Air Quality in Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Nancy Finley, Chief of Resource Management and Science
National Conference of State Legislatures Advisory Council on Energy
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
June 18, 2007
“…conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and wild life therein…as will leave them
unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.” (NPS Organic Act, 1916, Management Policies, 2006)
Great Smoky Mountains National Park was established “for the benefit and
enjoyment of the people”.(Park’s Enabling Legislation in 1926)
““…preserve, protect and enhance the air quality in national parks,…and other areas of special national or regional natural, recreational, scenic, or historic value.”
(Clean Air Act as amended in 1977)
Air Quality in National Parks: Relevant Mandates
“…Congress declares as a national goal the prevention of any future, and the remedying of any existing,
impairment of visibility in mandatory class I Federal areas which impairment results from manmade air pollution.”
(Clean Air Act as amended in 1977)
“…the Federal Land Manager (FLM) should assume an active role in protecting the air quality related values of land areas under their jurisdiction. In cases of doubt the land manager should err on the side of protecting the air quality-related values for future generations.” (Senate Report No. 95-127, 95th Congress, 1977)
Federal Land Manager’s Role
156 Federal Class I Areas
Park - NPS
Refuge - USFWS
Wilderness - USFS
GSMNP
Class I Area DesignationThe Clean Air Act affords the greatest degree of protection for Class I Areas:• National Parks > 6,000 acres in size.
Requires protection of air quality-related values.• Park should be one of the cleanest areas in the U.S.• FLM have the affirmative responsibility, to take an active role,
and err on the side of protection to preserve resources “unimpaired” for future generations;
• FLM have no regulatory authority to control pollution beyond park boundary.
- Advisory Role (PSD/NSR, AQRV’s, RHR, NAAQS, Conformity)
* We are expected to know the condition of the resources through monitoring and research.
Air Quality Goals and Indicators
• Goal: Stable or improving air quality in parks– Reflects legal mandates to preserve, protect and
enhance air quality• Indicators:
– Ozone• Tracks NAAQS – 3-yr average 4th high
– Atmospheric deposition• Annual precipitation-weighted means of sulfate, nitrate, and
ammonium ion concentrations– Visibility
• Best and worst days (90/10%)
• Annual Reporting since 1997– Increasing % of parks meeting goal– Annual goals met
Air Pollution ConcernsMonitoring and research has shown that airborne emissions of sulfur and nitrogen from a variety of sources, both near and far, degrade park resources and causes:
1. Ozone Pollution - public health (respiratory) and forests;
2. Deposition (N, S, Hg) - harms streams and forests;
3. Particle Pollution - impacts public health (pulmonary);
4. Regional Haze - impairs scenic vistas.
Air Pollution “Management”Integrates many factors
Iterative Process:• Emissions
– Inventory, technology, controls
• Atmosphere – Chemistry, meteorology, transpsort
• Air Quality– Concentrations, deposition, visibility
• Effects– Health, aquatic, terrestrial, biological
• Cost-Benefits– $/ton, risk assessment
• Policies & Laws– Clean Air Act, Standards, Legislation,
SIPs
Timing of Changes:• Hours
– Air concentrations, visibility, health (acute)
• Days/Weeks– Deposition, visibility, health (acute),
aquatic (episodic), soil/plant processes.
