BACTERIA

CHARACTERISTICS Prokaryotes

Microscopic (Eukaryotic cells are at least 10x bigger)

Unicellular

DNA is a single circular piece of DNA

Asexual Reproduction Binary Fission

Metabolism Aerobic Anaerobic

Genetic Exchange Conjugation –transfer DNA through contact Transformation – acquire DNA from dead bacteria Transduction – DNA is transferred from one

bacteria to another using a virus (genetic engineering)

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SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST!!!Bacteria have been around for 3.5 billion years!!

How????

Cell Walls Capsules (surrounds cell wall) Asexual Reproduction, but can still acquire

other genes Inhabit every place on Earth

SUPER FAST REPRODUCTION

ENDOSPORESallow them to withstand drought, high temps., lack of food, etc.

BACTERIA ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO SHAPE AND ARRANGEMENT OF CELLS

Shapes Coccus : Spheres Bacillus : Rods Spirillum : Spirals

Arrangements Strept : Chains Staph : Clusters Diplo : Pairs

GRAM STAIN (PG. 529) Gram + simple

walls, large amount of peptidoglycan

Gram - less peptidoglycan, outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharides which are often toxic and provides additional protection more resistant to antibiotics

Many antibiotics (penicillens) inhibit synthesis of cross links in peptidoglycan and prevent formation of a functional wall

Gram positiveGram negative

Gram Positive Organisms Aerobic, Gram-positive cocci Staphylococcus aureus (fig 1, 2, 3, 4) Staphylococcus epidermidis (fig 1) Staphylococcus sp. (Coagulase-negative)(fig 1) Streptococcus pneumoniae (Viridans group)(fig 1

, 2, 3) Streptococcus agalactiae (group B)(fig 1) Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)(fig 1, 2) Enterococcus sp.(fig 1, 2, 3 ) Aerobic, Gram-positive rods Bacillus anthracis (fig 1, 2 ) Bacillus cereus (fig 1, 2) Bifidobacterium bifidum (fig 1) Lactobacillus sp. (fig 1, 2) Listeria monocytogenes (fig 1, 2) Nocardia sp.(fig 1, 2) Rhodococcus equi (coccobacillus)(fig 1) Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (fig 1) Corynebacterium diptheriae (fig 1, 2) Propionibacterium acnes (fig 1) Anaerobic, Gram-positive rods Actinomyces sp. (fig 1, 2) Clostridium botulinum (fig 1) Clostridium difficile (fig 1) Clostridium perfringens (fig 1, 2, 3) Clostridium tetani (fig 1, 2) Anaerobic, Gram-positive cocci Peptostreptococcus sp. (fig 1)

Gram Negative Organisms Aerobic, Gram-negative cocci Neisseria gonorrhoeae (fig 1, 2, 3, 4) Neisseria meningitidis (fig 1; false color of the bacterium., 2) Moraxella catarrhalis (fig 1) Anaerobic, Gram-negative cocci Veillonella sp. (fig 1) Aerobic, Gram-negative rods Fastidious, Gram-negative rods

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (fig 1) Acinetobacter baumannii(fig 1 really A. calcoaceticus) Bordetella pertussis (fig 1, 2) Brucella sp. (fig 1) Campylobacter sp.(fig 1) Capnocytophaga sp.(fig 1, 2) Cardiobacterium hominis (fig 1) Eikenella corrodens (fig 1) Francisella tularensis (fig 1,) Haemophilus ducreyi (fig 1, 2) Haemophilus influenzae (fig 1, 2) Helicobacter pylori (fig 1, 2, 3, 4) Kingella kingae (fig ) Legionella pneumophila (fig 1, 2, 3) Pasteurella multocida (fig 1)

Enterobacteriaceae (glucose-fermenting Gram-negative rods) Citrobacter sp. (fig 1) Enterobacter sp. (fig 1) Escherichia coli (fig 1, 2) Klebsiella pneumoniae (fig 1, 2) Proteus sp. (fig 1) Salmonella enteriditis (fig 1) Salmonella typhi (fig 1) Serratia marcescens (fig 1, 2) Shigella sp. (fig 1) Yersinia enterocolitica (fig 1) Yersinia pestis (fig 1, 2)

Oxidase-positive, glucose-fermenting Gram-negative rods Aeromonas sp. (fig 1) Plesiomonas shigelloides (fig 1) Vibrio cholerae (fig 1, 2) Vibrio parahaemolyticus (fig 1) Vibrio vulnificus (fig 1)

Glucose-nonfermenting, Gram-negative rods Acinetobacter sp. (fig 1) Flavobacterium sp. (fig 1) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (fig 1, 2) Burkholderia cepacia (fig 1) Burkholderia pseudomallei (fig 1) Xanthomonas maltophilia or Stenotrophomonas maltophila(fig 1)

Anaerobic, Gram-negative rods Bacteroides fragilis (fig 1) Bacteroides sp. (fig 1) Prevotella sp. (fig 1) Fusobacterium sp. (fig 1, 2) Gram-negative spiral Spirillum minus (minor)- (fig 1)

NUTRITION Autotrophic

Photosynthetic Chemoautotrophic

(nitrogen fixers)

Heterotrophic Decomposer Parasitic

(Treponema pallidum)

BACTERIA ARE USED TO PRODUCE MEDICINESINSULIN

FIRST COMMERICAL USE OF GENETIC ENGINEERING: INSULIN

Important Recyclers in environment Nitrogen cycle

Bacteria can produce chemicals Acetone, Butanol

Bacteria are used to make food Pickles, buttermilk, cheese, sauerkraut, olives, vinegar,

sourdough bread, beer, wine

Bacteria cause disease Produce toxins (Clostridium botulinum) Metabolize their host (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

History of Microbiology• 1664: Robert Hooke - microscope• 1684: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - microorganisms• 1798: Edward Jenner - smallpox vaccination• 1864: Louis Pasteur - spontaneous generation• 1884: Robert Koch - Koch’s postulates• 1889: Martinus Beijerink - concept of virus• 1929: Alexander Fleming - discovery of penicillin• 1977: Carl Woese - discovery of Archaea• 1981: First reports of AIDS• 1983: Luc Montagnier - discovery of HIV• 1995: Craig Venter - complete genome sequence