Download - Bacteria
BACTERIA
CHARACTERISTICS Prokaryotes
Microscopic (Eukaryotic cells are at least 10x bigger)
Unicellular
DNA is a single circular piece of DNA
Asexual Reproduction Binary Fission
Metabolism Aerobic Anaerobic
Genetic Exchange Conjugation –transfer DNA through contact Transformation – acquire DNA from dead bacteria Transduction – DNA is transferred from one
bacteria to another using a virus (genetic engineering)
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SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST!!!Bacteria have been around for 3.5 billion years!!
How????
Cell Walls Capsules (surrounds cell wall) Asexual Reproduction, but can still acquire
other genes Inhabit every place on Earth
SUPER FAST REPRODUCTION
ENDOSPORESallow them to withstand drought, high temps., lack of food, etc.
BACTERIA ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO SHAPE AND ARRANGEMENT OF CELLS
Shapes Coccus : Spheres Bacillus : Rods Spirillum : Spirals
Arrangements Strept : Chains Staph : Clusters Diplo : Pairs
GRAM STAIN (PG. 529) Gram + simple
walls, large amount of peptidoglycan
Gram - less peptidoglycan, outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharides which are often toxic and provides additional protection more resistant to antibiotics
Many antibiotics (penicillens) inhibit synthesis of cross links in peptidoglycan and prevent formation of a functional wall
Gram positiveGram negative
Gram Positive Organisms Aerobic, Gram-positive cocci Staphylococcus aureus (fig 1, 2, 3, 4) Staphylococcus epidermidis (fig 1) Staphylococcus sp. (Coagulase-negative)(fig 1) Streptococcus pneumoniae (Viridans group)(fig 1
, 2, 3) Streptococcus agalactiae (group B)(fig 1) Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)(fig 1, 2) Enterococcus sp.(fig 1, 2, 3 ) Aerobic, Gram-positive rods Bacillus anthracis (fig 1, 2 ) Bacillus cereus (fig 1, 2) Bifidobacterium bifidum (fig 1) Lactobacillus sp. (fig 1, 2) Listeria monocytogenes (fig 1, 2) Nocardia sp.(fig 1, 2) Rhodococcus equi (coccobacillus)(fig 1) Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (fig 1) Corynebacterium diptheriae (fig 1, 2) Propionibacterium acnes (fig 1) Anaerobic, Gram-positive rods Actinomyces sp. (fig 1, 2) Clostridium botulinum (fig 1) Clostridium difficile (fig 1) Clostridium perfringens (fig 1, 2, 3) Clostridium tetani (fig 1, 2) Anaerobic, Gram-positive cocci Peptostreptococcus sp. (fig 1)
Gram Negative Organisms Aerobic, Gram-negative cocci Neisseria gonorrhoeae (fig 1, 2, 3, 4) Neisseria meningitidis (fig 1; false color of the bacterium., 2) Moraxella catarrhalis (fig 1) Anaerobic, Gram-negative cocci Veillonella sp. (fig 1) Aerobic, Gram-negative rods Fastidious, Gram-negative rods
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (fig 1) Acinetobacter baumannii(fig 1 really A. calcoaceticus) Bordetella pertussis (fig 1, 2) Brucella sp. (fig 1) Campylobacter sp.(fig 1) Capnocytophaga sp.(fig 1, 2) Cardiobacterium hominis (fig 1) Eikenella corrodens (fig 1) Francisella tularensis (fig 1,) Haemophilus ducreyi (fig 1, 2) Haemophilus influenzae (fig 1, 2) Helicobacter pylori (fig 1, 2, 3, 4) Kingella kingae (fig ) Legionella pneumophila (fig 1, 2, 3) Pasteurella multocida (fig 1)
Enterobacteriaceae (glucose-fermenting Gram-negative rods) Citrobacter sp. (fig 1) Enterobacter sp. (fig 1) Escherichia coli (fig 1, 2) Klebsiella pneumoniae (fig 1, 2) Proteus sp. (fig 1) Salmonella enteriditis (fig 1) Salmonella typhi (fig 1) Serratia marcescens (fig 1, 2) Shigella sp. (fig 1) Yersinia enterocolitica (fig 1) Yersinia pestis (fig 1, 2)
Oxidase-positive, glucose-fermenting Gram-negative rods Aeromonas sp. (fig 1) Plesiomonas shigelloides (fig 1) Vibrio cholerae (fig 1, 2) Vibrio parahaemolyticus (fig 1) Vibrio vulnificus (fig 1)
Glucose-nonfermenting, Gram-negative rods Acinetobacter sp. (fig 1) Flavobacterium sp. (fig 1) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (fig 1, 2) Burkholderia cepacia (fig 1) Burkholderia pseudomallei (fig 1) Xanthomonas maltophilia or Stenotrophomonas maltophila(fig 1)
Anaerobic, Gram-negative rods Bacteroides fragilis (fig 1) Bacteroides sp. (fig 1) Prevotella sp. (fig 1) Fusobacterium sp. (fig 1, 2) Gram-negative spiral Spirillum minus (minor)- (fig 1)
NUTRITION Autotrophic
Photosynthetic Chemoautotrophic
(nitrogen fixers)
Heterotrophic Decomposer Parasitic
(Treponema pallidum)
BACTERIA ARE USED TO PRODUCE MEDICINESINSULIN
FIRST COMMERICAL USE OF GENETIC ENGINEERING: INSULIN
Important Recyclers in environment Nitrogen cycle
Bacteria can produce chemicals Acetone, Butanol
Bacteria are used to make food Pickles, buttermilk, cheese, sauerkraut, olives, vinegar,
sourdough bread, beer, wine
Bacteria cause disease Produce toxins (Clostridium botulinum) Metabolize their host (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
History of Microbiology• 1664: Robert Hooke - microscope• 1684: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - microorganisms• 1798: Edward Jenner - smallpox vaccination• 1864: Louis Pasteur - spontaneous generation• 1884: Robert Koch - Koch’s postulates• 1889: Martinus Beijerink - concept of virus• 1929: Alexander Fleming - discovery of penicillin• 1977: Carl Woese - discovery of Archaea• 1981: First reports of AIDS• 1983: Luc Montagnier - discovery of HIV• 1995: Craig Venter - complete genome sequence