• Months– Aquatic (episodic), soil/plant processes
• Years– Health (chronic), aquatic (chronic), forest
health
• Decades/Centuries– Health (chronic), aquatic (chronic), forest
health, soil nutrient reserves, materials
REDWOOD
DEATHVALLEY
PETRIFIED FOREST
CRATERS OF THE MOON
CHIRICAHUA
CHAMIZAL
CAPULIN VOLCANO
CANYONLANDS
BUFFALO
GREATBASIN
BIG BEND
BANDELIERDegrading (0.05<p<=0.15)
Degrading (p<=0.05)GILA CLIFF
ORGAN PIPE SAGUARO
BRYCE CANYON
OLYMPIC N. CASCADES
MAMMOTH CAVE
Sulfate in Precipitation
ACADIA
DENALI
WASHINGTON, DC
SHENANDOAH
GREAT SMOKYMTNS
BADLANDS
GLACIERMT RAINIER
GRAND CANYON
YOSEMITE
LASSEN VOLCANIC
CRATER LAKE
PINNACLES
CAPE COD
CONGAREE
COWPENS
EVERGLADES
INDIANA DUNES
JOSHUA TREE
ISLE ROYALE
LITTLE BIGHORN
SEQUOIA
VOYAGEURS
YELLOWSTONE
GUADALUPE MTS
TONTO
ROCKY MOUNTAIN
GREAT SAND DUNES Improving (p<=0.05)
Improving (0.05<p<=0.15)
No Trend
Visibility-Clear Days
Visibility-Hazy Days
Ozone
Nitrate in Precipitation
Air Quality Trends in National Parks, 1996-2005
05/29/2007Ammonium in Precipitation
CHANNEL ISLANDS
T. ROOSEVELT
POINT REYES
No Data / Insufficient Data
FY2006 Annual Performance Report For NPS Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) Air Quality Goal Ia3
Colored boxes indicate the existence of air quality trends during 1996-2005. Dark green and red boxes indicate statistically significant improving or degrading trends at the .05 significance level while the light green and yellow boxes represent similar trends but not statistically significant with probabilities (p values) between 0.05 and 0.15. These last two symbols are included to indicate which parks had trends that would have been considered statistically significant under the procedures used in past years. A significance level of .05 means there is a 5% chance of concluding there was a trend when in fact the change was due to chance.
MESA VERDE
VIRGIN ISLANDS
Global Climate ChangeExamples affecting DOI resources
• Retreat of Arctic sea ice and glaciers worldwide • Increasing ground instability in permafrost regions; changes in Arctic and
Antarctic ecosystems • Earlier spring runoff and decreased summer flows in many rivers; warming
of rivers and lakes in many regions • Changes in algal and zooplankton abundance in high-latitude and high
elevation lakes • Earlier timing of spring events such as greening vegetation, bird migration
and egg-laying • Poleward and upward shifts in ranges of plants and animal species • range changes and earlier migrations of fish in rivers• Warming of ocean temperatures, changes in ocean salinity, and rising sea
levels (about 0.17m), which are contributing to the loss of coastal wetlands
Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007)
Monitoring Air Quality1980-2007
Acid Rain & Mercury Vegetation & Soils
Particles and Visibility mass, chemical composition, Bext
Meteorology winds, temp, RH, rnf, sol
Streams & Fish
Ozone & Trace Gases
SO2, CO, NO-NOy, NH3
• High pressure and frequent air stagnation events;• Sunlight and heat that increases chemical reactivity;• Elevation and topography, higher winds, more clouds;• Rainfall and humidity which enhances deposition & haze;• Organic emissions from trees (isoprene);• Low buffering capacity in streams & acid soils;• Old-growth, slow growing forests (less N demand)
Natural Factors that Predispose Resources“Natural Ingredients”
TNNC
TNNC
15 miles0 5 10
Air Quality Monitoring SitesPrecipitation monitoring stations
Look Rock
Cades CoveClingmans Dome
Purchase Knob
Bryson City
Noland Divide
Cove Mtn
Barnett Knob
Waynesville
Elkmont
HQMt. LeConte
Oconaluftee
Newfound Gap
Twin Creeks
Look Rock2,700 ft
Cove Mountain 4,150 ft
Purchase Knob 4,900 ft
Clingmans Dome 6,670 ft
Cades Cove 1,850 ft
Elkmont 2,100 ft
EmissionsEmissions & & PollutantsPollutants of Concernof Concern
Summer1) NOx + VOC’s + + Heat Ozone =Health, plants
2) NOx Nitrates = Acid Rain, Fine Particles, Haze
3) SO2 Sulfates = Haze, Fine Particles, Acid Rain
Others emissions of concern: mercury, ammonia, carbon
1.
2.
3.
