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Todays Agenda
How to avoid plagiarism in academicwriting
Harvard referencing stylePractice exercises
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How to Avoid Plagiarism inAcademic Writing?
M odified and Presented by:Gautam Chapagain
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W hat is plagiarism?
Academic misconduct
Presenting other peoples workas if it were your ownCheating and Deceiving
It is a form of intellectual property theft.
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K eywords Associated W ith
PlagiarismCheating
Academic dishonesty
Copying and pasting
Intellectual property theft
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Academic Honesty
Academic honesty involves :
Clearly articulating our own ideas
Giving credit to the sources of information we drawfrom
Accurately documenting those sources
Presenting research materials in a fair and truthfulway
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Using specific information from a particular source without referencing it
Paraphrasing information without citing
Using direct quotations without citing theauthor
(Taken from the Office of Judicial Affairs Flier)
W hat is meant by stealing someonesidea?
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How to give credit to sources?
Putting others words in quotation marks
Citing your source(s)
Giving citations when using others ideas, evenif those ideas are paraphrased in your own
words, unless such information is recognized ascommon knowledge
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U nintentional vs IntentionalPlagiarism
Internet plagiarism (Cyberplagiarism)
Can take various forms:
Downloading or ordering papers from theweb/commercial papermills, which are often of poor quality, and research could be outdated etc.
Copying and pasting pictorial representations or
works of art, facts, statistics, graphs, or phrasesfrom the web or an electronic database &submitting it as your own
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U nintentional vs Intentional Plagiarism
Copying and pasting either text or graphics
Collaborating on a graded assignment withoutthe instructors approval
Turning in the same paper to two classes unless
permission is granted by both instructors
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U nintentional vs Intentional Plagiarism
Summarizing/paraphrasing without proper documentation
Submitting another students work previouslygraded in another course or the same course.
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W ays to Avoid Plagiarism
ParaphrasingSummarizing
Quoting
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Paraphrasing
Clarify difficult material by using simpler language,
Use another writers idea but not his or her exact words,Create a consistent tone for your paper as a whole, or Interact with a point that your source hasmade.
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How to Paraphrase
State the idea in your words.Use about the same number of words as
the original source.Give a citation.
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Summarizing
Convey ideas efficiently by reporting awriters main idea
most important give your support toideas
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How to Summarize
State the idea in your own words.Use fewer words than the original source.
Cite the source.
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Quotations
To retain the beauty or clarity of someones words
To reveal how the reasoning in a specificpassage is flawed or insightful. or To discuss the implications of the quotedmaterial.
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How to Quote
Use the exact wording and punctuation of the original source.
Enclose the passage in quotation marks.Cite the source.
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How to use a sourceQuote: repeat exact words (written or spoken)
as evidence, illustration, cant possibly say it better
Summarise: give shortened version of original(written or spoken)to give background information
Paraphrase: present original (written or spoken)
in your own wordswh en original idea is more important t h an original w ording, to avoid direct quotes, to demonstrate your understanding of t h e issue
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Adopted from Student Learning Advisory Service (University of K ent)
Giving References
in the Harvard Style
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W hy do you need to Reference?
To develop good academic practiceTo show which ideas are not your own
To demonstrate your reading/researchTo demonstrate understanding of the topicTo let the reader know where the facts and
ideas have come fromTo allow tutor to check detailsTo avoid the charge of Plagiarism!
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W hat to Reference ?
Basically, everything in detail..
Books, articles, ideas & concepts,audio-visualmaterial, performance media/art, statistics/data,lectures, student work (including your own),designs, plans, interviews/questionnaires
Primary sources (books, journals, newspapers,websites, TV, film, novel, report, etc.)
Secondary sources ( review, analysis, critiqueevaluation of primary sources )
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Always Give a Reference!
Show clearly, for the benefit of the reader, the sourceof the material you have studied and.
quotedparaphrasedsummarised
analysed
This is simply normal professional academic practice
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Elements of Referencing
Style or format depends on conventions, butyou will al w ays need information about:
author date of publicationplace of publication
publisher full titlePAGE numbers
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Elements of Referencing
Since you know you w ill need this information ALW AYS keep detailed notes as you
research your assignment topic
Author, date, title, publisher, page numbers
Trying to retrace this information can be very time-consuming and frustrating.
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R eferencing Styles
Author DateAPA (psychology)
M LA (languages)Harvard (social sciences)
FootnotesM HRA (humanities)OSCOLA (law)
Chicago (Politics/IR)
www.kent.ac.uk/uelt/ai
NumberedIEEE (computing &
electronics)
Vancouver (biomedical)
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Harvard Style (Author-Date)
In text:Under the states of emergency, however, the policedetained many labour leaders, and in February 1988Cosatu was prohibited from engaging in politicalactivities (Baskin, 1991).
