Air Quality in Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Nancy Finley, Chief of Resource Management and Science

National Conference of State Legislatures Advisory Council on Energy

Oak Ridge, Tennessee

June 18, 2007

“…conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and wild life therein…as will leave them

unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.” (NPS Organic Act, 1916, Management Policies, 2006)

Great Smoky Mountains National Park was established “for the benefit and

enjoyment of the people”.(Park’s Enabling Legislation in 1926)

““…preserve, protect and enhance the air quality in national parks,…and other areas of special national or regional natural, recreational, scenic, or historic value.”

(Clean Air Act as amended in 1977)

Air Quality in National Parks: Relevant Mandates

“…Congress declares as a national goal the prevention of any future, and the remedying of any existing,

impairment of visibility in mandatory class I Federal areas which impairment results from manmade air pollution.”

(Clean Air Act as amended in 1977)

“…the Federal Land Manager (FLM) should assume an active role in protecting the air quality related values of land areas under their jurisdiction. In cases of doubt the land manager should err on the side of protecting the air quality-related values for future generations.” (Senate Report No. 95-127, 95th Congress, 1977)

Federal Land Manager’s Role

156 Federal Class I Areas

Park - NPS

Refuge - USFWS

Wilderness - USFS

GSMNP

Class I Area DesignationThe Clean Air Act affords the greatest degree of protection for Class I Areas:• National Parks > 6,000 acres in size.

Requires protection of air quality-related values.• Park should be one of the cleanest areas in the U.S.• FLM have the affirmative responsibility, to take an active role,

and err on the side of protection to preserve resources “unimpaired” for future generations;

• FLM have no regulatory authority to control pollution beyond park boundary.

- Advisory Role (PSD/NSR, AQRV’s, RHR, NAAQS, Conformity)

* We are expected to know the condition of the resources through monitoring and research.

Air Quality Goals and Indicators

• Goal: Stable or improving air quality in parks– Reflects legal mandates to preserve, protect and

enhance air quality• Indicators:

– Ozone• Tracks NAAQS – 3-yr average 4th high

– Atmospheric deposition• Annual precipitation-weighted means of sulfate, nitrate, and

ammonium ion concentrations– Visibility

• Best and worst days (90/10%)

• Annual Reporting since 1997– Increasing % of parks meeting goal– Annual goals met

Air Pollution ConcernsMonitoring and research has shown that airborne emissions of sulfur and nitrogen from a variety of sources, both near and far, degrade park resources and causes:

1. Ozone Pollution - public health (respiratory) and forests;

2. Deposition (N, S, Hg) - harms streams and forests;

3. Particle Pollution - impacts public health (pulmonary);

4. Regional Haze - impairs scenic vistas.

Air Pollution “Management”Integrates many factors

Iterative Process:• Emissions

– Inventory, technology, controls

• Atmosphere – Chemistry, meteorology, transpsort

• Air Quality– Concentrations, deposition, visibility

• Effects– Health, aquatic, terrestrial, biological

• Cost-Benefits– $/ton, risk assessment

• Policies & Laws– Clean Air Act, Standards, Legislation,

SIPs

Timing of Changes:• Hours

– Air concentrations, visibility, health (acute)

• Days/Weeks– Deposition, visibility, health (acute),

aquatic (episodic), soil/plant processes.

• Months– Aquatic (episodic), soil/plant processes

• Years– Health (chronic), aquatic (chronic), forest

health

• Decades/Centuries– Health (chronic), aquatic (chronic), forest

health, soil nutrient reserves, materials

REDWOOD

DEATHVALLEY

PETRIFIED FOREST

CRATERS OF THE MOON

CHIRICAHUA

CHAMIZAL

CAPULIN VOLCANO

CANYONLANDS

BUFFALO

GREATBASIN

BIG BEND

BANDELIERDegrading (0.05<p<=0.15)

Degrading (p<=0.05)GILA CLIFF

ORGAN PIPE SAGUARO

BRYCE CANYON

OLYMPIC N. CASCADES

MAMMOTH CAVE

Sulfate in Precipitation

ACADIA

DENALI

WASHINGTON, DC

SHENANDOAH

GREAT SMOKYMTNS

BADLANDS

GLACIERMT RAINIER

GRAND CANYON

YOSEMITE

LASSEN VOLCANIC

CRATER LAKE

PINNACLES

CAPE COD

CONGAREE

COWPENS

EVERGLADES

INDIANA DUNES

JOSHUA TREE

ISLE ROYALE

LITTLE BIGHORN

SEQUOIA

VOYAGEURS

YELLOWSTONE

GUADALUPE MTS

TONTO

ROCKY MOUNTAIN

GREAT SAND DUNES Improving (p<=0.05)