Ground-Level Ozone Pollution”the invisible poisonous form of oxygen”
Concerns with Public Health and Vegetation
Improv ing Trend, p<=0.05
Improv ing Trend, 0.05<p<=0.15
Degrading Trend, 0.05<p<=0.15
Degrading Trend, p<=0.05
No Trend
Trends in 3-Year Average 4th Highest 8-Hour Ozone Concentrations, 1996-2005FY2006 Annual Performance Report for NPS Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA)
12/28/2006
Acadia
Big Bend
Cape Cod
Canyonlands
Chamizal
Chiricahua
Cowpens
Craters of the Moon
Death Valley
Glacier
Great Basin
Grand Canyon
Great Smoky Mtns
Joshua Tree
Lassen Volcanic
Mammoth Cave
Mesa Verde
Mount Rainier
North Cascades
Pinnacles
Rocky Mountain
Saguaro
Sequoia
Shenandoah
Theodore RooseveltVoyageurs
Yellowstone
Yosemite
Fort Bowie
Presidio
Santa Monica Mtns
Muir Woods
Golden Gate
Whiskeytown
Channel Islands
Timucuan
Gulf Islands
Biscayne
Ocmulgee Fort Pulaski
Chatahoochee River
IL & MI Canal
Indiana Dunes
Cumberland Gap
Jean Lafitte
Monocacy
Boston Harbor IslandsSaugus Iron Works
Minute ManSleeping Bear DunesMississippi
Natchez Tr. Pkwy.
Appalachian
Morristown
Petrog lyph
Home Of FDR
Gateway
Saratoga
Blue Ridge Pkwy.
Knife River Indian Villages
Cuyahoga Valley
Allegheny Portage RRValley Forge
San Andres
Palo Alto Battlefield
Big Thicket
Fredericksburg & Spotsylvania
PetersburgRichmond
Manassas
C&O CanalGeo. Wash. Mem. Pkwy.Rock Creek Park
Washington
Prince William
Saint Croix
EisenhowerGettysburg
Ross Lake
George Rogers Clark NHP
Denali
0102030405060
1984
1985
1986
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Number of 8-Hour Ozone ExceedancesGSMNP
# of
day
s
310 exceedances since 1990
Typical Daily Pattern of an Unhealthy Ozone Day - August 23, 1998
0
25
50
75
100
125
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour of the Day
Ozo
ne (p
pb)
GSMNP - RidgesKnoxville
85
Maximum 8-Hour Ozone Design Values for Knoxville & GRSM (3-Yr Avg of the 4th highest 8-Hour Avg: 1991-2006)
65
85
10519
9119
9219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
0020
0120
0220
0320
0420
0520
0620
07
ppb
Great Smoky Mtns NP, TNKnox County, TN
?
Ozone Forecasts & Action Days“Individual Voluntary Tips to Help Lower NOx”
• Drive Less– Take your lunch or walk to nearby restaurant;– Make less trips by combining errands;– Carpool to work or lunch;– Avoid idling vehicle for long periods;– Refuel car and mow grass after 5 pm.
• Conserve Electricity– Set your thermostat at highest comfort level in summer.
Ozone levels below the health standarddamages 30 species of plants by interfering with photosynthesis causing visible leaf injury, growth reductions, and species composition changes.
Ozone-Injured Black Cherry
Ozone-Injured Tall Milkweed and Cut-leaf Coneflower
Ozone Standard vs Seasonal Ozone Great Smoky Mountains National Park(1989-2004)
R2 = 0.7525
65
75
85
95
105
115
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200SUM06 (ppm-hours)
4th
Hig
hest
8-H
r Avg
(ppb
)
8-Hr Ozone NAAQS
2001-2003 Knoxville Design Value, 92 ppb
To protect sensitive vegetation, 73 ppb
Acid DepositionConcerns for Streams, Soils, Fish and Forests
Wet
Dry Cloud
Improv ing Trend, p<=0.05
Improv ing Trend, 0.05<p<=0.15
Degrading Trend, 0.05<p<=0.15
Degrading Trend, p<=0.05
No Trend
GPRA Trends in SO4 Concentrations in PrecipitationLeft Arrow: 2005 Trend Right Arrow: 2006 Trend
Acadia
Bandel ier
Big Bend
Bryce Canyon
Buffalo
Canyonlands
Capul in Volcano
Chiricahua
Craters of the Moon
Everglades
Gila Cl i ff
Glacier
Great Basin
Grand Canyon Great Smoky Mtns
Guadalupe Mtns
Indiana Dunes
Isle Royale (Chassel l )
Li ttle Bighorn
Mesa Verde
Mount Rainier (La Grande)
North CascadesOlympic
Organ Pipe
Rocky Mountain
Shenandoah
Virgin Islands
Yel lowstone
Yosemite
Denal i
“DRY” Sulfate Concentrations
Source: IMPROVE & CASTNet
