![Page 1: Airfoil Design for Mars Aircraft Using Modified PARSEC Geometry Representation](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020105/559652831a28abc9598b461c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Airfoil Design for Mars AircraftUsing Modified PARSEC Geometry Representation
Masahiro KanazakiTokyo Metropolitan University
Tomoyoshi YotsuyaTokyo Metropolitan University
Kisa MatsushimaUniversity of Toyama
![Page 2: Airfoil Design for Mars Aircraft Using Modified PARSEC Geometry Representation](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020105/559652831a28abc9598b461c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Contents Background Objectives Design methods Airfoil representation by modified PARSEC method Evaluation by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) Design optimization by genetic algorithm (GA) Knowledge discovery by scatter plot matrix (SPM)
Formulation ResultsMaximization result of maximum lift to drag ratio (t/c=0.07c, 0.10c) Visualization result by Parallel Coordinate Plot (PCP)
Conclusions
2
![Page 3: Airfoil Design for Mars Aircraft Using Modified PARSEC Geometry Representation](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020105/559652831a28abc9598b461c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Background1Image of MELOS
3
”Mars airplane” is proposed as a part of the MELOS.
Technical challenges Propulsion Aerodynamic design Structure
・What kind of airfoil/wing geometry achieves higher performance?・Ishii airfoil is one of the promising design.
![Page 4: Airfoil Design for Mars Aircraft Using Modified PARSEC Geometry Representation](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020105/559652831a28abc9598b461c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Difficulty of flight in the Martian atmosphere
1/3 gravity of the earth → Required lift is 1/3. 1% density of the earth → Lift is required to be
hundredfold increased.
3/4 speed of sound → Compressibility should be considered even for relative slow flight.
Background2 4
gravity[m/s2]
density[kg/m3]
Viscosity[10-5Pa・s]
Sonic speed[m/s]
atmospheric constituent
The Earth 9.8 1.17 1.86 345 N2,O2
The Mars 3.2 0.0118 1.36 258 CO2
⇒ Lift of the Mars-airplane have to be about 33rd times lift as much as that of the Earth-airplane.
Knowledge has to be acquired for unknown design problem. Efficient design method is required for Mars-airplane design.
![Page 5: Airfoil Design for Mars Aircraft Using Modified PARSEC Geometry Representation](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020105/559652831a28abc9598b461c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Background3Airfoil representations for unknown design problemB-spline curve, NURBS
Good for use in CAD softwareNot good for use with data mining
PARSEC(PARametric SECtion) method*
5
*Sobieczky, H., “Parametric Airfoils and Wings,” Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics, pp. 71-88, Vieweg 1998.
Parameterization geometrical character based on knowledge of transonic flowSeparately definition upper surface
and lower surfaceEasy to introduce automated design
method such as genetic algorithmAerodynamic performances can be
explained based on design variables.A few geometrical parameters around the
leading-edge
![Page 6: Airfoil Design for Mars Aircraft Using Modified PARSEC Geometry Representation](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020105/559652831a28abc9598b461c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Background4
Modification of PARSEC representation** Separately defined thickness distribution and camber
This definition is in theory of wing section Successful representation of supersonic airfoil Maintain the beneficial feature of original PARSEC
A few numbers of design variablesAerodynamic performances can be explained by design
variables.
6
** K. Matsushima, Application of PARSEC Geometry Representation to High-Fidelity Aircraft Design by CFD, proceedings of 5th WCCM/ ECCOMAS2008, Venice, CAS1.8-4 (MS106), 2008.
![Page 7: Airfoil Design for Mars Aircraft Using Modified PARSEC Geometry Representation](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020105/559652831a28abc9598b461c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Objectives
Design exploration of airfoil for Mars-airplane using modified PARSEC airfoil representationDesign exploration using CFD and GASelection of promising designs and
comparisons of their performances with baseline (Ishii airfoil)Knowledge discovery by means of PCP
7
![Page 8: Airfoil Design for Mars Aircraft Using Modified PARSEC Geometry Representation](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020105/559652831a28abc9598b461c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Design methods1 Airfoil representation by modified PARSEC method Designed by thickness distribution and camber . The leading edge radius center is always on the camber.
The thickness distribution is same as symmetrical airfoil by PARSEC. The camber is defined by a quintic equation. By adding the root term for root camber, the design performance of the
leading-edge is improved. Number of design variables is 12.