Improving (0.05<p<=0.15)

No Trend

Visibility-Clear Days

Visibility-Hazy Days

Ozone

Nitrate in Precipitation

Air Quality Trends in National Parks, 1996-2005

05/29/2007Ammonium in Precipitation

CHANNEL ISLANDS

T. ROOSEVELT

POINT REYES

No Data / Insufficient Data

FY2006 Annual Performance Report For NPS Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) Air Quality Goal Ia3

Colored boxes indicate the existence of air quality trends during 1996-2005. Dark green and red boxes indicate statistically significant improving or degrading trends at the .05 significance level while the light green and yellow boxes represent similar trends but not statistically significant with probabilities (p values) between 0.05 and 0.15. These last two symbols are included to indicate which parks had trends that would have been considered statistically significant under the procedures used in past years. A significance level of .05 means there is a 5% chance of concluding there was a trend when in fact the change was due to chance.

MESA VERDE

VIRGIN ISLANDS

Global Climate ChangeExamples affecting DOI resources

• Retreat of Arctic sea ice and glaciers worldwide • Increasing ground instability in permafrost regions; changes in Arctic and

Antarctic ecosystems • Earlier spring runoff and decreased summer flows in many rivers; warming

of rivers and lakes in many regions • Changes in algal and zooplankton abundance in high-latitude and high

elevation lakes • Earlier timing of spring events such as greening vegetation, bird migration

and egg-laying • Poleward and upward shifts in ranges of plants and animal species • range changes and earlier migrations of fish in rivers• Warming of ocean temperatures, changes in ocean salinity, and rising sea

levels (about 0.17m), which are contributing to the loss of coastal wetlands

Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007)

Monitoring Air Quality1980-2007

Acid Rain & Mercury Vegetation & Soils

Particles and Visibility mass, chemical composition, Bext

Meteorology winds, temp, RH, rnf, sol

Streams & Fish

Ozone & Trace Gases

SO2, CO, NO-NOy, NH3

• High pressure and frequent air stagnation events;• Sunlight and heat that increases chemical reactivity;• Elevation and topography, higher winds, more clouds;• Rainfall and humidity which enhances deposition & haze;• Organic emissions from trees (isoprene);• Low buffering capacity in streams & acid soils;• Old-growth, slow growing forests (less N demand)

Natural Factors that Predispose Resources“Natural Ingredients”

TNNC

TNNC

15 miles0 5 10

Air Quality Monitoring SitesPrecipitation monitoring stations

Look Rock

Cades CoveClingmans Dome

Purchase Knob

Bryson City

Noland Divide

Cove Mtn

Barnett Knob

Waynesville

Elkmont

HQMt. LeConte

Oconaluftee

Newfound Gap

Twin Creeks

Look Rock2,700 ft

Cove Mountain 4,150 ft

Purchase Knob 4,900 ft

Clingmans Dome 6,670 ft

Cades Cove 1,850 ft

Elkmont 2,100 ft

EmissionsEmissions & & PollutantsPollutants of Concernof Concern

Summer1) NOx + VOC’s + + Heat Ozone =Health, plants

2) NOx Nitrates = Acid Rain, Fine Particles, Haze

3) SO2 Sulfates = Haze, Fine Particles, Acid Rain

Others emissions of concern: mercury, ammonia, carbon

1.

2.

3.