Higher Sulfate and Emissions
in the East
Sulfur Emissions
“WET” Sulfate Deposition, 2005
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Emissions(AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, TN, VA, WV)
4.8 Million Tons/Year
78%
3%2%
2%
15%
Power PlantsIndustryHighwayAreaNon-Road
Source: 2002 VISTAS Emissions Inventory
Acid Rain in National Parks
05
1015202530
Yello
wsto
neG
lacie
rGr
and
Cany
onBr
yce
Cany
onSe
qoui
aYo
sem
iteRo
cky
Mtn
Big
Bend
Mes
a Ve
rde
Olym
pic
Ever
glad
esAc
adia
Cape
Cod
Shen
ando
ahM
amm
oth
Cave
GRSM
-Elk
mon
t
GRS
M-N
olan
d Di
vide
Dep
ositi
on (k
g/ha
/yr)
SulfateNitrate West East
Source: NADP 1991-2005
Volume Weighted Wet Sulfate Concentrations at GRSM (NADP) vs. Total Annual TVA SO2 Emissions
0.0
0.4
0.7
1.1
1.4
1.8
2.1
2.5
2.819
8019
8119
8219
8319
8419
8519
8619
8719
8819
8919
9019
9119
9219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
0020
0120
0220
0320
0420
05
[SO
4] (m
g/l)
0
225
450
675
900
1,125
1,350
1,575
1,800
SO
2 To
ns (x
1000
)
[SO4]
SO2
Annual Mean Weighted Wet Sulate and Nitrate Concentrations (NADP-TN11 Elkmont)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.519
8119
8219
8319
8419
8519
8619
8819
8919
9019
9119
9219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
9719
9920
0020
0120
0220
0320
0420
05
mg/
l
SulfateNitrate
* CAIR (additional reductions for GRSM by 2015) = 50% S, 48% N
5-Year Trends in pH NADP: GSMNP-Elkmont
4.484.53 4.55
4.59
4.67
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
1980-1985
1986-1990
1991-1995
1996-2000
2001-2005
pH
Improv ing Trend, p<=0.05
Improv ing Trend, 0.05<p<=0.15
Degrading Trend, 0.05<p<=0.15
Degrading Trend, p<=0.05
No Trend
GPRA Trends in NO3 Concentrations in PrecipitationLeft Arrow: 2005 Trend Right Arrow: 2006 Trend
Acadia
Bandel ier
Big Bend
Bryce Canyon
Buffalo
Canyonlands
Capul in Volcano
Chiricahua
Craters of the Moon
Everglades
Gi la Cl i ff
Glacier
Great Basin
Grand CanyonGreat Smoky Mtns
Guadalupe Mtns
Indiana Dunes
Isle Royale (Chassel l)
Li ttle Bighorn
Mesa Verde
Mount Rainier (La Grande)
North CascadesOlympic
Organ Pipe
Rocky Mountain
Shenandoah
Virgin Islands
Yel lowstone
Yosemite
Denal i
Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Emissions (AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, TN, VA, WV)
5.6 Million Tons/Year
16%40%
1%
15%28% Power Plants
IndustryHighwayAreaNon-Road
Source: 2002 VISTAS Emissions Inventory
Nitrogen Deposition
010203040Na
tura
l Lev
els
Targ
et L
oad
Criti
cal L
oad
Smok
ies
Whi
tefa
ce M
tn, N
YDu
ke F
ores
t, NC
Norw
ayOa
k Ri
dge,
TNGa
ines
ville
, FL
Cowe
eta
Lab,
NC
Onta
rio, C
anad
aTh
omps
on, W
A
N (k
g/ha
/yr)
Cloud depositionDry depositionWet deposition
0.55
10
33
Source: Integrated Forest Study, SAMI, NPS
Stream Monitoring Flume in Stream Monitoring Flume in Noland Divide WatershedNoland Divide Watershed
Storm Event: ANC (Noland Divide)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
304 305 306 307Julian Day
Stre
amflo
w, i
n cu
bic
feet
per
sec
ond
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15NE FlowNE ANC
Concentration,in
microequivalents
perliterSource: NPS
Nitrogen SaturationHigh-Elevation Spruce-Fir Forest Nitrogen Saturated - High Risk
Low-Elevation Hardwood ForestNitrogen Limited - Low Risk
High Deposition(33 kg/ha/year)
Low Deposition(8 kg/ha/year)
Low N Retention4 kg
High N Retention~7 kg
High N Loss29 kg
Low N Loss<1 kg
Ca, Al, pH Loss
Source: Integrated Forest Study, ORNL, TVA, NPS 1985-1989
Nitrogen Saturation Effects“Overloaded with too much of a good thing”
Terrestrial Effects:– Alters soil chemistry and fertility;– Decreases soil/plant nutrients (soil calcium loss into streams);– Soil aluminum toxicity in soils (Al:Ca Al:BC ratios);– Forest health concerns (growth and composition).