8
+
2126
1
n
xazn
nt
5
10
n
nnc xbxbz
CamberThickness
![Page 9: Airfoil Design for Mars Aircraft Using Modified PARSEC Geometry Representation](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020105/559652831a28abc9598b461c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Design method2Evaluation by CFDTwo dimensional Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes flow
solver (RANS)
Time integration : LU-SGS implicit methodFlux evaluation : Third-order-accuracy upwind differential
scheme with MUSCL method Turbulent model : Baldwin-Lomax model
Grid : C-H type structured gridGrid size: 11,651 points
9
Computational grid
0
ndsFQdVt
![Page 10: Airfoil Design for Mars Aircraft Using Modified PARSEC Geometry Representation](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020105/559652831a28abc9598b461c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10Design method3 Genetic algorithm (GA)
Global optimization Inspired by evolution of life Selection, crossover, mutation
Parallel Coordinate Plot (PCP) For the design problem
visualization One of statistical visualization
techniques from high-dimensional data into two dimensional graph
Normalized design variables and objective functions are set parallel in the normalized axis
![Page 11: Airfoil Design for Mars Aircraft Using Modified PARSEC Geometry Representation](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020105/559652831a28abc9598b461c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Formulation1Design problem (Single objective)
Maximize maximum L/Dsubject to t/c=target t/c (t/c=0.07c, 0.10c)
Computational condition Martian atmosphere Density=0.0118kg/m3
Temperature=241.0KSpeed of sound=258.0m/s
Free streamVelocity=60m/s
Reynolds number:208,235.3Mach number:0.233
![Page 12: Airfoil Design for Mars Aircraft Using Modified PARSEC Geometry Representation](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020105/559652831a28abc9598b461c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Formulation2Design space
0.35 for t/c=0.07c0.50 for t/c=0.10c
![Page 13: Airfoil Design for Mars Aircraft Using Modified PARSEC Geometry Representation](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020105/559652831a28abc9598b461c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Result1Convergence history of GA exploration
13
t/c=0.07c t/c=0.10c
t007c-1t007c-2
t010c-1t010c-2
Best design in this generation
Worst design in this generation
Population size: 20 15 generations for t/c=0.07c,11 generations for t/c=0.10c (in progress) In each case, solutions are almost converged. (Maximum l/d 45, and 38,
respectively.) Four promising solutions are picked up.
![Page 14: Airfoil Design for Mars Aircraft Using Modified PARSEC Geometry Representation](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020105/559652831a28abc9598b461c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Result2α vs. l/d
14
t0.07c-1 and -2 achieve better performance than baseline. t0.10c-1/-2 achieve almost same maximum l/d, and better
performance at not design point.
![Page 15: Airfoil Design for Mars Aircraft Using Modified PARSEC Geometry Representation](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020105/559652831a28abc9598b461c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Result3α vs. Cl
15
t0.07c-1, -2, t0.10c-1, and -2 achieve similar Cl-AoA. l/d is improved because of higher Cl.
![Page 16: Airfoil Design for Mars Aircraft Using Modified PARSEC Geometry Representation](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020105/559652831a28abc9598b461c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Result4α vs. Cd
16
In t=0.07c design, drag was increased 5% compared with baseline. In t=0.10c design, drag was increased 10% compared with baseline. Drag minimization also have to be considered for next step.
![Page 17: Airfoil Design for Mars Aircraft Using Modified PARSEC Geometry Representation](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020105/559652831a28abc9598b461c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Result5Geometry and flowfield (t/c=0.07c)
17
Baseline (AoA=4.0deg.)
t007c-1(AoA=2.9deg.)
Cp distributions when the airfoil achieves maximum l/d obtained from t007c case
Thickness distribution is similar to baseline. LE radiuses of t007c-1/-2 are smaller than
that of baseline. Cambers of t007c-1/-2 are larger than that
of baseline. Pressure recoveries on the upper surfaces
of t007c-1/-2 are relaxed.
t007c-2(AoA=3.0deg.)
![Page 18: Airfoil Design for Mars Aircraft Using Modified PARSEC Geometry Representation](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020105/559652831a28abc9598b461c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Result6Geometry and flowfield (t/c=0.07c)
18
Baseline (AoA=4.0deg.)
Cp distributions when the airfoil achieves maximum l/d obtained from t010c case.
LE radiuses of t007c-1/-2 are smaller than that of baseline.
Cambers of t007c-1/-2 are larger than that of baseline.
Pressure recoveries on the upper surfaces of t010c-1/-2 are also relatively relaxed.
t010c-1(AoA=3.2deg.) t010c-2(AoA=3.3deg.)