Ground-Level Ozone Pollution”the invisible poisonous form of oxygen”

Concerns with Public Health and Vegetation

Improv ing Trend, p<=0.05

Improv ing Trend, 0.05<p<=0.15

Degrading Trend, 0.05<p<=0.15

Degrading Trend, p<=0.05

No Trend

Trends in 3-Year Average 4th Highest 8-Hour Ozone Concentrations, 1996-2005FY2006 Annual Performance Report for NPS Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA)

12/28/2006

Acadia

Big Bend

Cape Cod

Canyonlands

Chamizal

Chiricahua

Cowpens

Craters of the Moon

Death Valley

Glacier

Great Basin

Grand Canyon

Great Smoky Mtns

Joshua Tree

Lassen Volcanic

Mammoth Cave

Mesa Verde

Mount Rainier

North Cascades

Pinnacles

Rocky Mountain

Saguaro

Sequoia

Shenandoah

Theodore RooseveltVoyageurs

Yellowstone

Yosemite

Fort Bowie

Presidio

Santa Monica Mtns

Muir Woods

Golden Gate

Whiskeytown

Channel Islands

Timucuan

Gulf Islands

Biscayne

Ocmulgee Fort Pulaski

Chatahoochee River

IL & MI Canal

Indiana Dunes

Cumberland Gap

Jean Lafitte

Monocacy

Boston Harbor IslandsSaugus Iron Works

Minute ManSleeping Bear DunesMississippi

Natchez Tr. Pkwy.

Appalachian

Morristown

Petrog lyph

Home Of FDR

Gateway

Saratoga

Blue Ridge Pkwy.

Knife River Indian Villages

Cuyahoga Valley

Allegheny Portage RRValley Forge

San Andres

Palo Alto Battlefield

Big Thicket

Fredericksburg & Spotsylvania

PetersburgRichmond

Manassas

C&O CanalGeo. Wash. Mem. Pkwy.Rock Creek Park

Washington

Prince William

Saint Croix

EisenhowerGettysburg

Ross Lake

George Rogers Clark NHP

Denali

0102030405060

1984

1985

1986

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Number of 8-Hour Ozone ExceedancesGSMNP

# of

day

s

310 exceedances since 1990

Typical Daily Pattern of an Unhealthy Ozone Day - August 23, 1998

0

25

50

75

100

125

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Hour of the Day

Ozo

ne (p

pb)

GSMNP - RidgesKnoxville

85

Maximum 8-Hour Ozone Design Values for Knoxville & GRSM (3-Yr Avg of the 4th highest 8-Hour Avg: 1991-2006)

65

85

10519

9119

9219

9319

9419

9519

9619

9719

9819

9920

0020

0120

0220

0320

0420

0520

0620

07

ppb

Great Smoky Mtns NP, TNKnox County, TN

?

Ozone Forecasts & Action Days“Individual Voluntary Tips to Help Lower NOx”

• Drive Less– Take your lunch or walk to nearby restaurant;– Make less trips by combining errands;– Carpool to work or lunch;– Avoid idling vehicle for long periods;– Refuel car and mow grass after 5 pm.

• Conserve Electricity– Set your thermostat at highest comfort level in summer.

Ozone levels below the health standarddamages 30 species of plants by interfering with photosynthesis causing visible leaf injury, growth reductions, and species composition changes.

Ozone-Injured Black Cherry

Ozone-Injured Tall Milkweed and Cut-leaf Coneflower

Ozone Standard vs Seasonal Ozone Great Smoky Mountains National Park(1989-2004)

R2 = 0.7525

65

75

85

95

105

115

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200SUM06 (ppm-hours)

4th

Hig

hest

8-H

r Avg

(ppb

)

8-Hr Ozone NAAQS

2001-2003 Knoxville Design Value, 92 ppb

To protect sensitive vegetation, 73 ppb

Acid DepositionConcerns for Streams, Soils, Fish and Forests

Wet

Dry Cloud

Improv ing Trend, p<=0.05

Improv ing Trend, 0.05<p<=0.15

Degrading Trend, 0.05<p<=0.15

Degrading Trend, p<=0.05

No Trend

GPRA Trends in SO4 Concentrations in PrecipitationLeft Arrow: 2005 Trend Right Arrow: 2006 Trend

Acadia

Bandel ier

Big Bend

Bryce Canyon

Buffalo

Canyonlands

Capul in Volcano

Chiricahua

Craters of the Moon

Everglades

Gila Cl i ff

Glacier

Great Basin

Grand Canyon Great Smoky Mtns

Guadalupe Mtns

Indiana Dunes

Isle Royale (Chassel l )

Li ttle Bighorn

Mesa Verde

Mount Rainier (La Grande)

