block2 03 garche · fcbat examples 1/2 utilizer rating p maxw 5h application commis-sioning...

FCBAT

FCBAT

Elektrochemische Speicher für Regenerative Energien und

NetzlastmanagementJürgen Garche

www.fcbat.eu

FCBAT

FCBAT

• Motivation

• Batterien• Ni-Cd• Blei• Na-Hochtemperatur• Li-Ionen• Redox-Flow• Metall-Luft

• Zusammenfassung

FCBAT

18 mrd. t Bleibatterie

Ø

Load and Wind Power in East Germany

Source:Vattenfall

FCBAT

18 mrd. t Bleibatterie (40 TWh 2050)

Ø

Load and Wind Power in East Germany

Source:Vattenfall

FCBAT

~5-10 kW ~50-100 kW >200 kW >0,5 MW >1 MW

Home Community Industrial Renewable Frequency Reg. Spinning Res.

FCBAT

direct indirect indirectx=0 x=2 x>2

x: Energy change steps

Electrical Energy Storage

Supercap Batterie BZ

FCBAT

Different Battery Chemistries

FCBAT

Demand Efficiency

CostA - Investment costB - Operating costC - Specific costs (€/kWhthroughput) = f(A, B, life time)

Spec. Power (W/kg)

Spec. Energy (Wh/kg)

Foot print ( ~ Wh/l)

Self discharge

Operating temperature

FCBAT

Redox-Flow

Li-Systems

- Redox-Flow- Li-Ion- Na-S, Na-NiCl2- Lead-Acid- Ni-Cd

Favorits Stationary Storage

FCBAT

Redox-Flow

Li-Systems

- Redox- Flow- Li-Ion- Na-S, Na-NiCl2- Lead-Acid- Ni-Cd


FCBAT

13.760 Zellen (Saft SBH 920)4 parallele Reihen 1 Reihe: 3 440 Zellen in Serie10 Zellen in einem Modul.Nennspannung: 5.000 V Kapazität: 3.680 Ah Masse: 1.300 kg

Lebensdauer: 10-25 Jahren

Golden Valley Electric AssociationFairbanks (US, Alaska), bis -50 °C

27 MW – 15 min; 6,75 MWh

FCBAT

Redox-Flow

Li-Systems

- Redox- Flow- Li-Ion- Na-S, Na-NiCl2

- Lead-Acid- Ni-Cd


FCBAT

Spezifische Energie: 25 – 40 Wh/kgSpezifische Leistung: 100 – 150 W/kgLebensdauer zyklisch: ca. 5-7 JahreEnergieeffizienz: ca. 80 %Selbstentladung: ca. 3 %/mArbeitstemperatur: -25 °C … +45 °CKosten: 150 – 300 EUR/kWh

Lead-Acid Battery

FCBAT

Demand

Efficiency Investment cost

Lifetime

LAB + ++ -

FCBAT

Examples 1/2 Utilizer Rating

PmaxW5h

Application Commis-sioning

Electric Utility HammermühleSelters, Deutschland

400 kW/750 kWh

peak load lopping 1980

HAGEN Batterie AGBerlin, Germany

500 kW/7 Mwh

load levelling 1985

BEWAGBerlin, Germany

17 MW/14 Mwh

load frequency control,instantanenous reserve

1986

Kansal Electric PowerCompany, Tatsumi, Japan

1 MW/4 Mwh

multi-functions demoplant

1986

Delco Remy, General MotorsMuncle, IN, USA

300 kW/600 kWh

peak and lopping

Crescent Electric MemberCoop. Statesville, NC, USA

500 kW/500 kWh


Southern California EdisonChino, CA, USA

10 MW/40 Mwh

multi-functions demoplant

1988

Vaal Reefs, GoldmineSouth Africa

4 MW/7,4 Mwh

peak load lopping,reserve power supply,power factor control

1988

Johnson Controls/HumboldtFoundry, Milwaukee, WI, USA

300 kW600 kWh


San Diego TrolleySan Diego, CA, USA

200 kW/400 kWh


e.g.

