme
Problem: Schutzschicht kann zerstört und mit Dentridendurchwachsen werden
- mechanische Spannungen (Vibration; zu dick )- Schmelzen von Li ( TS = 179 °C )
Source: Russ Chianelli -Exxon
Li-Systems
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FCBAT -
Li-Battery – The controled bomb?
Energy density of advanced Li batteries3.6 kJ/cm3
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FCBAT -
Li-Battery – The controled bomb?
Energy density of advanced batteries3.6 kJ/cm3
Energy density of TNT6.7 kJ/cm3
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FCBAT -
Li-Battery – The controled bomb?
Energy density of advanced batteries3.6 kJ/cm3
Energy density of TNT6.7 kJ/cm3
Energy density of chocolate22 kJ/cm³
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FCBAT -
Was tun ? A - Verwendung reaktionsträgerer polymerer Elektrolyte
polymere Elektrolyte:- feste Elektrolytlösungen- Mischung von flüssigem Elektrolyten mit Gelbildner==> Li-Polymer Systeme
Li SS ElLi SS El
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FCBAT -
Was tun ? A - Verwendung reaktionsträgerer polymerer Elektrolyte
polymere Elektrolyte:- feste Elektrolytlösungen- Mischung von flüssigem Elektrolyten mit Gelbildner==> Li-Polymer Systeme
B - Verwendung reaktionsträgerer Li-Elektroden(Kohlenstoff, Legierungen) ==> Li-Ionen Systeme
Li SS ElLi SS El
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FCBAT -
Was tun ? A - Verwendung reaktionsträgerer polymerer Elektrolyte
polymere Elektrolyte:- feste Elektrolytlösungen- Mischung von flüssigem Elektrolyten mit Gelbildner==> Li-Polymer Systeme
B - Verwendung reaktionsträgerer Li-Elektroden(Kohlenstoff, Legierungen) ==> Li-Ionen Systeme
C - Verwendung reaktionsträgerer Li-Elektroden und polymerer Elektrolyte ==> Li-Ionen-Polymer Systeme
Li SS ElLi SS El
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FCBAT
Li-Ion Battery Systems
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FCBAT -
<= L
El =>
Li-Ion Systems Shuttle Systeme, Rocking Chair Systeme
Sauerstoff
MetallGraphit
Laden
Entladen
Negative Elektrolyt Positive
- +
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FCBAT
Li-Ion Batteries
Spezifische Energie: 100 – 150 Wh/kgSpezifische Leistung: > 1000 W/kgLebensdauer zyklisch: > ca. 10 JahreEnergieeffizienz: 92 %Selbstentladung: 3-5 %/MonatArbeitstemperatur: - 20 °C … 60 °CKosten heute: 750 €/kWh
2020: 250 €/kWh
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FCBAT
Demand
Efficiency Investment cost
Lifetime
LAB + ++ -HT ++ - ++Li ++ - ++ today
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FCBAT
Li-Ion System - Materials
3 Mrd.Zellen-18650
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FCBAT
Electrochemical window
Ured Uox UElectrochemical window
U- Ured Uox U+ U
unstable
Electrochemical window
Ured U- U+ Uox U
stable
Electrochemical Window
stable
unstable
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FCBAT
Li-Ion System - Materials
Ele
ctro
chem
ical
win
dow
0,5 V
4,3 V
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FCBAT
Li-Ion System - Materials
Ele
ctro
chem
ical
win
dow
0,5 V
4,3 V
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FCBAT - Source: Vetter, EECPS
Li-Ion System – Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI)
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FCBAT - Source: Vetter, EECPS
Li-Ion System – Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI)
R
R
R
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FCBAT
Li-Ion System - Materials
Ele
ctro
chem
ical
win
dow
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FCBAT
Li-Ion System - Materials
Ele
ctro
chem
ical
win
dow
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FCBAT
Accelerated cycling (discharge: 10C, charge 5 C) – LiTitatnate/LiFePO4
Accelerated normal
50 years
Li-Titatnate/LiFePO4 - Cell – Lifetime
Source: JPS
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FCBAT
Altairnano – LTO/LiFP
1 MW/ 250 kWh
20 MW/ 5 MWh
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FCBAT
Demand
Efficiency Investment cost
Lifetime
LAB + ++ -HT ++ - ++Li ++ - ++Li ++ +(+) +++
todaytomorrow
![Page 66: Block2 03 Garche · FCBAT Examples 1/2 Utilizer Rating P maxW 5h Application Commis-sioning Electric Utility Hammermühle Selters, Deutschland 400 kW/ 750 kWh peak load lopping 1980](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041709/5e4707346f781c09ca139956/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
FCBAT
Redox-Flow
Li-Systems
- Redox- Flow- Li-Ion- Na-S, Na-NiCl2- Lead-Acid- Ni-Cd
Favorits Stationary Storage
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FCBAT
Redox-Flow Batteriedie
Brennstoffzelle (mit flüssigen Rektanden)
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FCBAT
Redox-Flow – Working Principle Vanadium RF
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FCBAT
Redox-Flow – Working Principle Vanadium RF
geladen
entladen
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FCBAT