North CascadesOlympic

Organ Pipe

Rocky Mountain

Shenandoah

Virgin Islands

Yel lowstone

Yosemite

Denal i

“DRY” Sulfate Concentrations

Source: IMPROVE & CASTNet

Higher Sulfate and Emissions

in the East

Sulfur Emissions

“WET” Sulfate Deposition, 2005

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Emissions(AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, TN, VA, WV)

4.8 Million Tons/Year

78%

3%2%

2%

15%

Power PlantsIndustryHighwayAreaNon-Road

Source: 2002 VISTAS Emissions Inventory

Acid Rain in National Parks

05

1015202530

Yello

wsto

neG

lacie

rGr

and

Cany

onBr

yce

Cany

onSe

qoui

aYo

sem

iteRo

cky

Mtn

Big

Bend

Mes

a Ve

rde

Olym

pic

Ever

glad

esAc

adia

Cape

Cod

Shen

ando

ahM

amm

oth

Cave

GRSM

-Elk

mon

t

GRS

M-N

olan

d Di

vide

Dep

ositi

on (k

g/ha

/yr)

SulfateNitrate West East

Source: NADP 1991-2005

Volume Weighted Wet Sulfate Concentrations at GRSM (NADP) vs. Total Annual TVA SO2 Emissions

0.0

0.4

0.7

1.1

1.4

1.8

2.1

2.5

2.819

8019

8119

8219

8319

8419

8519

8619

8719

8819

8919

9019

9119

9219

9319

9419

9519

9619

9719

9819

9920

0020

0120

0220

0320

0420

05

[SO

4] (m

g/l)

0

225

450

675

900

1,125

1,350

1,575

1,800

SO

2 To

ns (x

1000

)

[SO4]

SO2

Annual Mean Weighted Wet Sulate and Nitrate Concentrations (NADP-TN11 Elkmont)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.519

8119

8219

8319

8419

8519

8619

8819

8919

9019

9119

9219

9319

9419

9519

9619

9719

9719

9920

0020

0120

0220

0320

0420

05

mg/

l

SulfateNitrate

* CAIR (additional reductions for GRSM by 2015) = 50% S, 48% N

5-Year Trends in pH NADP: GSMNP-Elkmont

4.484.53 4.55

4.59

4.67

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

1980-1985

1986-1990

1991-1995

1996-2000

2001-2005

pH

Improv ing Trend, p<=0.05

Improv ing Trend, 0.05<p<=0.15

Degrading Trend, 0.05<p<=0.15

Degrading Trend, p<=0.05

No Trend

GPRA Trends in NO3 Concentrations in PrecipitationLeft Arrow: 2005 Trend Right Arrow: 2006 Trend

Acadia

Bandel ier

Big Bend

Bryce Canyon

Buffalo

Canyonlands

Capul in Volcano

Chiricahua

Craters of the Moon

Everglades

Gi la Cl i ff

Glacier

Great Basin

Grand CanyonGreat Smoky Mtns

Guadalupe Mtns

Indiana Dunes

Isle Royale (Chassel l)

Li ttle Bighorn

Mesa Verde

Mount Rainier (La Grande)

North CascadesOlympic

Organ Pipe

Rocky Mountain

Shenandoah

Virgin Islands

Yel lowstone

Yosemite

Denal i

Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Emissions (AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, TN, VA, WV)

5.6 Million Tons/Year

16%40%

1%

15%28% Power Plants

IndustryHighwayAreaNon-Road

Source: 2002 VISTAS Emissions Inventory

Nitrogen Deposition

010203040Na

tura

l Lev

els

Targ

et L

oad

Criti

cal L

oad

Smok

ies

Whi

tefa

ce M

tn, N

YDu

ke F

ores

t, NC

Norw

ayOa

k Ri

dge,

TNGa

ines

ville

, FL

Cowe

eta

Lab,

NC

Onta

rio, C

anad

aTh

omps

on, W

A

N (k

g/ha

/yr)

Cloud depositionDry depositionWet deposition

0.55

10

33

Source: Integrated Forest Study, SAMI, NPS

Stream Monitoring Flume in Stream Monitoring Flume in Noland Divide WatershedNoland Divide Watershed

Storm Event: ANC (Noland Divide)

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

304 305 306 307Julian Day

Stre

amflo

w, i

n cu

bic

feet

per

sec

ond

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15NE FlowNE ANC

Concentration,in

microequivalents

perliterSource: NPS

Nitrogen SaturationHigh-Elevation Spruce-Fir Forest Nitrogen Saturated - High Risk