Aquatic Effects:– Excess nitrate “leaks” into streams;– Lowers stream acid “buffering” capacity (ANC) and pH;– Chronic and episodic acidification;– Release of toxic aluminum into surface waters;– Loss of aquatic diversity and brook trout range and survival.
*Recovery may take decades (excess nitrate to leak out and calcium to increase)
Nitrogen DepositionPercent Reduction in 2020 compared to Deposition in 2001
- GRSM projected to see a 26% reduction in total N deposition
Source: EPA Modeling
Mercury Wet Deposition in Precipitation, 2005
1. Emissions- source-receptor/attribution modeling study
- inventory, trading, controls (e.g. CAMR)
- atmospheric/regulatory modeling (e.g. EPA)
- local/regional contribution, TVA?
2. Monitoring- status and trends – continue wet Hg & MeHg deposition
- air concentrations – Hg gas/particle analyzer year-round
- total park deposition (wet, dry, cloud)
- effectiveness of controls – long-term changes
3. Biological Effects- MeHg bioaccumulation in fish, birds,
bats, salamanders, sediment, water, fungi
- dose-response/ risk assessment
- protection of park resources unimpaired
Working Toward Understanding Mercury in E. TN (TN, NPS, EPA, TVA, UT, ORNL, NPCA, NWF)
Hg ???
VisibilityConcerns with Fine Particles and Haze
“Shaconage”Cherokee word for…”land of blue mist-like smoke”,
…NOT regional haze.
Typical Regional Haze(“View” of the Tennessee Valley from Look Rock)
Improving Trend, p<=0.05
Improving Trend, 0.05<p<=0.15
Degrading Trend, 0.05<p<=0.15
Degrading Trend, p<=0.05
No Trend
Trends in Haze Index (Deciview) on Haziest Days, 1995-2004FY2005 Annual Performance Report for NPS Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA)
Air Quality Goal Ia3
11/22/2005
Acadia
Badlands
Bandel ier
Big Bend
Bryce CanyonCanyonlands
Chiricahua
Crater Lake
Gila Cl i ff
Glacier
Great Basin
Grand CanyonGreat Sand Dunes
Great Smoky Mtns
Guadalupe Mtns
Lassen Volcanic
Mammoth CaveMesa Verde
Mount Rainier
Petri fied Forest
Pinnacles
Redwood
Rocky Mountain
Sequoia
Shenandoah
Tonto
Washington
Yel lowstone
Yosemite
Denal i
1995 - 1999
11-15 miles
Worst in U.S.70-120
miles
Best in U.S.
Visibility on the Haziest Days
Source: IMPROVE
Summer Trends in Sulfur Emissions and Haziness in the Southeastern U.S.