![Page 19: Airfoil Design for Mars Aircraft Using Modified PARSEC Geometry Representation](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020105/559652831a28abc9598b461c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Result7 Comparison of parameters among solutions and baseline Modified PARSEC represents Ishii like airfoil by parameter
identification.
t007c-1 t007c-2 t010c-1 t010c-2 Ishii like airfoildv1 LE radius (rle) 0.0040 0.0042 0.0042 0.0053 0.0086
dv2 x-coord. of maximumthickness (xt) 0.2891 0.2891 0.3322 0.3333 0.2000
dv3 z-coord. of maximumthickness (zt) 0.0350 0.0350 0.0500 0.0500 0.0350
dv4curvature at maximumthickness (zxxt) -0.5275 -0.5276 -0.5837 -0.5841 -0.4600
dv5 angle of TE (βte) 7.9650 7.9649 8.7658 8.7707 5.0000dv6 camber radius at LE (rc) 0.0024 0.0024 0.0033 0.0023 0.0016
dv7x-coord. of maximum camber(xc) 0.3276 0.3244 0.3124 0.3123 0.5200
dv8 z-coord. of maximum camber(zc) 0.0352 0.0332 0.0375 0.0379 0.0200
dv9 curvature at maximum camber(zxxc) -0.0269 -0.0212 -0.0049 -0.0077 -0.2500
dv10 z-coordinate of TE (zte) -0.0045 -0.0087 -0.0007 -0.0008 0.0000dv11 angle of camber at TE (αte) 9.3007 9.1802 10.2644 11.2638 4.5000
LE radius small・x coordinate (dv7) of maximum camber comes up to LE.・ LE camber (dv6), maximum camber,(dv8) and TE camber (dv11) tend to be large.
![Page 20: Airfoil Design for Mars Aircraft Using Modified PARSEC Geometry Representation](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020105/559652831a28abc9598b461c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Result8Visualization of design problem (t/c=0.07c)
20
l/d>43.0
All solutions obtained by GA
Pick up individuals which achieve better L/D than 43.0
Baseline
![Page 21: Airfoil Design for Mars Aircraft Using Modified PARSEC Geometry Representation](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020105/559652831a28abc9598b461c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Result8Visualization of design problem (t/c=0.07c)
21
l/d>43.0
Baseline
To obtain better maximum l/d, Smaller LE radius (dv1), and curvature (dv4) Closer maximum camber position xc (dv7) to LE Larger angle of TE (dv5) Larger curvature maximum camber (dv9) Larger camber angle at TE (dv11) Almost same thickness at 25% chord and 75%
cord compared with baseline
![Page 22: Airfoil Design for Mars Aircraft Using Modified PARSEC Geometry Representation](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020105/559652831a28abc9598b461c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Result9Visualization of design problem (t/c=0.10c)
22
All solutions obtained by GA
l/d>4370
Pick up individuals which achieve better L/D than 37.0
Baseline
![Page 23: Airfoil Design for Mars Aircraft Using Modified PARSEC Geometry Representation](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020105/559652831a28abc9598b461c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Result9Visualization of design problem (t/c=0.07c)
23
l/d>37.0To obtain better maximum l/d, Smaller LE radius (dv1), and curvature (dv4) Closer maximum camber position xc (dv7) to LE Larger angle of TE (dv5) Larger curvature maximum camber (dv9) Larger camber angle at TE (dv11) Almost same thickness at 25% chord and 75%
cord compared with baseline
![Page 24: Airfoil Design for Mars Aircraft Using Modified PARSEC Geometry Representation](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020105/559652831a28abc9598b461c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Result10Comparison between two cases (t/c=0.07c and t/c=0.10c)
24
Almost same design variables (except for thickness) showed better objective function compared with two cases.
Green: t/c=0.07Purple: t/c=0.10
t010c-1
t007c-1
![Page 25: Airfoil Design for Mars Aircraft Using Modified PARSEC Geometry Representation](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020105/559652831a28abc9598b461c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Conclusions Design exploration of airfoil for Mars-airplane
Design optimization using CFD and GA Selections of promising designs and investigations of their
performances Improvement of maximum l/d in t/c=7% case Acquirements of airfoils which achieves relaxed pressure recovery on
the upper surfaceHigher Cl, but higher Cd than baseline
Knowledge discovery by means of ANOVA and SPM to obtain better maximum l/d Smaller LE radius, and uppersurface curvatureCloser maximum camber position xc to LE Larger angle of TE Larger curvature maximum camber Larger camber angle at TE
Further study: Consideration of Cd minimization
25
![Page 26: Airfoil Design for Mars Aircraft Using Modified PARSEC Geometry Representation](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020105/559652831a28abc9598b461c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Acknowledgement
We thank members of the Mars-airplane working group in ISAS/JAXA for giving their experimental data and their valuable advices.
26
Thank you very much for your kind attention.