Ber

lin 1

930:

186

MW

, 62

MW

h(2

0 m

in)

FCBAT

Examples 2/2

Puerto Rico Electric PowerAuthority, San Juan, PuertoRico

20 MW/14 Mwh

load frequency control 1993

Pacific Gas and ElectricSan Remo, CA, USA

250 kW/167 kWh

peak load lopping byregionally distributedplants

1993

Hawaii Electric Light CompanyCapital Island Hawaii

10 MW/15 Mwh

load frequency control,instantaneous reserve

1994

Pacific Gas and ElectricSev. locations, CA, USA

500 kW/1 MW(up to 4units)

peak load lopping bydistributed plants, delayof investments in thepower systems

1994

Chugach Electric Assn.Anchorage, Alaska, USA

20 MW/10 Mwh


1995

FCBAT

BEWAG17 MW / 14 MWh

FCBAT

1,2 MW/1 h rated Lead-Acid BESS - Herne, Bocholt -

Multifunctional (peak shaving, UPS, power quality)

FCBAT

Lead-Acid Battery Costs

Battery

FCBAT

Examples 2

Puerto Rico Electric PowerAuthority, San Juan, PuertoRico

20 MW/14 Mwh

load frequency control 1993

Pacific Gas and ElectricSan Remo, CA, USA

250 kW/167 kWh

peak load lopping byregionally distributedplants

1993

Hawaii Electric Light CompanyCapital Island Hawaii

10 MW/15 Mwh


1994

Pacific Gas and ElectricSev. locations, CA, USA

500 kW/1 MW(up to 4units)

peak load lopping bydistributed plants, delayof investments in thepower systems

1994

Chugach Electric Assn.Anchorage, Alaska, USA

20 MW/10 Mwh


1995

FCBAT

Lebensdauer zyklisch: ca. 5-7 Jahre

- Kollektorkorrosion - Aktivmassenerweichung (Partikelkontakt)

Lead-Acid Battery


Lifetime

LAB + ++ -

FCBAT

New Lead-Acid Battery Technology(Bipolar)

FCBAT

Bipolar- Technology

-- ++

cell wall(non conductive)

path of electrons in amonopolar accumulator

monopolar configuration

e- e-

-

- +

+

cell wall (bipolar plate)(conductive)

path of electrons in abipolar accumulator

bipolar configuration

e- e-

1 2 1 2

FCBAT

- Low internal resistance < 10 m- Highly efficient ~97% round trip

New Lead-Acid Battery Technology(Bipolar)

12V, 1 kWh

FCBAT

Demand


Lifetime

LAB + ++ -

Today

FCBAT

Demand


Lifetime

LAB + ++ -LAB ++ + +

TodayTomorrow

ca. 1,500 $/kWhca. 1,750 $/kW

FCBAT

Redox-Flow

Li-Systems



FCBAT

Na - High Temperature Batteries

- Na-S2Na + xS => Na2Sx

- Na-NiCl2 (ZEBRA)2Na + NiCl2 => 2NaCl + Ni

FCBAT

Na+ - HT Batteries

Spezifische Energie: 90 - 110 Wh/kgSpezifische Leistung: 100 - 150 W/kgLebensdauer zyklisch: >10 JahreEnergieeffizienz: 90 %Selbstentladung: nur thermisch 0,01 W/Wh

(z.B. 200 W für 20 kWh Batterie)Arbeitstemperatur: ca. 300 °CKosten heute: 650 €/kWh

2020: 250 €/kWh

FCBAT

Demand


Lifetime

LAB + ++ -HT ++ - ++HT ++ ++ ++

todaytomorrow

FCBAT

Na-S Battery – Stationary ApplicationNGK- Japan

50 kW300 kWh module

FCBAT

Na-S Battery – Stationary Application

1 MW unit

50 kW300 kWh module x 20

FCBAT Source: NGK

34 MW, 228 MWh17 x 2 MW

FCBAT

Younicos 1 MW Na-S

FCBAT

Source: NGK, K. Tanaka, IRES 2010

FCBAT

Redox-Flow

Li-Systems



FCBAT

-3,04 V

- 2,71 V

- 2,92 V

15 g Na mit Wasser

FCBAT -

Li-Systeme

Metallisches LithiumLi reagiert mit Elektrolyten (El) => Schutzschicht (SS) + Wärme

Li SS ElLi SS ElSchutzschicht

FCBAT -

Metallisches LithiumLi reagiert mit Elektrolyten (El) => Schutzschicht (SS) + Wärme

Problem: Schutzschicht kann zerstört und mit Dentridendurchwachsen werden

- mechanische Spannungen (Vibration; zu dick )- Schmelzen von Li ( TS = 179 °C )

Source: Russ Chianelli -Exxon

Li-Systems

FCBAT -

Li-Battery – The controled bomb?