Low-Elevation Hardwood ForestNitrogen Limited - Low Risk

High Deposition(33 kg/ha/year)

Low Deposition(8 kg/ha/year)

Low N Retention4 kg

High N Retention~7 kg

High N Loss29 kg

Low N Loss<1 kg

Ca, Al, pH Loss

Source: Integrated Forest Study, ORNL, TVA, NPS 1985-1989

Nitrogen Saturation Effects“Overloaded with too much of a good thing”

Terrestrial Effects:– Alters soil chemistry and fertility;– Decreases soil/plant nutrients (soil calcium loss into streams);– Soil aluminum toxicity in soils (Al:Ca Al:BC ratios);– Forest health concerns (growth and composition).

Aquatic Effects:– Excess nitrate “leaks” into streams;– Lowers stream acid “buffering” capacity (ANC) and pH;– Chronic and episodic acidification;– Release of toxic aluminum into surface waters;– Loss of aquatic diversity and brook trout range and survival.

*Recovery may take decades (excess nitrate to leak out and calcium to increase)

Nitrogen DepositionPercent Reduction in 2020 compared to Deposition in 2001

- GRSM projected to see a 26% reduction in total N deposition

Source: EPA Modeling

Mercury Wet Deposition in Precipitation, 2005

1. Emissions- source-receptor/attribution modeling study

- inventory, trading, controls (e.g. CAMR)

- atmospheric/regulatory modeling (e.g. EPA)

- local/regional contribution, TVA?

2. Monitoring- status and trends – continue wet Hg & MeHg deposition

- air concentrations – Hg gas/particle analyzer year-round

- total park deposition (wet, dry, cloud)

- effectiveness of controls – long-term changes

3. Biological Effects- MeHg bioaccumulation in fish, birds,

bats, salamanders, sediment, water, fungi

- dose-response/ risk assessment

- protection of park resources unimpaired

Working Toward Understanding Mercury in E. TN (TN, NPS, EPA, TVA, UT, ORNL, NPCA, NWF)

Hg ???

VisibilityConcerns with Fine Particles and Haze

“Shaconage”Cherokee word for…”land of blue mist-like smoke”,

…NOT regional haze.

Typical Regional Haze(“View” of the Tennessee Valley from Look Rock)

Improving Trend, p<=0.05

Improving Trend, 0.05<p<=0.15

Degrading Trend, 0.05<p<=0.15

Degrading Trend, p<=0.05

No Trend

Trends in Haze Index (Deciview) on Haziest Days, 1995-2004FY2005 Annual Performance Report for NPS Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA)

Air Quality Goal Ia3

11/22/2005

Acadia

Badlands

Bandel ier

Big Bend

Bryce CanyonCanyonlands

Chiricahua

Crater Lake

Gila Cl i ff

Glacier

Great Basin

Grand CanyonGreat Sand Dunes

Great Smoky Mtns

Guadalupe Mtns

Lassen Volcanic

Mammoth CaveMesa Verde

Mount Rainier

Petri fied Forest

Pinnacles

Redwood

Rocky Mountain

Sequoia

Shenandoah

Tonto

Washington

Yel lowstone

Yosemite

Denal i

1995 - 1999

11-15 miles

Worst in U.S.70-120

miles

Best in U.S.

Visibility on the Haziest Days

Source: IMPROVE

Summer Trends in Sulfur Emissions and Haziness in the Southeastern U.S.

0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2

2.4

2.8

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980

Mill

ions

of T

ons/

Year

100

200

300

400

500

Haz

ines

s (B

ext m

m-1

)

Sulfur EmissionsHaziness (mm-1)

Photographic Scene Monitoring

Visibility of 150 milesVisibility of 150 miles

Natural Summer Visibility of 77 milesNatural Summer Visibility of 77 miles

Current Current AvgAvg Summer Visibility is 15 MilesSummer Visibility is 15 Miles

Poor Visibility of <3 miles Poor Visibility of <3 miles

Causes of Haze(% contribution of fine particles to summer haze)

Nitrates2%

Soil & Course

1%

Organics 10%

E lemental Carbon

3%

Sulfates84%

Source: IMPROVE 2000-2004 Ammonium associated with sulfate and nitrate

Mixture of particles

collected on filter

0

50

100

150

200

250Ex

tinct

ion

(mm

-1)