Redox-Flow Batterie – Vanadium MWh
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FCBAT
Redox-Flow Batterie – Vanadium MWh
FC H2 O2
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FCBAT
Vanadium Redox-Flow Batteries
Spezifische Energie: 10…25 Wh/kgLebensdauer zyklisch: > ca. 10 JahreEnergieeffizienz: < 80 %Arbeitstemperatur: 0 °C … 30 °CKosten heute: 900 €/kWh
2020: 200 €/kWh
![Page 73: Block2 03 Garche · FCBAT Examples 1/2 Utilizer Rating P maxW 5h Application Commis-sioning Electric Utility Hammermühle Selters, Deutschland 400 kW/ 750 kWh peak load lopping 1980](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041709/5e4707346f781c09ca139956/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
FCBAT
Demand
Efficiency Investment cost
Lifetime
LAB + ++ -HT ++ - ++Li ++ - ++
VRB - - ++VRB + ++ +++
todaytomorrow
![Page 74: Block2 03 Garche · FCBAT Examples 1/2 Utilizer Rating P maxW 5h Application Commis-sioning Electric Utility Hammermühle Selters, Deutschland 400 kW/ 750 kWh peak load lopping 1980](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041709/5e4707346f781c09ca139956/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
FCBAT
Redox-Flow- Systems Fe - Cr - System Fe3+ + Cr2+ ===> Fe2+ + Cr3+
Fe3+ + e- ===> Fe2+
Cr2+ - ===> Cr3++ e-
Br2 - Cr - System Br2 + 2Cr2+ ===>2Br- + 2Cr3+
Br2 + 2e- ===>2Br-
2Cr2+ - ===> 2Cr3++ 2e-
Vanadium System V5+ + V2+ ===> V4+ + V3+
V5+ + e- ===> V4+
V2+ ===> V3+ + e-
Polysulfide-Br2 System (Regenesys) 3Br- + S42- => Br3
- + 2S22-
S42- + 2e- ===> 2S2
2-
3Br - ===> Br3- + 2e-
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FCBAT
Vorkommerziell
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FCBAT
200 kW/800kWh vanadium redox battery installation at Kashima-Kita Electric Power Corporation, Japan.
Redox-Flow Batterie – Vanadium 200 kW/800 kWh
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FCBAT
ZSW Redox-Flow Module – Vanadium 32 Cells (14 Ah)
Source: ZSW
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FCBAT
Regenesys (Polysulfide-Br2) in Little Bredford (GB)
12 MW – 120 MWh
100 kW(0,7 m²)
5 kW(0,1 m²)
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FCBAT
Vanadium-Redox-Flow - Cellstrom
10 kW/100 kWh, ca. 100.000 € 10.000 €/kW, 1.000 €/kWh
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FCBAT
![Page 81: Block2 03 Garche · FCBAT Examples 1/2 Utilizer Rating P maxW 5h Application Commis-sioning Electric Utility Hammermühle Selters, Deutschland 400 kW/ 750 kWh peak load lopping 1980](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041709/5e4707346f781c09ca139956/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
FCBAT
Metall – Luft
Zn-O2Al-O2Mg-O2
(Li-O2)
MetallherstellungElektrolyse
LangzeitlagerungMetallplatten
Verstromung Metall-Luft Batterien,
< 60 %
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FCBAT
Zusammenfassung
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FCBAT
Demand (Today)
Efficiency Investment cost
Lifetime
LAB + ++ -HT ++ - ++Li ++ - ++
Redox - - ++
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FCBAT
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FCBAT
Capital Cost per kWh
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FCBAT
Battery Demand - Tomorrow
Efficiency Investment cost
Lifetime
LAB + + +Na-S ++ ++ ++
Li ++ +(+) +++Redox + ++ +++
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FCBAT
Rated Energy / MWh 1
Cyles per year 300
PV‐Cost EUR/kWh 0,3
Pb Pb Na-S Na-S Li Li RFB RFBtoday tomorrow today tomorrow today tomorrow today tomorrow
Depth of Discharge 80 80 80 80 90 90 90 90
Effective Storage Size/MWh 1,25 1,25 1,25 1,25 1,11 1,11 1,11 1,11
Efficiency /% 80 90 90 90 92 95 75 80
Invest EUR/kWh 500 150 600 200 750 200 800 250Battery Total Invest /Mill
EUR 300 188 750 250 833 222 889 278
System Total Invest /Mill EUR 600 375 1.500 500 1.667 444 1.778 556
Lifetime Battery / a 7 12 10 15 10 20 10 20
Throughput Energy /GWh 2,1 3,6 3,0 4,5 3,0 6,0 3,0 6,0
kWh Throughput Cost/ EUR/kWh 0,14 0,05 0,25 0,06 0,28 0,04 0,30 0,05
Charge Loss / GWh 0,4 0,4 0,3 0,5 0,2 0,3 0,8 1,2
Charge Loss Cost /Mill EUR€ 0,13 0,11 0,09 0,14 0,07 0,09 0,23 0,36Charge Loss Cost per kWh
throughput/EUR0,06 0,03 0,03 0,03 0,02 0,02 0,08 0,06
Battery Cost kWh throughput/ EUR/kWh 0,20 0,08 0,28 0,09 0,30 0,05 0,37 0,11
System Cost kWh throughput/ EUR/kWh 0,41 0,16 0,56 0,17 0,60 0,10 0,74 0,21
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FCBAT
Cost of through-put kWh
x €C/kWh x + 48…74 €C/kWh 201210… 17 €C/kWh 2020
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FCBAT
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FCBAT
5 Bände, 350 Kapitel, 12 kg, 120 €/kg
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FCBAT
FCBAT
Danke für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit
Jürgen Garche
www.fcbat.eu
FCBAT
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FCBAT
Redox-Potentials of RF-Elektrodes (liquid)