Download - Ancient Rome
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Ancient RomeStarts and ends with Romulus
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Roman Geography Rome – in Italian Peninsula
› Near Mediterranean Sea› Apennines Mountain crosses the Italian
Peninsula› Alps divided Rome from rest of Europe› Less bad lands than Greece, many rivers –
easy transport, tie the country easily
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Natural Advantages City hills – defensive Tiber River, near port
› Shallow, small boat pass› Fast, large boat can’t pass – no attack!
Tiber Valley – near trade route
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MonarchyNot Republic yet
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Legend…… Romulus and Remus, twins of Mars
(God of War) Uncle threw them to Tiber She-Wolf save them Found Rome – Romulus kills Remus
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First Roman Settlement – 800 B.C.Built villages formed city
Tiny Rome!
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Monarchy of Rome Kings had power Allow Rome to grow Old Boy aristocrat – Senate, advised
king
Senate comes from Latin senex, meaning ‘Old Man’
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Transition to republic Aristocrats were getting disappointed
about Monarchy Tarquin the Proud did bad things to
people› Leaders overthrew Tarquin the Proud,
commenced Roman Republic
Republic comes from Latin of res publica, meaning public thing/business
Thus, marks the start of Roman Republic, where all free adult
male had privilege of being in government
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Cultural Diffusion Before Roman settlement, there were
people already› Borrowed their culture
With Greece› Borrowed Greece legends – Greek Myth
Zeus JupiterAthena MinervaHera Juno
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Etruscans Most powerful of Italy then Lived in north of Latium As trading, learned many things
(Greek, Phoenicians) Had their own alphabet – Rome adopt it
› Latin
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Military Also example of cultural diffusion Loss of war with Samnite
› Decided to use Samnite’s military, maniples Legion – 4,500 – 5,000 soldiers Maniples – broke from Legions (60 – 160
soldiers) Short sword - gladius
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Roman Republic“it was impossible even for native pronounce with certainty whether the whole system was aristocratic, democratic, or monarchical.”- Ancient historian Polybius
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Ancient Roman Constitution Not written
› Based on custom & Tradition Government organized it
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Separation of Power When monarchy ended, didn’t want
any to have whole power› Worked for 500 years
۩ To learn more about Roman Separation of Power……
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I. Veto it! There were two consuls
› Consuls were top leaders› Both consuls has to agree!
They can veto things Veto means “I forbid” in Latin
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II. Assemblies Democratic Part Citizens (All free adult males) Pass law, elect Magistrates
Rich people’s votes count more than poor’s
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III. The Senate Oligarchic Wealthy, government money, pass law,
control foreign policy Not represent people – guide state Chosen by official named censor Advised others – Rich, old people
thought smarter than others
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IV. Magistrates Power of high officials – like monarch Wealthy, ancestors was high officials Elite family? Politics – essential Moved from low to high
› Race of honor
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Lower Officials Quaestors
› State’s Money› Help higher
Good at quaestors? Can be elected at aedile Aedile hold festival
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Tribunes of the Plebs Plebians – before becoming higher
officials, become tribunes Protect plebs Can veto laws Had huge amount of power Not allowed go harm them/stop them
from doing job
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Praetors After aedile/tribune Judge case Manage city “Rome” Lead military
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Consuls After praetor, can become two consuls Top officials Looked over senate, assembly, highest
judges
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Visible Symbols Consuls & Praetors
› Special toga› Lictor guarded› Sat on ivory chairs
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V. Checks & Balances – Yes, we still do it today
Consuls Veto Assembly – by the Senate and
Magistrates Magistrates – by Assembly and the
Senate The Senate – by Assembly and
Magistrates
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Diff
erences – U.S. VS
Rome
Roman Republic
U.S.
Only free man could vote Slavery Direct Democracy Constitution non written
All American – as long as 18 or above can vote
No slavery Representative Democracy Constitution written
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Similarities – U.S. and Rome There is senate Check & Balance President veto law as tribunes of plebs Rule of Law – law applies to everyone
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Dictators Senate choose dictator on emergency Held absolute power, but only for 6
months Cincinnatus – famous dictator
› Chosen as dictator, quickly defeat› After that, did what he usually did -
farming
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Paterfamilias Oldest of the family has house’s power Father can even kill their family
› Power was forbidden by tradition Women was active in society, can own
things› Can’t have offices, can’t vote
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Slaves 40% of population! No right, but keep money, own
property Could be killed Worked in mines, housework, teachers,
secretaries Spartacus fought against Rome in 70
B.C.› Crucified
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Punic Wars 3 wars – Carthage & Rome Hannibal – on 2nd war, came over Alps
› Unexpectedly attack and win› 204 B.C., General Scipio attack Carthage
Defeat Carthage HannibalScipio
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Senator CatoSpeech
Economy…………Furthermore, it is my opinion that Carthage must
be destroyed.