CoarseSoilOrganicsECNH4NO3

(NH4)2SO4

Rayleigh

Particle Contribution on 20% Haziest Days - IMPROVE (1998-2001)

Grea

t Sm

oky,

Mtns

, TN

Cape

Rom

ain, S

C

Lye B

rook

e, NH

Acad

ia, M

E

Big

Bend

, TX

Boun

dary

Wat

ers,

MN

Gran

d Ca

nyon

, AZ

Yose

mite

, CA

Sulfates

Nitrates &

Organics

Organics

Source: VISTAS

Sulfates

12

14

16

18

20

22

2419

9019

9119

9219

9319

9419

9519

9619

9719

9819

9920

0020

0120

0220

0320

04

Trend in Visual Range and Ammonium Sulfate at GSMNP(Look Rock 5-year average of the haziest days)

Visual Range (km)Ammonium Sulfate (ug/m3)

Visu

al R

ange

and

Sul

fate

Where is the Sulfate Coming From?Southeast contributes 65% of GRSM sulfate (from 2010 SO2 EGU sources on 20%

worst visibility summer days in 2002, CAIR included)

Source: Visibility Improvement State and Tribal Association of the Southeast (VISTAS) 2006

AL8% FL

1%GA12%

KY7%

MS1%

NC5%

SC8%

TN13%

WV3%

VA7%

Midwest18%

Other12%

Central3%

Northeast2%

Uniform Rate of Progress Glide PathGreat Smoky Mountains - 20% Worst Days

30.3 29.0

25.922.7

19.5

16.4

13.211.3

23.9

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 2028 2032 2036 2040 2044 2048 2052 2056 2060 2064

Year

Haz

ines

s In

dex

(Dec

ivie

ws)

Glide Path Natural Condition (Worst Days) Observation 2018 Model Prediction

15 miles, 30 dv 77 miles, 11 dv

EPA Regional Haze Rule

30

PM2.5PM10

Hair or grain of sand cross section

PM2.5 Non-attainment Areas(Effective December 17, 2004)

8

15

22PM

2.5,

ug/

m3

1997-1999

1998-2000

1999-2001

2000-2002

2001-2003

2002-2004

2003-2005

Measured 3-Year Annual Average PM2.5 at Loudon County, Knoxville, Maryville and Look Rock, Tennessee

Loudon Knox Maryville Look Rock

Health Standard

?

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

12131415161718192021222324

470090011470930028

470931017 470931020 471450004

Annual meansAnnual PM2.5 Trends in Knoxville Area Monitors

1999 2001 2002 2003 20042000

µg/m3

KnoxBlountKnox

Knox

2005

2006

?

Efforts to Reduce In-Park Emissions

• Cleaner Fuels– Bio-diesel with low NOx additive

• Cleaner Vehicles– Hybrids gas/electric vehicles (Toyota Prius)– Electric utility vehicles in Cades Cove (TVA)– Hybrid propane/electric buses (Clean Cities, DOE, City of Gatlinburg)– Cades Cove transportation opportunities planning

• Cleaner Electricity– Solar-power (park radio, air quality station, hot water heater at SVC)– Green Power Switch (TVA and SCES)

Hybrids SolarBio-diesel

Climate Friendly Parks Program• The main projects underway within the program are:

– A series of on-site Climate Friendly Park Workshops with accompanying Park Action Plans that are EMS compatible.

– A Climate Leadership in Parks Tool (CLIP) that calculates Criteria Air Pollutants (CAP) as well as greenhouse gas emissions (GHG).

– A series of public education and information products about Climate Friendly Parks.

Glacier NP, Zion NP, Everglades NP, Glacier Bay, Gateway NRA, Delaware Water Gap NP and Yosemite have hosted programs.

DOI Approach to Climate Change• DOI Task Force Initiated

(Spring 2007)• Research• Monitoring• Adaptive management

(informed decision process; objectives, alternative actions, model(s) and a monitoring program).

St. Lawrence Tiger Moth

Big-tooth covert snail

On-going Efforts & Solutions• Monitoring – provides status and trends • Research – always room to understand more• Education – increasing public awareness• Partnerships – leveraging resources• Cleaner Operations – vehicles, fuels, electricity