Energy density of advanced Li batteries3.6 kJ/cm3

FCBAT -


Energy density of advanced batteries3.6 kJ/cm3

Energy density of TNT6.7 kJ/cm3

FCBAT -


Energy density of advanced batteries3.6 kJ/cm3

Energy density of TNT6.7 kJ/cm3

Energy density of chocolate22 kJ/cm³

FCBAT -

Was tun ? A - Verwendung reaktionsträgerer polymerer Elektrolyte

polymere Elektrolyte:- feste Elektrolytlösungen- Mischung von flüssigem Elektrolyten mit Gelbildner==> Li-Polymer Systeme

Li SS ElLi SS El

FCBAT -



B - Verwendung reaktionsträgerer Li-Elektroden(Kohlenstoff, Legierungen) ==> Li-Ionen Systeme

Li SS ElLi SS El

FCBAT -



B - Verwendung reaktionsträgerer Li-Elektroden(Kohlenstoff, Legierungen) ==> Li-Ionen Systeme

C - Verwendung reaktionsträgerer Li-Elektroden und polymerer Elektrolyte ==> Li-Ionen-Polymer Systeme

Li SS ElLi SS El

FCBAT

Li-Ion Battery Systems

FCBAT -

<= L

El =>

Li-Ion Systems Shuttle Systeme, Rocking Chair Systeme

Sauerstoff

MetallGraphit

Laden

Entladen

Negative Elektrolyt Positive

- +

FCBAT

Li-Ion Batteries

Spezifische Energie: 100 – 150 Wh/kgSpezifische Leistung: > 1000 W/kgLebensdauer zyklisch: > ca. 10 JahreEnergieeffizienz: 92 %Selbstentladung: 3-5 %/MonatArbeitstemperatur: - 20 °C … 60 °CKosten heute: 750 €/kWh

2020: 250 €/kWh

FCBAT

Demand


Lifetime

LAB + ++ -HT ++ - ++Li ++ - ++ today

FCBAT

Li-Ion System - Materials

3 Mrd.Zellen-18650

FCBAT

Electrochemical window

Ured Uox UElectrochemical window

U- Ured Uox U+ U

unstable

Electrochemical window

Ured U- U+ Uox U

stable

Electrochemical Window

stable

unstable

FCBAT


Ele

ctro

chem

ical

win

dow

0,5 V

4,3 V

FCBAT - Source: Vetter, EECPS

Li-Ion System – Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI)

FCBAT - Source: Vetter, EECPS

Li-Ion System – Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI)

R

R

R

FCBAT


Ele

ctro

chem

ical

win

dow

FCBAT

Accelerated cycling (discharge: 10C, charge 5 C) – LiTitatnate/LiFePO4

Accelerated normal

50 years

Li-Titatnate/LiFePO4 - Cell – Lifetime

Source: JPS

FCBAT

Altairnano – LTO/LiFP

1 MW/ 250 kWh

20 MW/ 5 MWh

FCBAT

Demand


Lifetime

LAB + ++ -HT ++ - ++Li ++ - ++Li ++ +(+) +++

todaytomorrow

FCBAT

Redox-Flow

Li-Systems



FCBAT

Redox-Flow Batteriedie

Brennstoffzelle (mit flüssigen Rektanden)

FCBAT

Redox-Flow – Working Principle Vanadium RF

FCBAT

Redox-Flow – Working Principle Vanadium RF

geladen

entladen

FCBAT

Redox-Flow Batterie – Vanadium MWh

FCBAT

Redox-Flow Batterie – Vanadium MWh

FC H2 O2

FCBAT

Vanadium Redox-Flow Batteries

Spezifische Energie: 10…25 Wh/kgLebensdauer zyklisch: > ca. 10 JahreEnergieeffizienz: < 80 %Arbeitstemperatur: 0 °C … 30 °CKosten heute: 900 €/kWh

