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Age of Ideologies
4.1
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Vocabulary
• Ideology: system of thought or belief.
• Universal manhood suffrage: giving all adult men the right to vote.
• Autonomy: self-rule
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Conservatives Prefer the Old Order• Congress of Vienna (1815)
– Victory for conservatives (monarchy, and their officials, noble landowners, and clergy) of European nations
– Formed an agreement Concert of Europe: supported old order (before Napoleon/FR)
– Believed natural rights and constitutional gov’t led to chaos.
– Leaders like Metternich sought to suppress revolutionary ideas.
– Against freedom of press & sent troops to quell rebellions.
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Liberals and Nationalists Seek Change
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Liberals Promise Freedom
• Liberalists– Spoke mainly for the middle
class “Bourgeois Liberals” (bankers, lawyers, business owners, people who shaped public opinion.)
– Written constitutional governments/republican gov’t (elected by people for people)
– Against divine-right of monarchy
– Defended natural rights: Liberty, equality, property
– Support universal manhood suffrage.
– Supported laissez faire economics
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Nationalists Strive for Unity
• Nationalists– For centuries, European rulers
had gained/lost land and people through wars, marriage, treaties = a game.
– By 1815, several empires (Russian, Austria, Ottoman) with many nationalities
– National groups who shared a common heritage wanted to win independence of their own state.
– Nationalism gave people a sense of identity and goal to create homeland.
– Nationalism also bred intolerance and persecution of other ethnic or national groups.
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Central Europe Challenges the Old Order
• Ideas of liberalism and nationalism spark revolutionary revolts against the old order.
• Early 1800s, rebellions erupted in the Balkans (Ottoman) and southern Europe along the Mediterranean.– Various religious and ethnic groups who had lived under Ottoman rule
for over 300 years.
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Central Europe Challenges the Old Order
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Serbia Seeks Independence
• Serbia– First Balkan people to revolt – (1804-1815) Karageorge led
unsuccessful guerilla war against Ottomans.
– Fostered Serbian identity (literature, culture, nation)
– 1815 Milos Obrenovic led Serbs to more successful revolt with help from Russia.
– 1830 Serbs won autonomy within the Ottoman empire.
– Russia would continue to support Serbia.
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Greece Revolts to End Ottoman Rule• Greece
– 1821 revolted against Ottomans– Years of bloody wars for
independence shaped a national identity.
– The wars were called “national war, holy war, war to reconquer rights of individual liberty.”
– Had support of Lord Byron.– 1820s Britain, France, and
Russia forced Ottomans to grant independence.
– 1830s Greece was independent, but European powers forced Greece to accept a German king (did not support nationalism)
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More Challenges to Congress of Vienna Erupt1820s Revolts across southern Europe
– Spain, Portugal, Italian peninsula revolt to gain constitutional governments
– Metternich urged quelling of revolts.
– French army marched to Pyrenees to repress Spain
– Austrian forces crossed the Alps to repress Italy
– Troops slowed liberalism and nationalism
– Mid 1800s, liberal and nationalists also included goals of the industrial working class
– Social reformers/agitators reorganized to support socialism