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Carthage ends 146 B.C. – Carthage is destroyed by
Rome› Carthage people were sold to slavery› Now, Rome owned more than one territory
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Downfall of Republic – 1I. People breaks rule
a. Magistrates become wealthy by stealingb. Politicians use money to get elected
II. Poora. Tenant loose job as there are slaves from
other territory– Government decides to give poor meals– 123 B.C., Tiberius Gracchus tried to give
land to poor, killed by enemies
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Downfall of Republic – 2 III. Military gets power
– Gaius Marius, Consul, allowed poor people to join army
• Before, only who has money for weapon could join
• Poor to get successful afterwards, loyal to military general than Rome
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Rich VS PoorRich
Poor
Large farm, tenant & slaves farm Two story villa with gardens, etc., water Political
As written, many farm for rich Disease, fire common house, no water Other than tenant, construct, stores,
taverns, restaurants
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Downfall of Republic – 3 IV. Civil Wars
› Marius VS Sulla, Sulla won, became dictator for a year
› Pompey & Senate VS Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar wins, became dictator for life Who Was Julius Caesar?
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Who Was Julius Caesar? At first, worked with
Pompey, never cared about law & customs
Later, they had war› Julius Caesar
crossed Rubicon with army (illegal)
› Won, died in Ides of March (15th of March), 44 B.C.
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Republic Ends Octavian, Caesar’s supporter &
Stepson, has war with people who killed Caesar› Victory
Also has war with Mark Antony & Cleopatra› Victory
Starts Empire, titled Augustus, which means “greatly honored one”› Titled also used for later emperor
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Roman EmpireWas empire before, if they had emperor
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Roman Empire – Culture (I) Art
› Mosaic› Greek Gods
Look like real people› Greek showed young, beautiful people,
Roman showed real life
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Roman Empire – Culture (II) Latin
› Not used today, but influenced other languages – Romance languages Romance languages – French, Spanish,
Portuguese, Italian, etc.› Words such as etc., et al, educate, and
more comes from Latin› Catholic use Latin
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Speeches Cicero was good at it(Roman Republic) Cicero was example for later
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Poetry Virgil (Roman Republic) wrote Aeneid,
based on Iliad & Odyssey Hoarce (Republic to Empire) wrote
Odes, about love, advises, etc. Ovid (Republic to Empire) wrote verses
about mythy
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Satire & Philosophy Satire
› Entertainment, making fun of government Philosophy
› Seneca developed from Greek› Stoic Philosophy
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Science & Medicine Claudius Ptolemy in Egypt (Roman
Empire)› Astronomer & Mathematician
Wrote Almagest (influenced until 1400, when proved wrong)
Claudius Galen studied with animals› Found out that arteries & vein carry blood
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Gladiators Hosted even before Rome Fought until one died First for funeral, later only for
entertainments Winners were freed from slavery Sometimes with teams, boats, or
animals
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Gladiatorial Games Pictures
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Chariot Races Location: Circus
Maximus 270,000 people
could watch People often died
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Law of Roman Empire Twelve Tables
› Early period no written, but in 400s B.C., wrote a law called Twelve Tables
Influences› Civil Law as in France, Spain, Portugal,
Mexico, Brazil, Louisiana, U.S.
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Pax Romana 30 B.C. – 180 A.D. Period of Roman Peace where 65
million people were in steady place
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Rome starts to fall Pax Romana ended when Marcus
Aurelius die and his son on throne From 100s A.D., military leaders fought
to become emperor There wasn’t no peace (I agree, double
negative)
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Peace No.1 Septimius Severus gained power after
civil war› Septimius Severus knew that military liked
him, so he is on power He knew it wasn’t people who liked him Severus listened to military, but not to his
man› Didn’t challenge to Senate (Emperors who
preceded him did it ) Emperor afterward - fail
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Imperial Crisis - Economy Economy
› Wars cost a lot Gave more money to military Money come from tax Trade hurts
› Money with less gold – merchants recognized – raise cost, inflation
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Peace No.2 Diocletian made Rome more stable
› Organized government› Treated Christians badly
Thought Christians caused problem for Rome› Chose co-emperor to manage large Roman
Empire (East Diocletian, West co-emperor)› Chose Junior Emperor to get the throne
Didn’t work that way, though
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Peace No. 3 Constantinople wasn’t Junior emperor
but got the throne by civil war Built Constantinople in Byzantium Converted to Christian
› Legend says after fighting under cross and getting the victory in his dream
Built Hagia Sophia
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Imperial Crisis – Invasion! (I)
(Before Invasion) (Invasion starts) (Middle and end of invasion) Rome’s enemy – more and more
dangerousa. Took long time to tell emperor about itb. Hard for military to attack quickly
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Imperial Crisis – Invasion (II) Persian – Sassanian Persian emperor
Shapur I captured Valerian Roman Empire
Huns- One of the most fearsome, use spear in horseback
Goth – Adopted in Rome
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Imperial Crisis – Invasion Type
Germanic Invasion› Frank, Vandal, Goth› Settled there – Because thought Rome was
good place to live in› Adopted Greco – Roman
Adopted in Rome
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Fine Invasion of the West – I Huns
› Attila as the leader, however defeated Huns were still dangerous
Germanic› Goth tried to find place to hide from Huns
Thus, Rome attack Goth, Goth defeat Rome (Battle of Adrianople)
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Fine Invasion of the west – II Rome tried mercenaries
› Gave tribes money, fight for money not country
› Sometimes turn away Goth (410), Vandal (455), General
Odoacer (476) captured Rome Odoacer threw Romulus Augustus out
of throne
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Byzantine Empire (East) continued for
1000 years