2020: 200 €/kWh

FCBAT

Demand


Lifetime

LAB + ++ -HT ++ - ++Li ++ - ++

VRB - - ++VRB + ++ +++

todaytomorrow

FCBAT

Redox-Flow- Systems Fe - Cr - System Fe3+ + Cr2+ ===> Fe2+ + Cr3+

Fe3+ + e- ===> Fe2+

Cr2+ - ===> Cr3++ e-

Br2 - Cr - System Br2 + 2Cr2+ ===>2Br- + 2Cr3+

Br2 + 2e- ===>2Br-

2Cr2+ - ===> 2Cr3++ 2e-

Vanadium System V5+ + V2+ ===> V4+ + V3+

V5+ + e- ===> V4+

V2+ ===> V3+ + e-

Polysulfide-Br2 System (Regenesys) 3Br- + S42- => Br3

- + 2S22-

S42- + 2e- ===> 2S2

2-

3Br - ===> Br3- + 2e-

FCBAT

Vorkommerziell

FCBAT

200 kW/800kWh vanadium redox battery installation at Kashima-Kita Electric Power Corporation, Japan.

Redox-Flow Batterie – Vanadium 200 kW/800 kWh

FCBAT

ZSW Redox-Flow Module – Vanadium 32 Cells (14 Ah)

Source: ZSW

FCBAT

Regenesys (Polysulfide-Br2) in Little Bredford (GB)

12 MW – 120 MWh

100 kW(0,7 m²)

5 kW(0,1 m²)

FCBAT

Vanadium-Redox-Flow - Cellstrom

10 kW/100 kWh, ca. 100.000 € 10.000 €/kW, 1.000 €/kWh

FCBAT

Metall – Luft

Zn-O2Al-O2Mg-O2

(Li-O2)

MetallherstellungElektrolyse

LangzeitlagerungMetallplatten

Verstromung Metall-Luft Batterien,

< 60 %

FCBAT

Zusammenfassung

FCBAT

Demand (Today)


Lifetime

LAB + ++ -HT ++ - ++Li ++ - ++

Redox - - ++

FCBAT

Capital Cost per kWh

FCBAT

Battery Demand - Tomorrow


Lifetime

LAB + + +Na-S ++ ++ ++

Li ++ +(+) +++Redox + ++ +++

FCBAT

Rated Energy / MWh 1

Cyles per year 300

PV‐Cost EUR/kWh 0,3

Pb Pb Na-S Na-S Li Li RFB RFBtoday tomorrow today tomorrow today tomorrow today tomorrow

Depth of Discharge 80 80 80 80 90 90 90 90

Effective Storage Size/MWh 1,25 1,25 1,25 1,25 1,11 1,11 1,11 1,11

Efficiency /% 80 90 90 90 92 95 75 80

Invest EUR/kWh 500 150 600 200 750 200 800 250Battery Total Invest /Mill

EUR 300 188 750 250 833 222 889 278

System Total Invest /Mill EUR 600 375 1.500 500 1.667 444 1.778 556

Lifetime Battery / a 7 12 10 15 10 20 10 20

Throughput Energy /GWh 2,1 3,6 3,0 4,5 3,0 6,0 3,0 6,0

kWh Throughput Cost/ EUR/kWh 0,14 0,05 0,25 0,06 0,28 0,04 0,30 0,05

Charge Loss / GWh 0,4 0,4 0,3 0,5 0,2 0,3 0,8 1,2

Charge Loss Cost /Mill EUR€ 0,13 0,11 0,09 0,14 0,07 0,09 0,23 0,36Charge Loss Cost per kWh

throughput/EUR0,06 0,03 0,03 0,03 0,02 0,02 0,08 0,06

Battery Cost kWh throughput/ EUR/kWh 0,20 0,08 0,28 0,09 0,30 0,05 0,37 0,11

System Cost kWh throughput/ EUR/kWh 0,41 0,16 0,56 0,17 0,60 0,10 0,74 0,21

FCBAT

Cost of through-put kWh

x €C/kWh x + 48…74 €C/kWh 201210… 17 €C/kWh 2020

FCBAT

5 Bände, 350 Kapitel, 12 kg, 120 €/kg

FCBAT

FCBAT

Danke für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit

Jürgen Garche

www.fcbat.eu

FCBAT

FCBAT

Redox-Potentials of RF-Elektrodes (liquid)

block2 03 garche · fcbat examples 1/2 utilizer rating p maxw 5h application commis-sioning...

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