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
2.4
2.8
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980
Mill
ions
of T
ons/
Year
100
200
300
400
500
Haz
ines
s (B
ext m
m-1
)
Sulfur EmissionsHaziness (mm-1)
Photographic Scene Monitoring
Visibility of 150 milesVisibility of 150 miles
Natural Summer Visibility of 77 milesNatural Summer Visibility of 77 miles
Current Current AvgAvg Summer Visibility is 15 MilesSummer Visibility is 15 Miles
Poor Visibility of <3 miles Poor Visibility of <3 miles
Causes of Haze(% contribution of fine particles to summer haze)
Nitrates2%
Soil & Course
1%
Organics 10%
E lemental Carbon
3%
Sulfates84%
Source: IMPROVE 2000-2004 Ammonium associated with sulfate and nitrate
Mixture of particles
collected on filter
0
50
100
150
200
250Ex
tinct
ion
(mm
-1)
CoarseSoilOrganicsECNH4NO3
(NH4)2SO4
Rayleigh
Particle Contribution on 20% Haziest Days - IMPROVE (1998-2001)
Grea
t Sm
oky,
Mtns
, TN
Cape
Rom
ain, S
C
Lye B
rook
e, NH
Acad
ia, M
E
Big
Bend
, TX
Boun
dary
Wat
ers,
MN
Gran
d Ca
nyon
, AZ
Yose
mite
, CA
Sulfates
Nitrates &
Organics
Organics
Source: VISTAS
Sulfates
12
14
16
18
20
22
2419
9019
9119
9219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
0020
0120
0220
0320
04
Trend in Visual Range and Ammonium Sulfate at GSMNP(Look Rock 5-year average of the haziest days)
Visual Range (km)Ammonium Sulfate (ug/m3)
Visu
al R
ange
and
Sul
fate
Where is the Sulfate Coming From?Southeast contributes 65% of GRSM sulfate (from 2010 SO2 EGU sources on 20%
worst visibility summer days in 2002, CAIR included)
Source: Visibility Improvement State and Tribal Association of the Southeast (VISTAS) 2006
AL8% FL
1%GA12%
KY7%
MS1%
NC5%
SC8%
TN13%
WV3%
VA7%
Midwest18%
Other12%
Central3%
Northeast2%
Uniform Rate of Progress Glide PathGreat Smoky Mountains - 20% Worst Days
30.3 29.0
25.922.7
19.5
16.4
13.211.3
23.9
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 2028 2032 2036 2040 2044 2048 2052 2056 2060 2064
Year
Haz
ines
s In
dex
(Dec
ivie
ws)
Glide Path Natural Condition (Worst Days) Observation 2018 Model Prediction
15 miles, 30 dv 77 miles, 11 dv
EPA Regional Haze Rule
30
PM2.5PM10
Hair or grain of sand cross section
PM2.5 Non-attainment Areas(Effective December 17, 2004)
8
15
22PM
2.5,
ug/
m3
1997-1999
1998-2000
1999-2001
2000-2002
2001-2003
2002-2004
2003-2005
Measured 3-Year Annual Average PM2.5 at Loudon County, Knoxville, Maryville and Look Rock, Tennessee
Loudon Knox Maryville Look Rock
Health Standard
?
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
12131415161718192021222324
470090011470930028
470931017 470931020 471450004
Annual meansAnnual PM2.5 Trends in Knoxville Area Monitors
1999 2001 2002 2003 20042000
µg/m3
KnoxBlountKnox
Knox
2005
2006
?
Efforts to Reduce In-Park Emissions
• Cleaner Fuels– Bio-diesel with low NOx additive
• Cleaner Vehicles– Hybrids gas/electric vehicles (Toyota Prius)– Electric utility vehicles in Cades Cove (TVA)– Hybrid propane/electric buses (Clean Cities, DOE, City of Gatlinburg)– Cades Cove transportation opportunities planning
• Cleaner Electricity– Solar-power (park radio, air quality station, hot water heater at SVC)– Green Power Switch (TVA and SCES)
Hybrids SolarBio-diesel
Climate Friendly Parks Program• The main projects underway within the program are:
– A series of on-site Climate Friendly Park Workshops with accompanying Park Action Plans that are EMS compatible.
– A Climate Leadership in Parks Tool (CLIP) that calculates Criteria Air Pollutants (CAP) as well as greenhouse gas emissions (GHG).
– A series of public education and information products about Climate Friendly Parks.
Glacier NP, Zion NP, Everglades NP, Glacier Bay, Gateway NRA, Delaware Water Gap NP and Yosemite have hosted programs.
DOI Approach to Climate Change• DOI Task Force Initiated
(Spring 2007)• Research• Monitoring• Adaptive management
(informed decision process; objectives, alternative actions, model(s) and a monitoring program).
St. Lawrence Tiger Moth
Big-tooth covert snail
On-going Efforts & Solutions• Monitoring – provides status and trends • Research – always room to understand more• Education – increasing public awareness• Partnerships – leveraging resources• Cleaner Operations – vehicles, fuels, electricity