In bibliography:Baskin J. (1991) S triking Back: A History of Cosatu
(Johannesburg: Ravan)
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Harvard Style (Author-Date)Basic approach two components:1. Short reference in brackets in main body of text:
- Authors name- Date of publication- (sometimes!) Page numberse.g. (Bloggs, 2003), pp.21-35
2. Alphabetical bibliography or reference list giving:- Authors name, Date of publication, full title, place of
publication, and publisher e.g Bloggs, G. (2003) F ig h ting Toot h and Nail ,
Chatham, M edway University Press
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Harvard Style (Author-Date)There are several variations:
Journal articles- Author, date, title, Journal, volume, issue number, page(s)
Chapters in edited book- Author, date, title, in editors, book, place, publisher, pages
W eb articles- Author, date, title [Internet], place, publisher, available
from [web address] accessed on [date]
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Harvard Style (Author-Date)So:
Journal articlesK aplan, J (2008). Historical Changes. E ducational Psyc h ologist . 42 (6), pp.536-9
Chapters in an edited bookCrane, A (1991) How Biochemistry Changes inW .Hudson & C. French (eds) Living Bioc h emistry.Massac h usetts M IT Press, pp.80-83
W eb articlesBBC (2009) Netanyahu to form Israel cabinet [Internet]http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7901486.stmaccessed 20/02/09
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Harvard Style (Author-Date)Other important conventions include:
If the author is already named in text, give date onlye.g. In text: Bloggs argues that blue is green (1998)
In list: Bloggs, J. (1998) Colours , etc.M ultiple authors: In text - up to three name them all
- more than 3, first three, then et ale.g. In text: (Smith, Bloggs & Jones, 2004)
In list: Smith, A. Bloggs, J. & Jones, W . (2004)
or In text (Smith, Bloggs & Jones, et al, 2007)In list: Smith, A. Bloggs, J. Jones, W . & Old, M . (2004)
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Harvard Style (Author-Date)Other important conventions include:
M ultiple publications in same year by same author:e.g. In text: (Bloggs, 2002a)
In list: Bloggs, J. (2002a) R ainbo w World . etc.(2002b) Painting R eality . etc.
(2002c) Pictures in Words . etc.M ultiple sources for similar ideas, evidence, data:
e.g. In text: It has been suggested (Jones, 1994, Bloggs 2003)In list: Both authors/books need full entries
Date of publication unknown:e.g. In text: (Bloggs, no date)
In list: Bloggs, J. (no date), W h at a w onderful w orld .. etc.
Secondary referencing: (Bloggs, 2008, cited in Jones, 2001)In list: only cite books you have actually read (in this case, Bloggs).
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References or Bibliography ?
1.List of references : only material cited inessay
2.Bibliography : all works used (even if notcited)
Place both at the end of an essayBegin each source on a new line
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W hat should I include in areference?
That depends! See the table below:
Author Year of publicati
on
Title of article /
chapter
Title of publicati
on
Issueinformati
on
Place of publicati
on
Publisher Edition Pagenumber(
s )
URL Dateaccesse
d
Book
Chapter
Journalarticle
Officialdoc
Internetsite
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Alphabetical ListingRE FERE NC E S
Asness, C. (1997), The interaction of value and momentum strategies. F inancial Analysts Journal , (M arch/April): 29-36.Basu, S. (1973) "Investment performance of common stocks in relation to their priceearning ratios: A test of efficient market hypothesis," Journal of F inance , 1963, 221-
231.Black, F. (1993) Beta and return, Journal of Portfolio Management , Fall 1993, 8-18.Capaul, C., Rowley, I. and W . F. Sharpe (1993) International value and growth stockreturns, F inancial Analysts Journal , 27-36.Chan, L. K .C., Jegadeesh, N. and J. Lakonishok (1996), " M omentum strategies,"Journal of F inance , 1681-1713.
Fama, E. (1970) "Efficient capital market: A review of theory and empirical work,"Journal of F inance , 383-417.Jegadeesh, N. and S. Titman (1993), Returns to buying winners and selling losers:Implications for Stock M arket Efficiency. Journal of F inance , 65-91.K ahneman, D. and A. Tversky (1986) "Choices, values, and frames," AmericanPsyc h ologist , 341-350
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Checking your understanding-books
Look at the reference elements belowand put them into the correct order:
Handbook of Diabetes / W illiams, G/Blackwell Publishing/ 3 rd ed/ Pickup, J.C./
(2004)/ and/ Oxford
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Did you get it right?W illiams, G. and Pickup, J.C. (2004) Handbook of F inance. 3 rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
L ook closely at the punctuation and italics.
W illiams , G. and Pickup , J .C. (2004 ) Handbook of F inance . 3 rd ed . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing .
(hypothetical example)
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Now, put the correct punctuationinto the reference below
These are the missing punctuation marks:
: : . . . . , , ( )
Seedhouse D 2004 Healt h Promotion P h ilosop h y Prejudice and Practice 2nd edn Chichester W iley
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W ere you correct?Seedhouse, D. (2004) Healt h Promotion: P h ilosop h y,Prejudice and Practice. 2nd edn. Chichester: W iley.
Now try the practice exercises on the followingpage.
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W rite a reference for this chapter and journal article
For a chapter Fund management(1999)
F oundations of Management PracticeM acmillanChambers, N.pp. 240-266BasingstokeHogston, R. andSimpson, P. M . (eds)in
For a journal articleLearning S tandard Roberts, D.Learning experiences of
international students20 (36)(2006)pp. 41-45
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Now, check your answersChapter Chambers, N. (1999) Fund management, in Hogston, R.and Simpson, P. M . (eds) F oundations of Management Practice.Basingstoke: M acmillan, pp. 240-266.
J ournal articleRoberts, D. (2006) Learning experiences of international students,
Learning S tandard, 20 (36), pp. 41-45.
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W rite a reference for this officialdocument and internet site
DocumentCompre h ensive Critical Care: a revie w of adult Care servicesDepartment of Health(2000)LondonDepartment of Health
Publications
Internet sitewww.ash.org.uk/html/factsheets/basic01.htm(2005)
Action on Smoking andHealth(Accessed: 5 June 2006)Available at:Basic F acts One:S moking S tatistics
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Bibliography
Harris R., A.(2001) T h e plagiarism Handbook: S trategiesfor Preventing, Detecting and dealing w it h Plagiarism .Los Angeles: Pyrczak.
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2005) Cite t h em R ig h t: t h eE ssential Guide to R eferencing and Plagiarism . 2nd ed.Newcastle: Pear Tree Books.